Spilyay Tymoo
Warm Springs, Oregon
July 1, 1999 9
MnimiMMn
OBJSION
service
Arlene Boileau
4-H & Youth
(503) 553-3238
Bob Pawelek Clint Jacks ' Deanie Johnson
livestock Staff Chair. Madras Secretary
BernadetteHandley Zack del Nero Sue Ryan
Home Economics Natural Resources 4-H Assistant
Internet Address: http:www.orst.edudoptwsext
The Oregon Stale University Extension Service staff Is devoted to extending research-based Information from OSU to the people of Warm Springs
In agriculture, home economics, 4-H youth, forestry, community development, energy and extension sea grant program with OSU. United States
Department of Agriculture, Jefferson County and the Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs cooperating. The Exenslon Service otters Its programs
and materials equally to all people.
A ... A..nJ
The Clover speaks-
by Bob Pawelek
Can you imagine a youth organization
that spans all interests, all races and
backgrounds, costs nothing to join, and
is great fun? That's 4-H - more than you
ever imagined!
4-H has projects for everyone; if you
can imagine it, you can do it! At first, 4-
Natural Resource notables-
H was just for kids who lived on farms,
but it has since then been expanded to
include so much more. There are hun
dreds of clubs in urban areas that partici
pate in various activities such as Com
puter Programming, Recycling, Archery,
Electric Projects, Public Speaking, and
even Clowning! If you are interested in
the far, 4-H also has many Agriculture
and Animal related projects.
4-H clubs also take part in volunteer
ing. Because helping others is so impor
tant, 4-H is part of a new advertising
campaign that encourage kids to volun
teer. Across the U.S., 4-H'ers are clean
ing up trash in their communities, help
ing in literacy projects, and delivering
food to hospice patients.
Call the OSU Extension office to find
more about 4-H. They will be able to
give you the scoop on all the exciting 4
H events that are going on in your com
munity. The 4-H Program was founded some
time between 1900 and 1910 to provide
local educational clubs for rural youth
from ages 9 to 19. It was designed to
teach better home economics and agri
cultural techniques and to foster charac
ter development and good citizenship.
The program, administered by the Coop
erative Extension Service of the U.S.
Department of Agriculture, state land
grant universities, and county govern
ments, emphasizes projects that improve
the four H's: head, heart, hands, and
health.
by Zack DcNero
Forest Offerings : Food Uses of the
Indigenous People of the Columbia Ba
sin The following is a summary of an
article by Alanna Farrow, Department of
Natural Resources, Confederated Tribes
of the Umatilla Indian Reservation.
The forests of the Columbia plateau
have offered indigenous people food,
medicine, and other products since the
beginning of time. Today, many of these
products are in scarce quantities due to
over-logging, over-grazing, over-harvesting
of plants, and many other factors
of today's modern civilization.
In the Indian society, the women are
the gatherers. This is not a woman's only
responsibility, but it is one she does
most of her life. Girls are taught at a very
young age where the family root grounds
are, when to pick certain foods, how to
care for them, and how to properly pre
pare them for her people.
Lichens are a moss that grows from
many different trees year-round. There
are many trees in the high elevations that
grow lichen, and each may provide its
own distinct flavor. Additional flavors
may be added with berries, onions, and
other forest offerings. When prepared
properly, lichens can be made into a very
tasty pudding.
Mature fungi or "puff balls" were used
as a talcum powder for Indian babies.
For severe rashes or sores, the puff balls
were mixed with alumroot. Red ochre
fungi was used to produce paint powder.
Mushrooms have been part of the Indian
diet in soups or eaten raw. Indian babies
were sometimes bathed in mushroom
broth for strength; just as the mushroom
can push rocks aside as it comes up from
the earth, the baby would carry that
strength.
Horsetails or ferns were used as sand
paper to polish bone tools and soapstone
pipes. The roots of the horsetail were
used to imbricate (overlap pattern) wo
ven bags and baskets.
Hardened larch sap can be eaten like
candy, sweet and available all year.
Stumps of burned out or fallen trees pro
vide chewing gum and the sap, after care
ful preparation, makes a tasty syrup.
Death camas has been used to poison
arrow tips. Learned gatherers know how
to identify edible camas from its deadly
relative. The arrows were said to kill the
animal quickly, without adverse effects
to human consumption. Prickly pear cac
tus can be picked year round, even under
snow. This cactus had value as food '
source and in medicinal applications.
Many other plants are used as "indica-
tor species." When one plant blooms, it
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is known that other plants may be ready
for harvest. A healthy ecosystem was
able to provide for the People year round
in food, medicine, clothing, and any other
needs including the spiritual.
This short list of offerings from the
Columbia Plateau forests is a sample of
a life that once was. Today, Indian people
still rely on the forest for these bless
ings, as do many recent "immigrants.",
The restoration and protection of these
forests is vital to the survival and quality!
of life for all peoples now and those yet
to be born. ;
Raw milk production varies
HOME SWEET HOME-
Summer can be lots of fun, but the hot,
sticky days can also be dangerous for
children if parents, teachers and care
providers have not planned for ways to
keep children from becoming dehydrated
or overheated. Knowing the basics of
coping with heat waves can help avoid
life threatening situation and keep chil
dren feeling good and behaving well.
' Heatstroke can occur when children
pverexert themselves in hot weather and
become dehydrated. When this happens,
the body 's mechanism to control the tem
perature of the body stops working. In
addition to hot, dry, flushed skin, symp
toms include a high fever, dizziness,
nausea, stomach cramps and rapid breath
ing. If a child experiences these symp
toms, she should be moved out of the sun
and placed in a cool bath. Contact a
doctor immediately.
Being aware of the weather condi
tions and planing for extreme heat can
help protect children from heatstroke.
Some suggestions are: Impress upon chil
dren the importance of drinking plenty
of fluids before they feel thirsty (water,
juice, sports drink) especially while ex
ercising. Keep liquids readily available
for children. Keep children dressed in a
minimal amount of loose-fitting cloth
ing. Light colors are better than dark if
they are out in the sun. Never leave
children in the car, especially children
under the age of 12, even for a few mo
ments. The temperature inside a car soars
quickly. Arrange for children to cool off
with a bath or shower, a romp in the
sprinkler or a dip in the pool. Be sure to
place children's' pools in the shade.
Spend some time in an air-conditioned
environment, ever for a short while to
By Bernadette Handley, OSU Extension
Home Ec Agent
take a break from the heat. Heat waves
are ideal days for a visit to the mall, or
grocery store or theater. Avoid being in
the sun, especially between 10 AM and 3
PM. Take plenty of fluids with you if
venturing out into the heat or sun.
Be sure children are well covered with
Erotective sunscreen. An SPF of 15 or
igher is recommended and an even
higher SPF number gives greater protec
tion. Follow the directions on the con
tainer to see how often to re-apply it.
. Offer hats and sunglasses to wear while
in the sun. Understand that children may
feel irritable and uncomfortable, just as
you do during a heat wave.
Summer is also a time when people
spend time in or near water. Children
should ALWAYS be supervised closely
when they are around potential hazards
such as ponds, rivers, lakes, swimming
and kiddy pools, and even bathtubs, toi
lets and buckets. Water does not have to
be deep to be dangerous.
Knowledge of infant and child CPR
(cardiopulmonary resuscitation) will be
valuable, so sign up for a course when it
is available. Keep in mind that children
should be provided with personal flota
tion devices when playing close to or in
the water.
Whether swimming or engaged in any
outdoor activity, ensure that everybody
wears sunscreen to protect from sunburn
and check children for insect bites peri
odically. Inspect playground equipment
for hidden dangers, such as protruding
bolts and jagged metal. Make it a habit
to supervise all activities and check that
they are safe. When children are playing
on bikes, skates, or skateboards, insist
that they wear helmets and protective
gear. . 1 '
With the many outdoor activities dur
ing the summer,, basic first aid knowl
edge could prove to be useful. Posting
emergency numbers at all telephones in
your home will allow anyone to swiftly
contact emergency services. Providing
contact telephone numbers for sitters or
other caretakers will ensure that you can
be reached in case of a problem while
The total milk consumption (as fluid milk
and processed products) per person averages
107 kg world-wide, but varies from 380 kg in
Europe and 280 kg in North America and
Oceania, to 50 kg in Southern Asia and 20 kg
in Eastern Asia. As the various regions of the
world become more integrated through travel
and migration, these trends are changing, a
factor which needs to be considered by prod
uct developers and marketers of milk and
milk products in various countries of the
world.
Even within regions such as Europe, the
custom of milk consumption has varied
greatly. The high consumption of beverage
milk and fermented products in Finland,
Norway, and Sweden (the Scandanavian
countries) compared to France, Germany,
Italy and Greece where cheeses have tended
to dominate milk consumption. When you
Would appear that the culture of producing
more stable products (cheese) in hotter cli
mates as a means of preservation is evident.
The table shows the quantity of raw milk
produced around the world. Over half of the
milk produced comes from Europe while
fully 34 of the world milk is produced in
Europe and North America.
Raw Milk Produced in 1993 in Various
Regions of the World ( '000 tons).
Cattle sales on the Internet legit
you are away from'homs.
Need some hew ideas to entertain chil
- dren?4Start a i family calendar of events-, also considerthe climates of these regions, it
ana use u to iracx me minutes mat a cniia
reads every day, or'' keep a diary of a
child's funny sayings. Camp indoors!
Children could build a camp by draping
a blanket over a table. Furnish it with
familiar items and a flashlight for scary
stories. Try changing the order of things, '
such as eating dinner food for breakfast
and breakfast food, for dinner. Create
bookmarks, gift-wrap or a scrapbook.
Begin a family mural.
Whatever you do with your children,
be safe, think COOL and CREATIVE!!
Eurooe
North America
South America
India
Oceania
Africa
China
Japan
Total
217,500
87,000
25,600
30,500
16,200
2,400
5,500
8,600
410,665
" Source: United States Department of Ag
riculture ..
Master Food
Preservers
Do you need an answer your food preser
vation questions? Call the Certified Master
Food Preservers and Extension educators in
Lane County on the OSU Extension Service
"Foo'dT'reservation'floUinen he' hotline will
be available from i
July 15 - October 15. Phone calls may be
directed to 1-800-354-73 1 9 between the hours
of 9 AM - 4 PM Monday-Friday (except
holidays).
by Bob Pawelek
I have came across some cutting edge
technology of marketing cattle. It is a cattle
sale on the internet called Cattlesale.com.
There is a lot of buyer interest and with
internet exposure, what a way to market
cattle. There has been a lot of work done
putting this together and it is being backed
by some real powerhouses in the cattle busi
ness so this is for real.
Let me give you a quick overview of how
it works. Your cattle are listed on the web
page by description, weigh conditions, etc.,
and you price your own cattle. On sale day
when your cattle come up buyers bid on
them above your price for about three min
utes at the end of that time if you have a bid
above your price the cattle are sold. If there
is no bid you have the option of listing them
on the "Country Page". This page is similar
to what happens on the ranch. Buyers can
look up your cattle and bid on them as long as
you have them listed. There is a lot of flex
ibility on the Country Page as far as when,
how long, and your asking price. There is a
1.5 commission if your cattle sell through
the auction or the Country Page and NO
COST to you for a "no sale".
Buyers are screened by Cattlesale to en
sure that only legitimate buyers are able to
bid on the cattle. I am really excited about the
possibilities of Cattlesale.com. Cattle can be
exposed to virtually every interested buyer in
the world. I haven't told you a whole lot but
I would be happy to tell you more about the
program if you are interested; please feel free
to give me a call. The first big sale will be
around the first week of August so if you
want cattle listed we need to get to work. The
site is located at Cattlesale.com if you want
look at it yourself.
The cost of raising a child continues to rise for families living in the cities-
The cost of raising a child continues to rise
. and is highest for families living in cities in the
' Western United States, according to the US
i Department of Agriculture.
In its annual report, "Expenditures on Chil
dren by Families", the USDAestimates amiddle
income ($35,900to$60,400ayear before taxes),
two-parent family in the urban West willl spend
$169,440 to raise a child born in 1998 to age 18.
Child raising costs in the urban West are
higher than the rest of the country primarily
because housing is more expensive, according
to Alice Mills Morrow, Oregon State Univer
sity Extension family resource specialist.
Housing is the largest expense across all
income groups adn accounts for 36 to 38 per
cent of child-rearing expenses. Food is the
second largest average expense, accounting for
15 to 20 percent.
The cost of food for a child rises steadily as
the child grows older, almost doubling by the
teenage years, according to the report. A middle
income family in the urban West spends an
estimated $1,090 per year on food for a child
from birth to age two. The food budget will
reach an estimated $2, 1 1 0 per year for the same
child when she or he is between the ages 15-17.
Families with an income below $35,900 will
spend a higher percentage for their income for
food expenses, 1 9.5 percent,compared to fami
lies with an income above $60,400, whose food
costs will account for 15 percent.
Unlike food expenses, the cost of child care
is highest during the first five years of life. Child
care is the only expense that goes down as the
child grows older.
Because single-parent households account
for an increasing percentage of families with
children the USDA prepared separate estimates
STOCKMAN'S ROUNDUP: History of the Paint horse-
is
vk
I
by Bob Pawelek
OSU Livestock Agent
Paints were recognized as an Ameri
can breed in 1965. The American Paint
Horse Association was formed in hopes
of preserving and breeding more of these
quality horses, which sometimes ap
peared in the Quarter Horse and (rarely)
Thoroughbred breeds. Occasionally,
'cropout' babies were produced with too
much white to be registered as Quarter
Horses; flashy Thoroughbreds were and
are not discriminated against by the
Jockey club, but in the past, these color
ful foals weren't as marketable as solid
foals. Thus, most cropouts were sold off
as grade horses with little, if any value.
On rare occasions, however, a cropout
foal would be born with fabulous spots;
my favorite example is the beautiful stal
lion, Our Sir Prize.
This 'loud' (lots of spots) overo's sire
and dam were both registered Quarter
Horses. Owners of such colorful babies
wondered where their horses fit in. It
was clear that an association needed to
be formed to make a place for these
beautiful horses. Cropouts occurred
enough that a registry was formed in
1965 to preserve these wonderful "Quar
ter Horses with spots." The American
Paint Horse Association was established
in 1965, a merger of two earlier clubs
formed in 1961 and 1962, The American
Paint Stock Horse Association & The
American Paint Quarter Horse Associa
tion. Croponts
Since many people are unaware of
spotted pattern genetics, on that rare oc
casion that two apparently solid parents
produce a spotted foal, it seems to hap
pen without reason. (In fact, one or both
of the parents were carriers of at least
one type of spotting gene, which must be
present to produce a spotted foal.) These
horses are called 'cropouts' because of
the extra white patches that appear on
their bodies, faces andor legs. Most have
only minimal to moderate spotting, such
as very high leg markings, excessive
white on the face, andor a spot or two on
the belly. However, once in a great while
a rare foal is born with 'loud', wild spot
ting, such as Our Sir Prize or Limited
Edition. Although purebred Quarter
Horses by pedigree, it's hard to believe
by looking at these two!
Most cropouts occur when a stallion
and mare are bred who both have exces
sive white, such as a blaze and four stock
ings. Resulting foals often have 'high
whites', or markings too high on one or
more legs than is considered ideal in the
AQHA. In the past, this would have ren
dered the foal ineligible for registration,
but recently the white restrictions were
relaxed to include many of these horses.
Occasionally this sort of cross results
in a foal with a patch of white on the
belly ranging in size between a quarter
and a dinner plate; these horses gener
ally also have excessive white on the
face, enveloping the muzzle or eyes.
Sometimes the spot(s) appear on the bar
rel or neck, but producing a well-spotted
cropout by breeding solid horses together
is extremely rare. "Cropouts" occur in
many breeds including Quarter Horses,
Thoroughbreds, Arabians, Saddlebreds,
Tennessee Walking Horses and many
more (Note! Thoroughbreds and Arabi
ans are not denied registration no matter
how much white they have on their coats.
However, owners may need to provide;
DNA proof that their horses are indeed
purebred before registrations art accepted.)
for those households
The estimates show that a single parent
family with an income less than $36,000 before
taxes will spend $ 109,350 to raise a child born
in 1998 to age 18. The western two-parent
counterpart will spend $ 127,680. Although the
"actual expenditure is less for single-parent fami
lies, it represents a larger percentage of income.
"Single-parent families have lower average
incomes and spend a larger percentage of their
inocme on children," Morrow said.
Because the USDA estimates are based on
averages, they are not useful in predicting what
a particular family will spend. However, they
do illustrate useful trends. For instance, the
overall cost of raising achild increases as a child
gets older, a signal for parents to continually
find ways to add to their income.
"That's probably not good news for parents
' of pre-school children who think financial pres
sures will be less when day care is no longer
required", Morrow said. "Unfortunately, the
savings in child care as youngsters grow older
is more than offset by increases in other ex
pense categories."
The USDA estimates only apply to costs
from birth through age 18. they do not include
the cost of saving for college. While saving for
college is encouraged, Morrow says people ned
to take care of immediate concerns first adn get
their current situation under control.
the USDA estimates are to put a variety of
uses. Divorce attorneys and mediators employ
them to provide a reality check for parents who
think child support guidelines are unrealistic.
The estimates are also useful in estate plan
ning to evaluate financial needs in case of a
parent's death. And teachers use the estimates to
help students to understand the financial changes
mat accompany parenthood. In addition, the
estimates are useful in developing state child
support guidelines and foster care payments.
To receive a copy of me 1998 estimates of
raising a child, contact your local OSU Exten
sion office.
I.