CORRECT PRUNING. .
ThRight and Wrong Way Illustrated
V and Described.
The question frequently arises when
to prune. 'Among the earlier horticul
turists this question was often an
swered as follows: Prune when your
knife Is sharp. This is a comparative
ly safe method to follow with nome
plants, but where the problem invtfves
the management of extensive commer
cial plantations it is not so etwf to
prune in this miscellaneous fashion, re
marks New England Homestead. The
work must necessarily be done at nome
particular season and carried on in a
systematic manner after some definite
plan.
With most orchardists and gardeners
pruning can best be done during the
winter or early spring months, and
where the object is the removal of
small branches this season is undoubt
edly q'jite as satisfactory as any oth
er, la fact, pruning during late
PKOJKU AND .IMPROPKK PUUSING.
spring, ebout the time or just previous
to the beginning of growth, is particu
larly advantageous with the peach, be
cause at that season, as a rule, all in
Jury to the animal growth from win
ter killing will be apparent, and the
pruner can take advantage of this to
remove all dead or injured branches
and at the same time modify his plan
so as to leave a maximum quantity of
wood in order to Secure a profitable
crop of fruit, which might not be pos
sible were the usual practice of re
moving half the annual growth follow
ed In such seasons.
With apple and pear, which suffer
less from winter killing, the annual
pruning can as well be done in March
In the north as at any other season.
With the grape, however, which is like
ly to produce a heavy flow of sap if
the pruning is delayed until late in the
season, it is undoubtedly best to do the
pruning during the late fall and early
winter months.
When the pruning involves the re
moval of annual growth rather tban
large branches, the cut should Invaria
bly be made immediately above a bud,
as shown In the first figure at A. Nev
er cut as indicated at B, C and D. All
wounds that are made should be left
smooth that is, if it is necessary to
use a saw in removing a large branch
the cut snrface should be left smooth
and clean, particularly around the
edges.
To obtain best results In removing
large branches two cuts should be
made that is, the branch shou'd be
sawed off eighteen or twenty Inches
above the point of its origin to pre
vent splitting down and tearing off a
considerable portion of the bark. After
the weight of the branch has been
lessened by cutting away the main
part a second cut can be made and the
stub held in position until the nit Is
completed. This prevents the splitting
dowu and tearing of the bark which are
likely to result from .the careless re
movnl of large branches.
The evil results of splitting can be
overcome frequently by cutting first on
WIIONO AND BIGHT WAT.
the under side of the limb and then
upon the upper side, as shown in the
second figure, so that the breaking of
the tissue occurs near the middle of
the wound instead of at one side.
When this Is the case, tearing and split
ting seldom occur.
Farmers' Institutes.
Not the least of the benefits of farm
ers' institutes is that they are teaching
farmers to "think when standing on
their feet and facing an audience. The
old fashioned farmer felt bungling and
awkward In public. He could sit and
see holes In the other fellow's argu
ment, but be became speedily a victim
of stage fright when ne arose to ex
press his own views. Iowa Home
stead. Bgrn the Branches.
Never leave pmnlngs of trees and
bushes lying round. Burn them In the
garden fir, and you will know then
that all the Insects upon them are de
stroyed. The wood ash, too. Is an ex
cellent fertilizer for every crop grown,
but especially useful for tomatoes anil
all fruits. Gardening.
, The San Jose Louse.
"The scale nnder which, the loos
Hides Is impervious to . most Insecti
cides, and during-a certain season the
louse can crawl about :or be carried
from place to place by birds, heavy
winds, etc. Strong, healthy trees soon
nccumb to the attacks Farm Jow
aaL - ' -'-
ill if H i'
The Shepherd
v And His Flock.
After the. first lambs get ' started "a,
place can be fixed where the mothers
and lambs can run together tad use
the small pens for the" new 'arrivals.
This arrangement makes it very con
venient for feeding' gram and roots to
the ewes and In such ' quantities as
they seem to need them, writes a
Michigan breeder In American Agri
culturist The best of , clover hay
should be supplied at this time, and
the little lambs soon learn to nibble
the heads and leaves, which will help
ttem. If a creep hole Is furnished for
the iambs to run through into an ad
joining stall or room, they will enjoy
a play there and can be coaxed to eat
some grain, like a little bran and mid
dlings, put in a trough high enough so
they can reach it, but not run over it
and get dirt in it. As a lamb abhors
filth and will not eat if there is any
near his feed, the trough should be
cleaned at least once a day and a
fresh supply furnished. The grain fed
the Iambs will relieve the ewes to a
considerable extent and help to give
the lambs a good start in life.
When lambs come during a cold
snap, if the ewe and lamb are put In
the small pen and a false covering put
up just above the sheep's back when
she is standing up to keep the cold air
from coming on it from above, it will
soon warm up and come out all right.
If the lamb can be made comfortable
until it gets dry, it will not be likely to
succumb to the cold.
It is a good plan to partition off
some little pens four or five feet square
on one side of the shed and as the
lambs arrive put the mother and lamb
In them, which will prevent the flock
running over the little fellows when
small. When in the small pen, one can
help the lamb to get his first meals, If
necessary, much easier than If running
In with the flock. If young ewes are
inclined to disown their lambs, they
are pretty sure to become attached to
them after being confined with them a
few days. When the ewes have been
well fed and the milk starts at the
proper time, they enjoy having the ud
der relieved occasionally, and the ma
ternal feelings seem to assert them
selves very readily.1
Sheep Are Money Makers.
My experience is that you can carry
more sheep, more pounds of sheep, to
the acre by 25 to 30 per cent than you
CHAMPION COTSWOLD BAM.
can of any other class of stock that Is,
when they are living on the pasture
alone, says a writer in American Cul
tivator. Lots of farmers will have all
the cattle and horses on the pasture
that the pasture Is able to carry, and
then they will put on a flock of twenty
five or thirty ewes and lambs, and of
course these sheep are going to eat
close. -'
Sheep naturally do bite close, and the
cattle will have the pasture In such a
condition that the sheep re compelled
to bite close, and then, of course, you
will have a short pasture. But if you
will take twenty acres and put cattle
on ten acres of It and stock the other
ten acres with sheep and stock both
fields up to their full limit you will
find that you can carry from 25 to 30
per cent more live weight of sheep on
the ten acres than you will cattle. I
have proved that several times, and I
think any sheep man who has tried it
will bear me out
Another advantage is that they will
eat down the weeds that are a nui
sance to this country. Although they
do not destroy the weeds entirely, they
prevent them from going to seed. You
can never see any burdocks growing
in a field where there Is a flock of
sheep, and other weeds are destroyed,
and that Is a considerable advantage
In favor of the sheep. Then the sheep
are valuable In manuring the field,
which will not be done so thoroughly
by any other class of stock.
The illustration shows the champion
Cotswold ram at the recent Interna
tional Live Stock exposition.
Weighing the Live Stock.
It Is a common thing nowadays to
find platform scales on the farm. A
few years ago only those men who fed
stock extensively or bought a great
deal of grain had them. On many a
farm now the scale is not used as much
as it should be. It makes no differ
ence whether you are feeding beef or
hogs, you ought to use your farm scale.
Have It arranged so that it Is not dim
cult to run the stock over it Then
weigh up the Individuals regularly, so
that you can find out the effect of your
feeding. If your bogs are getting a
good feed of grain and milk and make '
slight gains, the scales will tell you
that If the young stock are not in
creasing as they should, the scale will
'do another bit of detective work. The
importance- of all these things can
hardly ; be estimated. '- It is folly to i
continue to feed ' thirty cent corn to i
hogs' or cattle when -it Is not giving
you the best returns In growth. It U '
'entirely' possible thai less eon fed dif
ferently would do Iwtter. 'Think about
this, says Kim ball's tiairy" fanner, and
as if there la notf great ;defef to Mb
In it . i
1 '
thinjt .lfaB mflkerS,, wouldltake a
atles trouble 'lo do a Httte 'thinking,
iittle sound reasoning and investigate
matters a little they would probably
Tinfl that sorS "teafs'is S comnicip cause
Cor a1 kicking cot1, especially so with
;-oung cows, and Instead of using the
.nuch talked of straps or ropes buckled
around the body I should advise them
io use our remedy (which has proved
.Teetual without a: single exception),
;nd that is simply clean lard, writes a
lairyman in Iowa Homestead.
About fifteen or twenty minutes be
:ore the cow is milked the first time
he lard should be applied to the tente.
;nd when through milking wipe the
eats perfectly -'dry '--with- a dry soft
loth and apply the lard again. This
-.as usually found necessary for about
ive or sis milkings. ; Many milkers
KATY GKKBIiN.
'iave the bad habit of wetting their fin
jers when milking, and when the teats
of young cows' are' left in' this condi
tion, especially in the winter time, 'they
:;et sore, while lard heals or takes
away the soreness that is so -natural,
considering that many milkers have
tough, hard hands and considering that
the teats 'are not accustomed to the
milking process. , ,
A Holstein's Great Record.
The Nebraska Agricultural college re
ports the work of the Holstein Katy
(Jerben, which has lately made a new
yearly record of milk production over
any cow of any breed classed as a
three-year-old. She was calved Dec. 7,
lfK)2, and dropped her first calf Dec.
20, 1904. In ten months she produced
395.45 pounds of butter. She came
fresh again Jan. 13, 1906, and In 3G5
days produced 723.S5 pounds of butter.
She gained during the year 128 pounds
in live weight. Katy is now four years
and two months old and has to her
jredit one two-year-old heifer, which
!ias been fresh three months and Is
producing ten pounds of butter per
week; also another yearling heifer,
which will be fresh in August, 1907.
Katy has produced in two years 29.
341 pounds of milk and 1,119.3 pounds
of butter. Katy Gerben's net earnings
last year were $156.17, the total food
cost being $71.43, while the value of
whole and skim milk produced was
$227.60.
Mix Thoroughly.
A great many people make mistakes
in attempting to test a cow for butter
fat I have been connected with a co
operative Creamery all my life, and we
used to have a great many complaints
about the test People complained the
creamery did not give them as good
tests as they should have had; that
their cows tested more. When you fol
low these complaints, you will find In
nearly every instance they come from
the fact that the farmer does not take
a correct sample of milk to take the
test from. When you milk a cow, as
soon as you are through, If you take a
small dipper and a sample of milk
from the top of the pall, that milk is
richer than from the bottom of the
pail, because the cream has been grad
ually rising from the time you. Lagan
to milk until you got through. A man
doing that must not expect that his
test will correspond with the test of
the creamery. He should have two
pails when he gats through milking.
Pour the milk from one pail to another,
back and forth, holding it as high as
possible; then take a sample at once.
By doing that you will get a fairly ac
curate sample. Colon C. Little.
Best Cows Are Cheapest.
The high priced cow is not so expen
sive as she seems in view of what she
produces. The average cow produces
milk or butter to the value of $52.50,
and she costs $51 a year, reckoning
that the manure she produces offsets
the care of her. This shows that the
cow does not do a great deal toward
raising the mortgage on the farm. As
suming that it costs no more to keep a
good cow than a poor one, the figures
will show that the good cow is relative
ly cheaper. The average cow will pro
duce 5,000 pounds of milk a year, while
a choice cow will produce as high as
10,000, meaning a profit of $225,
against the almost even balance sheet
of the average cow, while Pieterje II.,
a Holstein, has a record of 30.000
pounds of milk a year, which would
make a profit of $1,050. Professor F.
S. Cooley, Hampshire County, Mass.
The Head of the Herd.
The selection of an animal to head
the herd is a matter of the greatest
importance. To the professional breed
er who has made his herd and knows
the strong and weak points of his
animals we give no advicel A man
who has sufficient skill to breed a
herd of females to uniformity knows
better than any one else their weak
ness which he wishes to correct He
also knows how to select, a mate, for
them which Is strong where they are
weak, but he has to take the chances
of that mate transmitting the desired
Improvement without interfering with
th good qualities already prevailing
in the herd.
SUPERSJJJIQNS.
Signs and Tokens That Sway the Man
iU Ji Whe M k&vfcra Shi T
There 'Tgliral IdM'that the
6ailo'r' labors Under more than the
dine '"pet- supersti Son' popular tradi
tion assigns to each individual. "'Mr.
Si D, J. Kejlleyy although he de
clares thai "tars" are no more; su
perstitious than any of their equals
ih draining and opportunities, cites
in "'The. Ship's Company" many of
the signs and tokens in .which those
'fwho go down to the sea in ships"
put their faith." ' '. 1 ''
' In" the past superstition was a
part of every ship.' It entered into
its keel, climbed to its flags, ran at
its launching, controlled its crew
and cargo, evoked portents and gov
erned its ventures .d arrivals.
A bit of stolen wood was always
mortised into the keel to make a
ship sail fast. A silver coin was
placed in the mainmast step to in
sure lucky ventures. The modern
christening by the wine bottle arose
from the ancient libations poured
on the deck by priests.
On a sailing ship lawyers, women
and the clergy are looked upon with
disfavor, as they are supposed to
bring ill luck. Every black cat that
comes on board "carries a gale in
her tail." Whistling is much against
the proprieties of sea life. If one
whistles for a breeze he is only too
apt to bring a tornado.
Ship bells are blessed, and to this
day, if a mistake i3 made in striking
one, it is immediately struck back
ward to break the spell. The belief
in the desertion of a sinking ship
by rats is founded on reason, for
rats like to be dry footed, and when
a vessel is unsafe it becomes leaky
under deck and too wet for the
creatures' comfort.
; Figureheads were first images of
gods, then of saints and sea heroes.
Chinese junks bear two glaring eyes
on their bows, for: "No have two
eyes, how can 6ee? No see, how
can go ?" ' ' -
Caustic Judge Hawkins.
Judge Hawkins once had to sen
tence an old swindler and gave him
seven years. The man in the dock
squirmed and ' whined, "Oh, my
Lord, I'll never live half the time !"
Hawkins took another look at him
and answered, "I don't think it is at
all desirable that you should."
The formality of asking a newly
convicted prisoner if he had any
thing to say why sentence should
not be passed upon him brought an
other characteristic retort from the
judge. A prisoner in these circum
stances usually either says nothing
or curses at large in his rage, but
one of them struck a theatrical pos
ture and with his right hanl in the
air shouted: "May the Almighty
strike me dead if I don't speak the
truth 1 I am innocent of this crime t"
Judge Hawkins said nothing for
about a minute, when, after glanc
ing at the clock, he fulminated in
his most impressive tones, "Since
the Almighty has not thought fit to
intervene, I will now proceed to
pass sentence." Westminster Ga
zette. A Neglected Shoe.
"I was telling a friend of mine
the other day," said the broker,
"about a fellow I know of who lost
one of his hands when he was a boy.
He ?s quite a bit of a 'dandy' and
visits a manicure regularly twice a
week. Every new place he goes into
he has a terrible scrap with the pro
prietor trying to get half rates.
"I have always considered the
joke a pretty good one, but the
friend I was telling it to went me
one better. He came back at me
with the story of a chap who has
only one leg and never gets but one
of his shoes shined. He wears a
cork leg, and beyond a slight limp
no one would ever know of his af
fliction. It is a mystery to all his
friends why he never has the shoe
on the artificial foot polished."
New York Globe.
No Growing Pains.
An eminent specialist claims that
there is no such thing as "growing
pains." We have been taught that
when a child has stinging pains in
the limbs, shoulders or other parts
of the body it is an indication that
the body is growing, and therefore
most parents welcome the news of
such suffering in children. The
physician referred to above claims
that growing pains are muscular
rheumatism and should have imme
diate attention. Something is wrong,
and steps should be taken at once
to learn why the child's blood is not
in perfect condition. Health.
He Knew.
She was a Sunday school teacher,
and of course she tried to make ev
erything good. She spied a lot of
urchins going bathing one Sunday
afternoon, and so she tackled them,
"Do you know where little boys
go to who bathe on Sunday T said
she. .
"Y es," said one little arab, black
er than all the rest. , '1t'a farther
up the canal side. ,But you 'can't
1
go. tiiris am t auowea. sirena
USll&.
" GODPARENTS. - H
Origin f the Custom of Having Spon- ,
I i ,or ar BaptisnW '
r. The namfcs of godfather and god
indtber are from the ' Anglo-Saxon, '
and . they-are applied to -those who
act and speak for a child in the rite ;
of Christian ..baptism.; ..The .Latin .
name for the same office sponsor
having been incorporated in the
English language, is even more of
ten used than the Saxon appella-'
ives." ; It - signifies a "bondsman ' or
surety. - -' " ; :" ' .'
The first appointment of sponsors
in the early church occurred about
154 A. D., and the selection was the
act of a Roman . bishop, whose ob
ject was to provide for the ;Chris
tian upreafing of a child, both of
whose parents had perished in perse
cution. From that time on the cus
tom of having sponsors at the bap
tism of children grew on the plea
that their parents might be cut off
by some fierce attack on the small
company of Christian believers, un
til it came to be retained after the
period of persecution as a part of
the baptismal rite.
A rule adopted by a church coun
cil in 813 A. p., forbidding parents
to act as sponsors for a child is sup
posed to have for its purpose the se
curing for a child a Christian guar
dian should one or both of the par
ents die, for it was held that the
parents were, per se, the child's nat
ural sponsors and bound, by their
very act of bringing him to the bap
tismal font, to rear him in the faith.
Another church rule adopted by
the council of Trent in 1545, limit
ing the number of sponsors to two
for each child, is said to have owed
its origin to the fact that the choice
of sponsors had come to be made
largely to secure gifts and favors, a
dozen or more friends, present or
absent, being recorded as sponsors
in many instances, a custom that
simply converted the office into a
farce.
The duties of a sponsor as defined
in the church catechism are to
pledge the child to first, a renun
ciation of the evil works of the
world, the flesh and the devil; sec
ond, belief in the . Christian faith,
and, third, to a life lived in accord
ance with" God's holy will and com
mandments. An active interest in
the child's Christian welfare was at
one time expected of its godparents,
but little is looked for now beyond
a kindly interest, more or less per
functory, in his (or her) well being.
Housekeeper.
Secret of Happiness.
We each of us possess within our
selves the true source of happiness.
Enjoyment is contained in our im
agination, not in the book we read;
in our appreciation of beauty, not
in the picture; our musical culture,
not in the instrument played. Our
enjoyment of nature does not de
pend upon the charm of our sur
roundings, but upon ourselves.
Some men will find more joy in the
prairie than others in the Alps;
some more joy in the desert than
others in the flowers and forests of
fertile lands. Is it the rich, tha
powerful, the popular that obtain
the greatest happiness ? ' We look
about us and we know that this is
not true, though we act as if it were.
Blessed are the poor in spirit. This
we know is true, though we act as if
it were not. No one is truly happy
who has not happiness as a well of
water springing up within himself
into everlasting life.
Answers.
Two young society women were
in an outbound Sutter street car.
It stopped at Leavenworth.
"Oh, there come Tom and Ed! I
guess they've had luncheon at the
Palace. They've got on the front
end. I don't want to speak to Ed.
What can I do if he should come
back this way?"
"Hyde!" shouted the conductor
as the car sped along.
"What's the matter? Don't you
like him any more ?"
"I never did, but I expected he'd
ask me to the auto show, and he
pretended he wasn't going, and I
just knew he'd be there. What do
you suppose he was doing by his
lonesome ?"
"Larkin!" yelled the conductor,
loud above the down grade whir of
wheels. San Francisco Chronicle.
Heating Water In a Paper Bag.
"I had no hot water for shaving
at the little country hotel and ac
cordingly heated some in a paper
bag."
"Heated water in a paper bag V
"Sure!"
"How can that be done?"
"You take a stout paper bag or
an envelope will do as well fill it
with water and hold it over a ga3
flame or a lamp. .The water heats
readily. " The paper doesn't burn
because it is wet, and wet paper is a
singularly tough and noncombusti-
ble substance.
( "Many and many a timeave I
: heated over the feas let an envelope
i or a" Daner hair of not water for my
having, and not once have I had n
Additional Local.
iS ft -if;
W, R. Hall of Boeoa Vta wss an over
Butaday visitor 'in Corvaliis. . '- "' '. '
x k : . --
Mrs. I. W. Howard and son Jos have
bean T la king Xtenaa friends' the past few
'days. ' -i-.it-.-.
v Rev. and Mrs. T. S. Handsaker re
turned Friday from' a bi iet visit to Forest
'Grove. !,,-':r,'' '-'' -ka ' " -' i ' ui
Roy Clark of OAC returned Sunday
from' a two days' visit with bis parents
in Portland. ' - :- 1
' F.' S. True has been confined to his
bed the past few days with illness, but it
lowly improving.' ' - 1 1 ' "- ; ' J
President Gatcb and Professor Horner
of OAO spent Sunday at Newport, re
turning yesterday.
R. L. Smith and T. C. Sparkman will
sell real estate nnder the name of "The
Santiam Land Co.," with office at Leha
non. 4Stf
Born, May 6, 1907, to Don C Ray and
wife of GraeB Valley, California, a daugh
ter. Bon will be remembered as an old
OAC boy.
Mrs. Sleeth, state organizer of the W.
C. T. IJ., left Saturday for Bellefoantaia
to organize a society there, if possible,
anil get the ladies interested in W. C. T
U. work.
With John Rorigers, Mary Slocum,
Jeremiah Snodgress, JimCuinmingo, Sue
Rodgers, The Benton County Sheriff, and
all the rest of the fun making characters
to entertain, you will laugh and you will
cry, at the opera house on Wednesday
night.
The W. H. M. S. of the Methodist
church served a luncj in the church
basement all yesterday afternoon and
evening, to raise funda for their work.
Sandwiches and coffee, cake and ice
cream were the items of interest on the
menu, and several dollars were taken in
by the workers.
There will be a onion Christian En.
deavor "Seattle Rally" at the Congrega.
tional church, Thursday evening at 8
o'clock. The meeting will be addressed
by Rev. D. A, Tbouipsoa of Portland.
Special musical selections will be features
j and a reception will follow the program.
It is hoped every Endeavorer will be
present, and all friends of the cause are
cordially invited to be present and help
make the evening a rousing success.
The OAC baseball nine returned Sun
day from Eugene, where they were de
feated Saturday afternoon by the U. ot O.
, nine in a score of 9 to 3. The field a
; Eugene was in very bad shape for play
j ing, and the OAC men feel confident that
! in the return game which will be played
in this city in the course of a couple of
weeks they will make a far different
showing. Those who played the game
tor OAC, Saturday, were: Pitcher, Loon
ey; catcher, Wolfe; 1st bate, Beatty;2nd
base, Swann ; 3rd bat-e, Jones (captain);
short stop, Krnse; left field, Bilyeu;
rente, field, Moore; right field, Todd;
Subs, Murray and Peodergrass. M. M.
Long of this city officiated as umpire,
and Coach McReynoIds of course accom
panied his men on the trip.
Albany has taken up the matter nt
cleaning up and beautifying the cemetery
t that place, and the example is one
that should be fallowed by Corvaliis and
a good many other towns throughout the
Valley. The citizens of that city are to
; engage a man to clean the cemetery
j thoroughly and that is what is needed i o
I oar own Crystal Laks and other silent
1 cities. To have the poison oak and other
weeds snd grass mowed down in our
I cemeteries several times during the com
, ing summer would be but a small iten
1 of expense, and that it should by all
means be done just before Memorial day
cinnot b9 denied. A little exhibition of
public spirit along tDis line would cer
tainly be appreciated generally, to say
nothing of showing more respect for
those who are sleeping in these neglected
grounds.
THE .SI-IEPHEIEtD
If the ewe's udder is caked, foment It
with hot water containing a slight In
fusion of opium.
There's nothing like mother's milk for
the lamb, but when the mother Is short
the milk of a "fresh" cow is the next
best thing.
Save some of the best ewe lambs for
your own flock. Those from good,
twin bearing stock are best
Keep the sheep pens dry with plenty
or litter. Put in fresh, clean straw of
ten. Keep the pens level. Rake them
over If they become tramped and un
evenly packed, says the Farm Journal.
Do not allow the wool to become
damp. It takes a long time to dry and
may cause colds and pneumonia.
The success with the early lambs de
pends upon the capacity of the moth
ers to supply milk. To insure this they
must be fed on the proper vajlety of
food.
The only safe place for newborn
lambs is where the cold cannot chill
them. After they are a few days old
they will endure almost as much as
the old sheep. It Is wonderful how
fast they grow sturdy and able to re
sist the cold.1. -
A sprinkling of oilmeal Is a good aid
to digestion, - ,i ..-
. . Quietness Is best for the ewe that baa
just lambed. ; --i , . j
The most profitable flock is one
! where no ewes' are kept that are ,ovr
j six years old unless-there may be some
that aa cxtm flood.