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Warm Springs, Oregon
November 5, 1998 9
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EXTENSION
service
Arlene Boileau
4-H & Youth
(503) 553-3238
Bernadette Handley
Home Economics
BobPawelek Clint Jacks Deanie Johnson
Livestock Staff Chair, Madras Secretary
Zack del Nero Sue Ryan
Natural Resources
4-H Assistant
Internet Address: http:www.orst.edudeptwsext
The Oregon Stale University Extension Service staff is devoted to extending research-based Information from OSU to the people of Warm Springs
in agriculture, home economics, 4-H youth, forestry, community development, energy and extension sea grant program with OSU, United States
Department of Agriculture, Jefferson County and the Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs cooperating. The Exension Service offers its programs
and materials equally to all people.
- fa r: AK.
The Clover speaks-
Natural Resource notables-
by Sue Ryan
For this issue I have pulled some material
from the Minnesota Extension Service. They
put together a program called Cloverbuds in
1990. This was done as a discovery experi
ence for 6 to 8 year olds.
I know there is a good supply of 6 to 8 year
olds on the reservation! These games are
ones you can use at home or at school during
the winter months. First, an introduction from
the Cloverbuds program on recreation.
What is Recreation?
What's your definition of recreation? One
of the best has been attributed to a young boy,
"What you do when you don' t have to." It can
be spelled "wreakreation" and "recreation".
Hopefully, any recreational activity your
group participates in will be re-creation rather
than wreakreation! Good recreational activi
ties give participants a feeling of enjoyment,
freedom, and relief from tensions.
Why Recreation?
To add variety to events and programs;
To encourage everyone to participate;
To relax;
To offer an opportunity to move about
and get physical exercise;
To provide the feeling "I belong";
To get people to come to a meeting or
program;
To get to know one another better;
To have fun!
Choosing Games
The games and activities you choose will
depend on your:
Age group and their interests. At ages 6
to 8, children have short attention spans.
They enjoy simple organized games.
Opportunities to play safely. Are the
surroundings safe for the activities you're
choosing? Are the activities themselves safe
for children of this age group?
Type of event. Is the occasion a 4-H
meeting, a school event, a day care activity?
Amount of time. How many games...and
what kinds of games... best fit your available
time?
Facilities, space and equipment. Will the
recreation be outdoors in a backyard, at a
playground in a park, at a beach, etc.? Is it
indoors in a play-room, classroom, gymna
sium, or at a church hall? What equipment is
available?
Number in the group. Will the group be
large or small? If it's a large group, can it be
divided into several small groups?
Season of the year. Choose games that fit
special holidays or seasonal activities. You
may want to plan more outdoor games in
comfortable weather.
GAMES GAMES GAMES
Numbers Change
Equipment: None
Players are seated in a circle with IT in the
center. All are numbered 1,2,3 or 4. IT calls
out two numbers. Players whose numbers
have been called must instantly jump up and
exchange seats during which IT tries to take
HOWDOVOUUKE YOUR 4-tO.
BREAD PROJecf? I
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EVEN BFTTFP uc (tuc NAj T UfQK Airt'MO
FRUSTRATIONS QNitiE BREADWSTEAD Of HIM
Four-H members carrying a bread project learn how to mix and bake a perfect loaf of bread
or a pan of sweet rolls. Four-H'ers know that bread is made of four essential ingredients
flour, liquid, yeast and salt.
one of the seats. Player left without a seat is
IT and calls out the next numbers. Teaching
Tips: Players could sit on chairs for this
game, but it's generally safer to sit on the
ground or floor. LearningSkills: Listening,
concentration, physical coordination and
speed.
Knee Ball Relay
Equipment: Large rubber ball or balloon
for each team. Players line up in teams of five
or more players. The first player of each team
places the ball between hisher knees and
without dropping it, walks to a finish line
about 20 feet away. Shehe runs back to the
next player with the ball in hand. That player,
in turns, does the same thing. Variation
carry a ruler between the knees and pass on
to the next without using hands. Teaching
tips: If players are quite young, consider a
shorter distance to the finish line. Learning
Skills: Physical coordination, teamworkco
operation. All About Me
Equipment: 12-inch piece of string. Tak
ing turns, members talk about themselves for
as long as it takes them to wind a foot of
string into a ball. Idea starters to break the
ice: My favorite:
vacation;
hobby;
pet peeve;
pet;
person is because;
sport.
Teaching Tips: Show the group how to
start to roll a ball of string before play begins.
When one player's ball is complete, heshe
stops speaking and passes the ball to any
other player of hisher choice who has not
had a turn. The game is over when everyone
has had the chance to speak.
LearningSkills: Speaking before a group,
getting to know more about fellow members,
doing two things simultaneously.
Find Your Double
Equipment: Paper, pencils.
Write the name of someone who has:
1. The same first or middle name as
you do;
2. A birthday the same month;
3. The same favorite color;
4. The same number of sisters;
5. The same kind of pet;
6. The same hair color;
7. The same favorite food;
8. The same (add your own )
Are there any people who are the "same"
as you in most of the categories? In what
other ways are you doubles?
Teaching Tips: The same name can be
used more than once. LearningSkills: Speak
ing, classifying, comparing.
by Zack delNero
Forest Offerings : Food Uses of
the Indigenous People of the Co
lumbia Basin
The following is a summary of an
article by Alanna Farrow, Department
of Natural Resources, Confederated
Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reser
vation. The forests of the Columbia pla
teau have offered indigenous people
food, medicine, and other products
since the beginning of time. Today,
many of these products are in scarce
quantities due to over-logging, over
grazing, over-harvesting of plants,
and many other factors of today's
modern civilization.
In the Indian society, the women
are the gatherers. This is not a
woman's only responsibility, but it is
one she does most of her life. Girls
are taught at a very young age where
the family root grounds are, when to
pick certain foods, how to care for
them, and how to properly prepare
them for her people.
Lichens are a moss that grows from
many different trees year-round.
There are many trees in the high el
evations that grow lichen, and each
may provide its own distinct flavor.
Additional flavors may be added with
berries, onions, and other forest of
ferings. When prepared properly, li
chens can be made into a very tasty
pudding.
Mature fungi or "puff balls" were
used as a talcum powder for Indian
babies. For severe rashes or sores,
the puff balls were mixed with alum
root. Red ochre fungi was used to
produce paint powder. Mushrooms
have been part of the Indian diet in
soups or eaten raw. Indian babies were
sometimes bathed in mushroom broth
for strength; just as the mushroom
can push rocks aside as it comes up
from the earth, the baby would carry
that strength.
Horsetails or ferns were used as
sandpaper to polish bone tools and
soapstone pipes. The roots of the
horsetail were used to imbricate
(overlap pattern) woven bags and baskets.
Hardened larch sap can be eaten
like candy, sweet and available all
year. Stumps of burned out or fallen
trees provide chewing gum and the
sap, after careful preparation, makes
a tasty syrup.
Death camas has been used to poi
son arrow tips. Learned gatherers
know how to identify edible camas
from its deadly relative. The arrows
were said to kill the animal quickly,
without adverse effects to human
consumption. Prickly pearcactus can
be picked year round, even under
snow. This cactus had value as food
source and in medicinal applications.
Many other plants are used as "in
dicator species." When one plant
blooms, it is known that other plants
may be ready for harvest. A healthy
ecosystem was able to provide for
the People year round in food, medi
cine, clothing, and any other needs
including the spiritual.
This short list of offerings from
the Columbia Plateau forests is a
sample of a life that once was. To
day, Indian people still rely on the
forest for these blessings, as do many
recent "immigrants." The restoration
and protection of these forests is vi
tal to the survival and quality of life
for all peoples now and those yet to
be born.
HOME SWEET HOME-
SAVE YOUR ENERGY (and $$)
By making your home more energy
efficient you can prevent energy waste
and save money on your energy bill.
Here are some times to get you started:
RUN A TIGHT SHIP-Weatherize and
insulate to tighten up your home. Proper
insulation, especially in the attic, floors
and wall, make your home more com
fortable by reducing drafts and keeping
temperatures more counts. Check for air
leaks around window, doors, electrical
boxes and plumbing fixtures-block any
By Bernadette Handley, OSU Extension
Home Ec Agent
leak by caulk sealing andor weather
stripping. THE HEAT IS ON-Keep your thermo
stat set at 65 to 68 degrees during the
winter. Make sure your thermostat is lo
cated away from windows and outside
doors and not expose to draft or other
cooling sources. And be sure to change
the filter in your forced air heating sys
tem each month.
IN HOT WATER-If your water heater
was made before 1991 and feels warm to
the touch, it may need an insulation blan-
Statewide courses offered
ket. Check that the hot water heater ther
mostat is set at 1 1 5 degrees (or 1 40 if you
have a dishwasher).
COOL DOWN-Refrigerator tempera
tures should be between 36 to 38 degrees
and the freezer between 0 to 5 degrees.
Clean refrigerator coils and defrost your
freezer regularly to increase efficiency.
Check your door seal by placing a dollar
bill between the door and gasket. Jf jj r 3.0
be easily pulled out youfll need to adjust
the door or replace the gasket.
-Voices, Vol. 2, NO, 10, October 1 998.
The ESA and Warm Springs:
Another Look at the Endangered
Species Act
Oregon State University profes
sor Kurt Peters, Ph.D., will be
teaching an educational workshop
on the Endangered Species Act on
Thursday, November 19th from 6
p.m. to 9pm and on Friday, No
vember 20th, from 8:30 a.m. n 4:30
Trees need to be checked on for well-being-
You don't have to actually hug trees,
but it would be nice to occasionally check
on their well being especially the ones
right in front of your house.
Many trees along city streets are dy
ing a slow death because people often
treat them as if they were established,
eternal things rather than something that
is alive and interacting with the environ
ment, according to Melodie Putnam, a
plant pathologist with the Oregon State
University Extension Service.
"It is sort of a 'telephone pole' phe
nomenon," explained Putnam, who is the
chief diagnostician at OSU's Plant Dis
ease Clinic. "People tend to regard street
trees as objects that were just stuck in the
ground and don't need to be cared for."
In reality, street trees planted along a
curb line are especially stressed because
they generally have cramped roots and
poor aeration. And, since they are out
side of most people's lawns, these curb
side trees don't get watered with the
regularity of a lawn or vegetable garden,
she said.
Even Oregon's wet springs are not
enough to carry a tree through the state's
hot, dry summers. Since most of their
root system is in the top 12 inches of soil,
a tree's roots can dry up quickly during
the summer months.
"Just because they still have leaves on
them, doesn't mean the trees are doing
well," she emphasized. "Trees don't usu
ally turn brown and die all at once, but
you can easily see the results of 10 years
of neglect.
"You shouldn't be able to look through
a healthy tree and see the blue sky on the
other side," Putnam added.
Other common signs of stress are a
thinning canopy, smaller-than- normal
leaves, branch die-back and premature
fall coloration, she says.
In addition to regular summer water
ing, removing dead branches can help
keep your trees healthy, she pointed out.
Dead wood tends to attract pests and
fungal diseases that could spread to the
rest of the tree.
"It's easy to take for granted how
valuable trees are," Putnam said. "They
increase property value and provide shade
from the heat. Or, if you want to look at
it another way, the cost of removing a
dead tree can be $500 or more."
STOCKMAN'S ROUNDUP: Equine Recurrent Uveitis (Moon Blindness)-
MONEY MATTERS is a part of
the Basic Living Skills Program
of OSU Extension. It is designed
to help participants learn to iden
tify resources-both money re
sources and personal, family and
community resources, to identify
alternative to buying and to learn
money management techniques.
Classes for the remaining lessons
are scheduled as follows:
Using credit wisely
November 10
Contact OSU Ext office 553
3238 for more details.
p.m. The workshop will address
the historical and contemporary
impacts of the Endangered Spe
cies Act on the Warm Springs Res
ervation. Key issues such as the
ESA's foundations in Federal and
State Legislation will be explored.
The impact of related acts, such as
the American Indian Religious Act
of 1978 will also be discussed.
The tuition for the class is $ 1 20.00
for credit or non-credit. There are
four half-scholarships available to
tribal members who have not re
ceived GTE scholarships in the
past. To register locally, or find
out about the scholarships, call
Diane Bohle at the Warm Springs
OSU Extension office at 553-3238
or leave a message at 383-7701
x2536.
Id m
by Bob Pawelek
OSU Livestock Agent
I recently included this article in my
newsletter, The Horseman's Quarterly.
If you did not receive it, perhaps you're
not on our mailing list. Please let me
know, and you will soon be one of the
privileged.
Overview
Equine Recurrent Uveitis is a disease
of the horse's eye that can be caused by
many different things ie: bacteria, virus,
parasites, or trauma. It is an immune
related disease. Once started, it may
cause blindness if its progression is not
halted. Fortunately, while the causes
cannot be foreseen nor eradicated, its
progression can in many cases be slowed
or stopped by fast, aggressive and con
sistent care.
Historically, moon blindness was felt
by some to be tied to the cycle of the
moon. There was also a theory that it
occurred most often in white horses,
horses with white around their eyes, or
Appaloosas. These theories have since
been proved false. The disease has noth
ing to do with the moon, and it strikes all
colors and breeds.
Diagnosis
Unfortunately, uveitis is often misdi
agnosed. The most common signs are
puffy, watering eyes, squinting, and red
blood vessels at the sides of the eye and
in the lids. Horses will often be very
sensitive to the sun and often to any light
(photophobic). Another major sign is a
constricted pupil in a darkened place.
Other possible signs may include swol
len eyes, avoidance of sunshine, loss of
appetite, discomfort and grumpiness. If
these signs persist even with treatment,
you or your veterinarian may wish to
consult a veterinary ophthalmologist,
since the disease can lead to blindness.
Treatment
Short term treatment usually consists
of using atropine to dilate the eye and
reduce discomfort due to spasm of the
iris. Large doses of antibiotics have
sometimes helped to stop the progres
sion of the disease. Another treatment
sometimes used is vaccination with a
leptospirosis vaccine, but this is not ap
proved for use on horses.
Since bright light irritates the eye,
most horses will wear fly masks out
doors, while some wear them 24 hours a
day to keep dust out. When using a fly
mask, check daily to be sure that the
guard hairs around the horse's eyes are
not being curled around back into the
eye, further irritating it.
For the long term, each case must be
evaluated individually. By being aggres
sive and diligent, you have a chance of
saving your horse's vision and will save
money in the long run.
From Equine Vet. J. Suppl., 2:57-60,
1992
We want you!!!
If you have a special
skill to share with a
child, then we are
asking you to be a 4-H
Leader!
There are many
children that would
love to learn, but no one
to teach them. Please
make a happy memory
by becoming a
4-H leader.
Call Arlene or Sue at
the OSU Ext office at
553-3238
urn.