incoln's Love
Affairs
By
Ward Hill Lamon,
t
Lincoln' Friend .nd Bodyguvd
CHAPTER IX.
Famous Lovejoy Incident at Alton and
Lincoln's Attitude.
fN 1835-30 Rev. Elijah P. Lovejoy
had been publishing a moderately
antislavery paper at St Louis;
but the people of that city did
not look with favor upon his enter
, prise, and, after meeting with consid
erable opposition, in the summer of
1S3C be moved his types and pres3
across the river to Alton, 111. Here he
found an opposition more violent than
that from which he had fled. His i
press was thrown into the river the
night after its arrival, and he was in
formed that no abolition paper would
.be allowed In the town. The better
class of citizens, however, deprecated
the outrage and pledged themselves to
reimburse Mr. Lovejoy In case he
would agree not to make his paper an
abolition journal. Mr. Lovejoy assured
them It was not his purpose to estab
lish such a paper in Alton, but one of
ft religious character. At the same
time he would not give up his right as
an American citizen to publish what
ever he pleased on any subject, holding
himself answerable to the laws of his
country lu so doing. With this general
understanding, he was permitted to go
forward. He continued about a year,
discussing In his paper the slavery
- qvysstion occasionally, not, however, in
a violent manner, but with a tone of
moderation. This policy, however, was
not satisfactory. It was regarded as a
violation of his pledge, and the con
tents of his office were again destroyed.
Sir. Lovejoy issued an appeal for aid
to re-establish his paper, which met
with a prompt and generous response.
Ho proposed to bring up another press
and announced that armed men would
protect it. Meantime a committee pre
sented him with some resolutions
adopted at a large meeting of the citi
zens of Alton reminding him that he
had previously given a pledge that in
his paper he would refrain from advo
cating abolitionism and also censuring
fciin for not having kept his promise
end desiring to know if he intended to
continue the publication of such doc
trines In the future. His response con
sisted of a denial of the right of any
portion of the people of Alton to pre
scribe what questions he should or
should not discuss in his paper. Great
excitement followed. Another press
was brought up on the 21st of Septem
ber, which shortly after followed the
fate of its predecessor. Another ar
rived Nov. 7, 1837, and was conveyed
to a stone warehouse by the riverside,
'where Mr. Lovejoy and a few friends
(some of them not abolitionists) re
solved to defend it to the last. That
night they were attacked. First there
was a brief parley, then a volley of
stones, then nn attempt to carry the
building by assault. At this juncture
a shot was fired out of a second story
window, which killed a young man in
the crowd. It was said to have been
fired by Lovejoy, and as the corpse
was borne away the wrath of the pop
ulace knew no bounds. It was pro
posed to get powder from the maga
zine and blow the warehouse up. Oth
ers thought the torch would be a better
agent, and finally a man ran up a lad
der to fire the roof. Lovejoy came out
of the door and, firing one shot, re
treated within, where he rallied the
garrison for a sortie. In the meantime
many shots were fired both by the as
sailants and the assailed. The house
was once actually set on fire by one
person from the mob and saved by an
other. But the courage of Mr. Love
Joy's friends was gradually sinking,
and they responded but faintly to his
strong appeals for action. As a last
resource he rushed to the door with a
single companion, gun in hand, and
was shot dead on the threshold. The
other man was wounded in the leg.
The warehouse was In flames. The
mob grew niore ferocious over the
blood that had been shed and riddled
the doors and windows with volleys
from all sorts of firearms. The aboli
tionists had fought a good fight; but,
seeing now nothing but death before
them in that dismal, bloody and burn
ing house, they escaped down the river
bank by twos and threes as best they
could, and their press was tumbled
after them Into the river. And thus
ended the first attempt to establish an
abolition paper in Illinois. The result
was certainly anything but encourag
ing and Indicated pretty clearly what
must have been the general state of
public feeling throughout the state In
regard to slavery agitation.
Protest Against Abolition.
In fact, no state, was more alive to
the necessity of repressing the aboli
tionists than Illinois, and accordingly
It was proposed in the legislature to
take some action similar to that which
bad been already taken or was actually
pending in the legislatures of sister
commonwealths, from Massachusetts
through the list. A, number of resolu
tions were reported and passed with
no serious opposition. The record does
not disclose the precise form In which
they passed, but that Is of little conse
quence now. That they were extreme
enough may be gathered from the con
siderate language of the protest and
from the fct that such a protest waa
considered necessary at a". The jn
tyst- was radcratpdlyttaak
And His Early
Experiences a.s
a. La.wma.ker
sould get but one man his colleague,
Dan Stone to sign with him.
March 3. 1837.
The following protest was presented to
the house, which was read and ordered to
be spread on the journals, to wit:
Resolutions upon the subject of domes
tic slavery having passed both branches
of the general assembly at its present
cession, the undersigned hereby protest
against the passage of the same.
They believe that the institution of
slavery is founded on both injustice and
tad policy, but that the promulgation of
abolition doctrines tends rather to in
crease than abate its evils.
They believe that the congress of the
United States has no power under the
constitution to interfere with the insti
tution of slavery in the different states.
They believe that the congress of the
United States has the power under the
constitution to abolish slavery In the Dis
trict of Columbia, but that the power
ought not to be exercised unless at the
request of the people of the District. '
The difference between these opinions
and those contained in the said resolu
tions is their reason for entering this pro
test. (Signed) DAN STONE,
A. LINCOLN,
Representatives from the County of San
gamon. Mr. Lincoln says nothing here about
slavery in the territories. The Mis
souri compromise being in full force
and regarded as sacred by all parties,
it was one of Its chief effects that both
sections were deprived of any pretext
for the agitation of that question, from
which every statesman. Federalist or
Republican, Whig or Democratic, ap
prehended certain disaster to the Un
ion. Neither would Mr. Lincoln suffer
himself to be classed with the few de
spised Quakers. Covenanters and Puri
tans who were so frequently disturb
ing the peace of the country by aboli
tion memorials to congress and other
public bodies. Slavery, says the pro
test, Is wrong in principle, besides be
ing bad in economy, but "the promul
gation of abolition doctrines" Is still
worse. In the states which choose to
have It It enjoys a constitutional immu
nity beyond the reach of any "higher
law," and congress must not touch it
otherwise than to shield and protect it.
Even In the District of Columbia Mr.
Lincoln and Dan Stone would leave It
entirely to the will of the people. In
fact, the whole. paper, plain and sim
ple as it is, seems to have been drawn
with no object but to avoid the impu
tation of extreme views on either side.
And from that day to the day of his
inauguration Mr. Lincoln never saw
the time when he would have altered
a word of it. He never sided with the
Lovejoys. In his eyes their work
tended "rather to increase than to
abate" the evils of slavery and was
therefore unjust as well as futile.
Years afterward he was the steady
though quiet opponent of Owen Love
joy and declared that Lovejoy's nomi
nation for congress over Leonard
Swett "almost turned him blind."
When. In I860, the Democrats called
Mr. Lincoln an abolitionist and cited
the protest of 1837 to support the
charge friends pointed to the exact
language of the document as his com
plete and overwhelming refutation.
The suspension of specie payments
in 1837 and the general financial panic
were felt heavily In Illinois. For the
next two sessions of the legislature
the chief problem was the saving of
the state's credit by the payment of
the interest on its debt, which had be
come very large because of the general
desire for internal improvements and
the liberal appropriations made there
for. Mr. Lincoln as a legislator took
an active part in the efforts toward
this end. Two special sessions of the
legislature were called to devise plans
for meeting the emergency.
Mr. Lincoln was his party's candi
date for speaker In 1S3S, but was de
feated. He retained his old place on
the finance committee and, being the
leader of his party, submitted a bill
which he Intended as an expedient for
paying the interest on the state debt.
It failed of passage, being considered
a very poor expedient, though appar
ently the best that could be offered at
the moment to avoid the unpopular re
sort to direct taxation.
Temporary expedients were finally
adopted, and the state managed to get
along without repudiating its obliga
tions, a course which was boldly advo
cated by a considerable number.
Upon one occasion during the session
of 1840-41 Mr. Lincoln and two col
leagues Jumped from a window of the
church in which the legislature was
sitting In order to reduce the attend
ance below a quorum and defeat a pet
measure of the Democrats. Mr. Gilles
pie, a fellow member, states that "Mr.
Lincoln always regretted that he en
tered Into that arrangement, as he
deprecated everything that savored of
the revolutionary."
Mr. Lincoln was elected In 1840 to
serve, of course, until the next election
In August. 1842, but for reasons of a
private nature, to be explained here
after, be did not appear daring the
Vesslon of 1841-42.
Lincoln Never Drank.
In concluding this chapter, taking
leave of New Salem, Vandalia and the
legislature, we cannot forbear another
' quotation from Mr. Wilson, Lincoln's
' colleague from Sangamon:
"In 1838 many of the Long' Ktnea
were candidates -for re-eleettea te the
or ttie t-ormtr-Vas" Sa Of "the local Is
sues. Mr. Lincoln and myself, among
others, residing in the portion of the
county sought to be organized Into a
new county and opposing the division,
it became ; necessary that ' I should
aake a special canvass through the
northwest part of the county, then
known as Sand Ridge. I made the
canvass. Mr. Lincoln accompanied me,
end. being personally well acquainted
with every one. we called at nearly'
every house. At that time It was the
universal custom to keep some whisky
in the house for private use and to
treat friends. The subject was always
cautioned as a matter of etiquette, but
with the remark to Mr. Lincoln. Tou
tiB'-o- drink, but maybe your friend
would like to take a little.' I never
saw Mr. Lincoln drink. He of tan told
me he never drank; had" no desire for
I urink or tee companions nip or unnk-
j ing men. Candidates never treated
! anybody in those times unless they
! wanted to do so.
"Mr. Lincoln remained in New Salem
I until the spring of 1837. when he went
to Springfield and went into the law
office of John T. Stuart as a partner In
j the practice of law and boarded with
William Butler.
"During his stay in New Salem ha
had no property other than what wr.s
i-necessary to do his business until after
he stopped In Springfield. He was not
avaricious to aceuinulnte property, nei
ther was be n spendthrift. He was al
most always during those times hard
up. He never owned land.
"The first trip he made around the
circuit after he commenced the prac
tice of law I had a horse, saddle and
bridle, and he had none. I let him
have mine. I think he must have been
careless, as the saddle skinned the
horse's back.
"While he lived in New Salem he
visited me often. He would stay a
day or two at a time. We generally
spent the time at the stores in Athens.
He was very fond of company. Tell
ing or hearing stories told was a source
of great amusement to him. He was
not in the habit of reading much nev
er read novels. Whittling pine boards
and shingles, talking and laughing,
constituted the entertainment of the
days and evenings.
"In a conversation with him about
that time he told me that, although he
WHITTLING FINE BOARDS AND SHINGLES,
LAUGHING AND TALKING.
appeared to enjoy life rapturously, still
he was the victim of terrible melan
choly. He sought company and In
dulged In fun and hilarity without re
straint or stint as to time, but when by
himself he told me that he was so over
come by mental depression that he
never dared carry a knife in his pock
et, and as long as I was Intimately
acquainted with him, previous to bis
commencement of the practice of the
law, he never carried a pocket knife.
Still, he was not misanthropic. He
wa3 kind and tender hearted in his
treatment to others.
"In the summer of 1S37 the citizens
of Athens and vicinity gave the dele
gation then called the 'Long Nine' a
public dinner, at which Mr. Lincoln
and all the others were present. He
was called out by the toast, 'Abraham
Lincoln, One of Nature's Noblemen. I
have often thought that if any man
was entitled to that compliment it was
he."
CHAPTER X
Lincoln Removes to Springfield to Prac
tice Law.
UNDEH the act of assembly, due
In great part to Mr. Lincoln's
exertions, the removal of the
archives and other public
property of the state from Vandalia to
Springfield began on the 4th day of
July, 1839, and was speedily completed.
At the time of the passage of the act,
in the winter of 1836-37, Mr. Lincoln
determined to follow" the capital and
establish his own residence at Spring
field. The resolution was natural and
necessary, for be bad been studying
law in all bis Intervals of leisure and
wanted a wider field than the Justice's
court at New Salem to begin the prac
tice. Henceforth Mr. Lincoln might
serve In the legislature, attend to bis
private business and live snugly at
home. In addition to the state courts,
the circuit and district courts of the
United States sat here. The eminent
John McLean of Ohio was the Justice
of the supreme court who sat in this
circuit with Judge Pope of the district
court from 1838 to 1849 sad after that
with Judge Drnmmond. The first
terms at these eourts sad tbe first ses
sion f the taglgaUwy t SpgaaSeld
SerrrTt.- rr one turvli and me bouse
In another.
Mr. Lincoln got bis license as an at
torney early In 1837 "and commenced
practice regularly as a lawyer in the
town of Springfield in March" of that
year. His first case was that of Haw
thorne versus Wooldridge. dismissed
at the cost of the plaintiff, for whom
Mr. Lincoln's name was entered. There
were then on the list of attorneys et
the Springfield bar many names of sub
sequent renown. Judge Stephen T.
Logan was on the bench of the circuit
court under the act of 1835. Stephen
A. Douglas had made his appearance
as the public prosecutor at the March
term of 1S36, and at the same term E.
D. Baker had bees admitted to prac
tice. Among the rest were John T.
Stuiert. Cyrus Walker, S. H. Treat,
Jesse B. Thomas, George Forquer, Dan
Btone, Ninian W. Edwards, John J.
Hardin, Schuyler Strong, A. T. Bled
soe and Josiah Lamborn.
By this time Mr. Lincoln' enjoyed
i considerable local fame as a politician,
but none, of cours is a lawyer. He
therefore needed a partner and gut one
in the person of John T. Stuart, an
able and distinguished Whig, who had
j relieved his poverty years before by
i the timely loan of books with which
to study law and who had from the
first promoted his political fortunes
with zeal as disinterested as it was ef
fective. The connection promised well
for Mr. Lincoln and uo doubt did well
during the short period of its existence.
The courtroom was in Hoffman's row.
and the office of Stuart & Lincoln was
In the second story above the court
room. It was a "little room" and gen
erally a "dirty one." It contained "a
small, dirty bed." on which Lincoln
lounged and slept, a buffalo robe, a
chair and a bench. Here the junior
partner, when disengaged from the
cares of politics and the legislature,
was to be found pretty much all the
time. 'Yeadlng, abstracted and gloomy."
Springfield was a small village, con
taining between one and two thousand
inhabitants. There were no pave
ments. The street crossings were
made of "chunks." stones and sticks.
Lincoln boarded with Hon. William
Butler, a gentleman who possessed in
an eminent degree that mysterious
power which guides the deliberations
of party conventions and legislative
bodies to a foregone conclusion. Lin
coln was very poor, worth nothing and
in debt, circumstances which are not
often alleged in behalf of the modern
legislator, but Bill Butler was his
friend and took him in with little ref
erence to board bills and the settle
ment of accounts. According to Dr.
Jayne, he "fed and clothed him for
years," and this signal service, render
ed at a very critical time. Mr. Lincoln
forgot wholly when he was in con
gress and Butler wanted to be register
of the land office as well as when he
was president of the United States and
opportunities of repayment were mul
titudinous. -It is doubtless all true, but
the Inference of personal Ingratitude
on the part of Mr. Lincoln will not
bear examination. It will be shown at
another place that Mr. Lincoln regard
ed all public offices within bis gift as a
sacred trust to be administered solely
for the people and as in no sense a
fund upon which he could draw for the
payment of private accounts. He nev
er preferred his friends to his enemies,
but rather the reverse, as if fearful
that he might by bare possibility be
influenced by some unworthy motive.
He was singularly cautious to avoid
the imputation of fidelity to his friends
at the expense, of Jtiis jODDoner.ts. r.
li.o Oe .UOuUiju...;
' m"e Bentifal" Ancona.
For some unexplained reason the
Ancona (with the exceptions of the
White Faced Black Spanish and the
Blue Andalusian) is the least popular
of the family of fowls known as the
Mediterraneans. There has been a
good deal of discussion as to the origin
of the Ancona, but it is generally con
ceded now that the best of the breed
have been made by crosses between
White Minorcas and Black Leghorns,
ANCONA COCK AND HEN. -
although most breeders have reversed
this, crossing the BlaS; Minorca with
the White Leghorn. By the latter plan
it is certain that better established
blood lines and breed characteristics
are obtained. The Ancona is a mot
tled fowl of larger size than the Leg
born. It is a veritable egg machine
and should be more popular than it is.
In the early days of the breed the col
oring was anything but uniform, but
now this fowl has been line bred to
such an extent that its feather char
acteristics are as well defined as those
of many breeds which are much older.
A Good Dry Mash.
The following ration is a very satis
factory dry mash: Twenty pounds
wheat bran and ten pounds each corn
meal, middlings, gluten meal, linseed
meal and beef scrap, the whole thor
oughly mixed. Keep this before the
birds all the time in a food hopper.
Also give one or two feeds- a day of
corn, wheat and oats, equal ports, fed
in deep Utter. Give vesetabte food aad
The more keenly dairymen realize
what distinguishes the dairy form from
the beef form the sooner will thej
learn the importance of having an ani
mal in harmony with the function de
manded of it Too many men think
that. the fat animal is the most profita
ble as a milk producer, and if bones
GEAY PRINCE OF ST. SAVIOB.
The dairy form.
are prominent the animal lacks consti
tution, stability and vigor. Nothing
could be more absurd, says Hoard's
Dairyman. To illustrate: Does the grey
hound lack constitution as a runner?
Yet he is thin. The bulldog is square
and blocky, has constitution as a fight
er, but can he run as fast or has he the
endurance to go as far as the grey
hound? The functions of these two animals
are entirely different, and therefore
the body takes on a different form.
Both have constitution and a form to
HEREFORD BULL.
The beef form.
perform their respective functions.
One is a fighter and the other a run
ner. No matter what class of animals
we may study, we find the form in
harmony with its function if man will
only give it a chance to so arrange it
self. The illustrations show the difference
between the dairy and the beef form.
Right Kind of Cows.
Many breeders of dairy cattle have
not fully grasped the height and the
depth and breadth of their profession.
There are too many who think it is'
simply the reproduction of pedigreed
live stock. It is more than that. It
is the bringing together in one animal
the capable milk producer and the
mother annually of a strong vigorous
calf. Mr. Scribner, a very successful
breeder, says: "In my estimation a
profitable cow is one that can produce
year after year a maximum yield of
butter at a cost that represents a good
profit to the owner. She must also pro
duce one healthy calf each year. This
ought to be one of the requisites of the
sire which is to head the herd. See
to it that he is from a productive strain
of regular breeders. He will intensify
his weak points sfe well as reproduce
his good qualities in breeding. He
ought to be as nearly perfect In dairy
conformation and dairy makeup as pos
sible. With all the care we may exer
cise in the mating of our animals some
faulty ones are sure to develop. We
must figure on that. If we have look
ed well to this end, to see that the sire
Is right and that the dams we are to
use for foundation are right, we have
gone a long way toward developing the
profitable cow."
Good Help Important.
A good dairy cow deserves good
care. This can be secured In two ways,
by tending the herd yourself or by
having the right kind of a man, says
Kimball's Dairy Farmer. If you are
unable to give your herd personal su
pervision you ought to have employees
in whom you can place absolute confi
dence. Every one who has anything te
do with the cows should be even tem
pered, gentle and cleanly. Tobacco in
all its forms is obnoxious in every de
partment of dairying. The work about
the stables, with the herd and In the
milk room must be done wift utmost
regularity and system. If foul odors
or undesirable flavors get Into the milk
they get there from one or two sources
the cow's feed or the atmosphere in
which the products are kept before
they are delivered. If the blame Is due
to the cow's feed a good herdsman will
correct it. If the fault Ues with the
personal habits of the employe it Je
year piece to correct it by dtoefcargJe
SMALL WHITE BEANS.
ft. Sheep Putare Generally Makes a
Good Bean Kield.
In the culture of small white beans
elect a warm, dry soil of strong grav
elly nature, although they will do quite
well on clayey eoils if naturally dry or
well drained. Beans will not do well
on land Inclined to be wet. The imme
diate application of barnyard manure
Is not as good as to apply the manure
to clover or other sod and plant cora
and follow the next year with beans.
A field that, has been in sheep pasture
a few years generally does well for
beans: In soils of n gravelly nature
plow early in the spring and fallow as
much -as possible bei'ore planting. On
clayey or heavy soils it is better to
plow in the fall and work well in the
spring. The spring fallowing gets the
ground in fine condition to receive the
seed and also destroys Innumerable
weed seeds. Plant with an ordinary
grain drill In rows twenty-eight inches
apart from June 1 to 15. As soon as
the plants are large enough to culti
vate. Which ought to be in from ten to
fourteen days, go through with a rid
ing cultivator, which is better than a
walking cultivator, as the depth can be
more easily regulated. The first culti
vation should be light so as to g?t Ins
close to the growing plants as possible
without smothering them. If the field
Is not too stony go over two or thre
times with a weeder at Intervals of
three or four days. One or two moi-e
cultivations with cultivator and hand
weeding if necessary is nil the atten
tion that the crop will need until har
vest, says a writer in Rural New York
er. It is best not to work In beans
when the vines are wet or to cultivate
after the plants begin to blossom.
POPULAR FEED RACK.
It Prevents Waste of Corn Fodder.
Ensilag-e or Meal.
The illustration of a fodder rack here
shown is one invented by the editor of
the Agriculturist and used by him for
many years. The rack is such a good
one that hundreds of farmers copied
the idea, and they came into quite gen
eral use on cattle farms. There is ab
solutely no waste of feed in using this
rack, and anything can beefed in it,
from corn fodder to ensilage and meal,
says the Wisconsin Agriculturist.
The rack has a tight bottom, into
which all litter falls as cattle pull out
VEED RACE.
the hay or other fodder from between
the slats. It is twelve feet long and
five feet wide. Three or four such
racks in a yard will hold a load of hay
or corn fodder. It is the best rack in
which to feed corn fodder we ever saw.
Cattle will pull out every leaf and
husk, leaving the bare stalks in the
bottom, which may be removed as de
sired. The posts are 4 by 4, six feet long.
On top of the posts a 2 by 4 Is spiked,
upon which the slats that hold the fod
der rest. These slats are four inches
wide and placed far enough apart to
admit the nose of a cow about six
inches. The bottom is made of common
six inch boards. If meal is fed in the
rack matched flooring is better for the
bottom. A six inch board is nailed on
around the outside of the bottom to
hold the feed.
Where young cattle, cows or steers
run loose there is no better way of
feeding them. We have fed a good
many steers in this rack. They were
dehorned and ran loose iu a she. The
rack was kept full of clover hay and
ensilage, and meal was fed twice daily
in the tight bottom.
Money For Pastnre Brcssh.
The witch hazel industry in western
Massachusetts is of considerable im
portance, although not so extensive as
to neighboring sections of Connecticut
The brush land in Berkshire county
yields quite a crop of the hazel bush,
for which the farmers are taid $2 to $3
per ton. The factory near Chester turn
ed out 990 barrels of extract last year.
This year the factories are also using
a lot of black birch brush, instilling a
substitute for oil of wintergreen, and
farmers are paid for the birch brush
$3.50 per ton, one factory using already
over 1,500 tons. The resulting oil sells
at $2 a pound and is used for flavoring
and in medicines. Still another prepa
ration is made from sweet fern, which
is very abundant In western Massachu
setts as well as through other parts of
New England. The sweet fern oil is
used for the same purpose as the witch
hazel. American Cultivator.
Growl nir Canllnovrer.
The cauliflower is a plant which can
not stand stagnant water, but needs plen
ty of moisture to keep growing. I use
grass or sod land except when using a
piece of old ground for second crop and
which has not been used the previous
year for cabbage, turnip or cauliflower.
For the main crop I always use sod
land. I rotate every five years. For
fertilizers I use stable manure, prefer- .
ring the horse manure on low land
and cow manure on high land. W. H.
T Massachusetts.
The Golden Eg-ST.
A Maine man claims that twenty-five
hens will pay $31 a year besides their
board if you buy everything they eat
At present prises eggs certainly look
like a bonanza.
n I