Image provided by: University of Oregon Libraries; Eugene, OR
About Liberal Republican. (Dallas, Or.) 1872-1??? | View Entire Issue (May 17, 1873)
L - m t VOL. 4, DALLAS, OREGON. SATURDAY, MAY 17. 1873. J Lji J) is 11 j.f i 1 ,3 4 iB.ht -Site rat Teubli can OFFICtAlY PAPI2I1 FOR POZ& COUNT V. ... t Is Issaad Every Saturday Horning, at 1) alias, Folk County, Oregon. P. C.SULLIVAN PROPRIETOR, SUBSCRIPTION BATES. SINGLE COPIKS-One Year, f2 00. Six Month. $1 25 .Three Mouth, $100 Fur Clab often or more $1 75 per annum. mb($r!ptiv wtf 6 jttl ttrictljf in advancm ADVERTISING BATES. One square (12 lines or less)7, first insert'n, f 2 50 Each subsequent insertion.. 1 00 A liberal deduction will be made to quar ter! and early advertisers. Professional eird will bo inserted at $12 00 per annum. Transient advertisement" mnst be paid for lu adrance to ituure publication. All other advertising bills must be paid quarterly. L;l tender.- taken at their current value. Blanks and Job Work of everj description tarnished at low rated ou short uotice. TIIR ILLUSTRATED PHREXOLOdlCAL JOURNAL, is ia every respect a First Class Magazine. Its articles are of tbe highest interest to alL It teaches what we are and bow to make the most of ourselves. The informa tion it eontainson tbe Laws of Life and Health is well worth the price of the Magazine to every Family, ft is published at $3 00 a year. By epeaUt arrangement we are enabled to offee the Phrexoloaic.il Jure 41. as a Premium tor new fubseribers to the Orkgom Ur riuiicAS, or will furnish the Phrenological Joi rxal and Oreoox Rapt-suras together for $4 00 W eommend th Jowxil to all who want good inagaxine PROFESSIONAL CARDS, dC B P Bona P L Willis POISE & WI L MS, At toriicys at Law HALliM, ORCGOX. - Will practice in all tbe courts in the State t'li 73 ly JOSl J. DALY, AWy & Conseller-af-Iaiy. DALLAS. OK CCO N. Will practice in tbe Courts of Record and In rier Courts. Collections attended to rouiptly. . OFFICE In tbe Court llous. 41-tt P. C. SUI..LIVAX, Attorney & Counsellor-At-Law, Dallas, Oregon, VU1 practice in all tbo Courts of tbo State. 3 J. . SlTS,!!. O I Cnt BB.l, A. U., St. D in- sites & Csfiuisns. Pliysiciaiis and OFFER THIER PROFESSIONAL 6ER vices to the citiiens of lalla and vicin OFFICE In fear of Nichols A Hyde's Prog Store. ... Feb2273tf W. H. BIJDE Lis. DENT I S T . - Office on door.North of the Post Office At2tiA8M.. ...OGIff Particular atention children's teeth. Work ; warranted Jan1l73tf NEW ADVERTISEMENTS REAL ESTATE. OTSO. H. JO.VKS J Real Estate Brofcer i. M. PATTER80M 'Notary Publie JONES & PATTERSON, RML ESTATI Mil Negotiate Loan, iTIake Collections, AGENTS FOR UNION FIRE INUSRANCE CO of San Francisuo; and MUTUAL LIFE INURANCE CO, of New Vork. OPERA HOUSE BLOCK SALEM OUIitiON. OUR RULES : AVe buy or fell only on coin tuition charj;in a per cent age for the amount which the prop erty is sold or traded, for our ervtce, duo when the c i 11 tract of sale or t.'inle a tuudo We will introduce purchasers to the owners f the property, and leave them Tree to make the best burgan they can, without any interference on our part We pay all advertising expense, depending on our commission, when a sale or trade i? made We show all property, whore within reach, or give letters of introduction to reliable parties living near who will nhow it All letters of h-quiry promptly and fully an swered fI IVcbare many applications frm good, prompt paying men, who will pay 12 percent for money, and give firt class personal or realehtato sei uri ty.aud pay all the expenses attcuding making out the paers, 4e. Parties having money to loan will du well to apply to us ixfore plaeiug it el where We charge the lenders nothing for our services; the borrower pay us Entire Satisfac tion given regarding tho securities. Attention is called to description of property for sale in the Week lv Statesman. Fb !y73 ly I.OI IS DVIINE, PAIIILr croceriiis, Cracker 3Xaniilhciiry, Commercial Street, 'alein Oregon. Febli'73 lr , D I!. II OD SO N !. M. PHYSICIAIl & SUROEON. OFFICE. Over Soutber'a Store, Cor Commercial A State Sta., Salem, Ogn with Dr. Richardson. Not 9, tf C. S, S I L V E K, Ho. ISO, First Street, PORTLAND, - - - - ORCGON .Wholesale anil Retail Dealer la DRV GOODS, I LOT! 1 1 Mi, LADIES' DRESS UOODS, HOOTS AND SHOES, HATS A CAPS GROCERIES & PROVISIONS, Highest Cash Price paid for all kinds of Country Irort.Tiee. DALLAS LIVERY. FEED & SALE STABLE to Cor, Maiu and Court Streets, Thos Q. Richmond, Proprietor. HAVING PURCHASED THE ABOVE Stand of Mr. A. H, Whitley, we bavo re fitted and re-stocked it in such a manner as will satisfactorily meet every want of tbo com munity. ISuggtes, single or double. Hacks, Con eord Wagons, etc., etc.. Furnished at all hours, day or night, on abort noUee, Superior Saddle Horses, Met by the 4 Day or Week. TEnnS, RDADONAIILD. 4 T, 0. RICHMOND j THE HONDERSOP THE EGG. 1 I,,. I Id the radiates, the lowest type of tho animal kingdom, the eggs are most ly microscopic. I shall havo more to say of them, hereafter, and of other modes of reproduction com moo to this type. Before entering .upon this part of my subject I wish to make a broad experimental statement about all eggs and all animals. These eggs, whether of vertebrate, articulate, mollusk, or radiate, appear at some time or other to be identical in structure, At leust, no tuvtstigater has ever been able to de tect any essential difference in them They are all formed in an organ be longing to the maternal being, known as tbe ovary. In some animals this organ is very simple. Whatever its structure, however,whether complex or simple, there is a spot iu the female organism known as tbe ovary, in whieh eggs are formed, from which new beings may be developed, llut before the egg develops into the new bfiog, it must be fecundated. For what I have said thus far with reference to absoluto identity of egg structure througout tbe animal kiugdom refers only to the egg as egg, btfure the process of fe cundatiou takes place. There i an organ iu the male organisms, corres ponding to the ovary in the female organism,' iu which spern cells arc formed, the contact of the contents of xhich with an ovarian egg is an indispensable condition for the growth of a new being. There are no auimals known in which these corresponding organs do not cxi.t. Reproduction iu the vegtable kingdom is Wed on similar structures trith ltm ilar relations to one another. These two condition, essential to the main tenance of types, should be well weighed by any one who wou'd ap proach the problem of the origin of life. Reforc showing you the structure of the egg prop.r, as it exists ia all ani mals before it takes upon itself any individual character, I will fay a word on other modes of reproduction, in order that you may have before you the whole subject, and that I may not be limited in my comparison to the ovarian eggs and fertilizing cell", but be able tr include budding and self division among the reproductive pro ceases. With raliafcs, csccia'ly among the hydroids, multiplication by buds and by self division is common. An indi vidual such as I sketch ou the board (tydroid), puts out a bud from the main trunk. This bud grows into an individual similar to the parent, and it gives ri.e in its turn to a number of buds which go on . multiplying in the same way till a large community is formed. In other instances taih, bud may drop off, and become free, indi viduals. Sometimes again, new indi vidials arising in this way differ from the parent, and only in their offspring j reproduce a being resembling j the oue from which they sprang. Many hydroids, and even some of the acaleps, multiply by a still more simple process that of self division. The primitive stock brcfiks up transversly at regular intervals by constriction, and each such part, when thrown off, becomes a new individual, while the( parent remains unimpaired in its vitali ty. Certain worms, also, multiply in this way, dividing into parts, and each part building itself up into a new and perfect being. Instances are also known of longitudinal division leading to the same result. Not only is it true that there are other modes of reproduc tion besides that of eggs, but it is also a fact that tho antagonism hetween male and fema!e,on which the whole processes of multiplication and increase among animals seems to rest, M not always necessary for the production of a new individual. Ihere are cases m which the germ is formed, and passes through all the changes until it reaches the adult condition without being fecundated at all. We owe this discovery to Liebold, who followed the whole history of the unfecundated egg in species of moths, with an ingenuity and perseverance which leave no possibility of doubt as to his results. There are also cases whieh exhibit an esseutial difference in the product of a fecunduted egg and of one wihich has not been fecundated Upon such difference rests, for instance, the whole economy of the bee commu nity. All the eggs laid by the queen bee prior to copulation produce males, and these males are what aro called drones. The working bees are unde veloped females, and are the product of fccunlated eggs. What is called the queen is the result of a special training of one of these ttupetfect fe males, the workers choose one of their number, and, by peculiar treatment and mode of fceliug, etc , develope her iuto a perfect queen whoe office it is to inutiply tho community. There are also some butterflies whiJi produce perfect male aud ft male individuals from nonfecutidatt'd egg . The young ehark is favored at his birth with what seem to be an egg. It is. however, a bag of nourishment, suplied by the maternal parent, which keeps him in food until he is a able to set up in business for himself. What now, we woul. a.k, is the significance of ao egg? Is the egg itclf an individual ? I it a new being ? I think as we go on we filial I be brough t to the conclmion that the egg is the new being, endowed with au individu ality, that is with a typical character so distinct that never since the world began did the egg of any one animal produce an anttutl differing from the parent ia essential features, or the feed of Jany plant proutiee anything differ ing essentially from the plant which bore it. Whatever ph;res an egg pisses through, however much it trau-i.-ntly re scmblcs the adult cotiditijn of some animal lower than itself in the same type.it never ends by broducrng anything but the kind of animal from which it arose. There is not a solitary instance 00 record of a deviation from that ever reccuring cycle of development which shows a succession of pocifijally identicial individuals as the result of reproduction, whether through egg, budding or division. There are no other modes of multiplication known. An egg does not nece-sirily lead to Tho formation of one single being, the egg of the nstica, for instance, often divides to form several individuals, though it my also develope as one being. In many instances, howevcr the natica egg, beginning as one yolk breaks up into two, four, or more one primitive individuality thus divi ding and transmuting its peculiarities to a generation more numerous than itself. This is not the case when double birth takes placo in higher ani mals, in the mammalia for instance. Each individual is in that instance the growth of a separate egg. So iu mon strosities in the quadrapeds, where double heads and the like abuormal developments occur; they come from merging of the eggs together. The multiplying of indiviua's in one egg seems more like the process of repro duction by self division, as iu hydroids and worms; only in the latter it is a kind of reconstruction of lost parts, while in the fomer it is the imperitive egg growing into several being. The more wo examine theso various pro cess of multiplication among animals, the more aro we impressed with the fact that the maintenance of kind, the fixedness of features in tko organic world, is their primary iobj.cct and inevitable result. At least that is the conclusion to which all my own studies in embryology have brought inc. mi 1 . i tit I xue reproduction 01 inaiv.uuais a fg not go no constantly. It is periodical and this periodicity varies in different animals. Some animals require a long development of themselves before they produce -eggs. Others lay eggs very early in life. Fowls begin to lay the first year after their birth. Fresh wa ter turtles do not bear young before their tenth or eleventh year, sometimes uot till their twelth. In our common black and yellow dotted fresh water terrapin, aud in the black terripin, the eggs require four jrears of growth before they or laid. Take a seven year old turtle of this kind ; it will coutain only very small eggs, all of uniform size. An eight year old turtle of th" same kind will have two sets of eggs, one larger and one smaller Oue of nine years will have three sets, the oldest set being the size of a small pea. A turtle of ten years will have four sets of eggs, and ia that year she will lay for the first time, aud give birth to the most mature set. Other animals require but a few weeks to bring their eggs to full maturity. In our common jelly fishes, for-iustance, with rose collored ovaries, the egg bogiu iu May. In July they are all laid and the young begin their inde pendent life. The season of laying differs greatly in different animals. Some l iy their eggs in spring, others in midsummer, others, as the trout amily, salmon and the lika in autmo. The irregularity of number is another astonishing feature of this problem of reproduction. It would seem that some kinds of animal re quire a far grater number of individu als for the maintenance of the type than others. Some animals multin v by hundreds of thousands nay, , other baud to htimulafe the thought by millions. Others bring forth a ; processes, to unnalura tu.df prematurely single new being, or at the most two j paiufulefforts.is todo violence to the laws or three at a time. Some animals bear but once and then die. Others, more tenacious of lite, bring forth new brood. for a long period of years These various conditions, of growth duration, and ripening these extraordi nary difference in the power of multi plication and reproduction, are no doubt k necessary part of the economy of the who'e animal kingdom There is nothing variable or capricious about it, and we must not forget that whoever would account for the origin or suc cessive introduction of the different types of organix d beings which have followed one another upon earth must include in his cxplination the whole scheme by which characteristics are continued aud transmited. Before closing, and as a prepcration for my next lecture, I will show you what is the ovarian egg. ( Drawing on the blackbord. ) It is microscopic in many animals; but what-ever its size I it consists of an outer bag filled with a semitarnsparent fluid, which is some what oily, and ao iuner bag also filled with a transparent fluid, which is cheifly albuminous. The difference in the character of the two fluids gives grater trausluccnce to that which fills the inner sac. Within the inner bag there is a spot o dot, sometimes severval of them, more or lass distinct. In this condition all the eggs I have shown you, all e ro 28 born of whatever living creature, are alike. - It appears from official statistics published in the Moscow Oasette, that only 9 per cent, of the population of Russia are able to read; and that excluding Poland and the Caucasus, and the cities of St. Petersburg and Moscow, there are only six hundred and twenty four agencies, for. the dis semination of literature, iucludiog book shops, pnblio libraries, and newsrooms amongst a population of 55,000,000, 000. - Subscribe for the IdBERAL Republican. INTELLCCTUAI, cULTUltfS The consideration of the development and growth or the intellect furnishes? the only true principles by which jt(j regulate the culture of the intellect,a$A to arrange the order in which the'dlffer ent branches of knowledge should ''be studied, :' The studies which should be first pursued are tho3c. which rcqtiife and discipline the powers of observation add aquisition, and which involve imagina tion and memory, in contrast with those which demand severe efforts and trained habits of thought.7 Inasmuch! also, as material objects are- appre hended and mastered in earlcv life with far greater ease and 'success than the acts and states of the 8pirit,"objcc tivc and material studies should ' have! nluiost the exclusive precedence. - The capacity of exact and discriminatin perception, and of clear and retentive memory, should be developed as largely as possible. The imagination, in all its forms, should be directed and elevate! we do not Fay stimulated, because, in the case of most children, its octjvify is never-tiring, whether they be at study, work, or piny. - We do not siy, cultivate perception, memory, aud fancy, to the exclusion of repression of thought,for this isimpoe"sH ble. These powers, if rxereised by human beings, mutt be interpenetrated by thought. If wjly cultivated bv studies properly arrat gpd, they will necessarily involve distrimination, com parison, and exp'anatiju. To tiaeb5 pure observation, or the ' mastery; of objects or words without classification and interpretation, is to bcj ignorant I even to simple htutuditr. IJut. oh the which nature has written in the const i". tutiou of the intellect. Even thought and reflection teach us - that, before the processes of "thought j can be applied, M aterials rrust :be gathered in large abundence; and to provide for these, Nature has t made acquisition and memory easy and spon taneous for childl ood. ond reasoning and science difficult aud uuualural. Tbe study of language should.,, be prosecuted in childhood, os it is, is fact, in the acquisition of the ; -mother-tongue, lu the acquisition of other languages the methods by which the vernacular is learned thou'd be follow ed as far as possible. Grammar, so far as it is required.should be situ pie, p'aip, and practical. Its theories should be kept in the back-ground; its terminology ana principles should be the reverse of the abstract. The contrasts and compari- sons iuvolved bttvvccn the strange and thc fjlttliiiarf Vill ctimulatu and guide to the first besinuins of reflective iiium mar. Thc memory for vords should to exercised and stimulated. Choice tales, poems, narrative and Ijric, 'should , be learned for recitation. Natural, history in all its branches, as contrasted r with the objects before the eyo-flowers, minerals, shells, . birds, and . beasts. These studies should all be mastered in the spring time of life, when the tastes are simple, the heart is fresh, and. the eye is sharp and clear The facts of history and geography should be fixed by repetition, and stored awaytfliin ' order. Rut science of every kind, ; whether of language, of nature, of the sou), or of God, as icience, should not . be pre maturely taught. For the consequence is, either disgust and hostility " to aaU study on the oue hand, or on I ho .other, superficial thinking, presumptuous con ceit, and, worst of all, sated curiosity The law of intellectual progress u invol ves effort and dicipllce severely impos ed and constantly maintained, -.but the effort and diciplino should , follow tbe guidance of nat ure. From Porter's If uma Intellect, f . -3