Spilyay Tymoo
Warm Springs, Oregon
September 10, 1998 11
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service
Arlene Boileau
4-H & Youth
(503) 553-3238
Bernadette Handley
Home Economics
BobPawelek Clint Jacks Deanie Johnson
Livestock Staff Chair. Madras Secretary
Zack del Nero Sue Ryan
Natural Resources
4-H Assistant
Internet Address: http:www.orst.edudeptwsext
The Oregon State University Extension Service staff Is devoted to extending research-based Information from OSU to the people of Warm Springs
In agriculture, home economics, 4-H youth, forestry, community development, energy and extension sea grant program with OSU, United States
Department ot Agriculture, Jefferson County and the Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs cooperating. The Exenslon Service offers Its programs
and materials equally to all people.
A
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The Clover speaks-
by Sue Ryan
School has started and with it, homework.
Coming up this fall are the school Science
Fairs throughout the district. A topic must be
picked, and research done. 4-H has a number
of science publications that kids can use for
this. Kids can also sign up for
Natural Resource notables-
them. The manual will show kids a variety of
ways to catch bugs.
If you are interested in Entomology for a
fall science project, ask for 4-H 3221 fithe 4
H Entomology Manual. Call 553-3238.
FORESTRY MOSTLY TREES
The 4-H program has a series designed to
teach about Forestry. Unit A covers the
basics about trees' including identification.
Identifying trees can be done by examin
ing a trees characteristics. These include
leaves, fruits, bark, buds, twigs, growth habit,
and flowers. Through the 4-H Forestry pro
gram manual you can learn how to classify
trees, make a collection of tree mounts and
more.
If you are interested in Forestry for a fall
science project, ask for the 4-H Forestry
Program Unit A Trees Manual. Call 553
3238. HUNTER EDUCATION & WILDLIFE
IDENTIFICATION
Hunter Education may not seem like a
science project. But, hunters deal with a
number of issues that would be suitable for
study. The 4-H program stocks the Oregon
Hunter Education Manual which has some
sections on Wildlife Identification and Con
servation and Wildlife Management.
These sections look at issues of what
animals need to live, why is wildlife manage
ment needed and more.
If you are interested in Wildlife Issues,
ask for the Hunter Education Manual. Call
553-3238.
Do tb vrmngtmtnt of food, ntor, ihtltmrvtd tptco btlow pmrldo good wildllfo hmbltmtt Why or why not?
these areas as a 4-H Project.
Some of these manuals are in stock at the
office but if you need your own copy just
contact us to order one. They are free.
ENTOMOLOGY OR BUGS
The 4-H Entomology Manual covers in
formation on collecting, displaying, and
studying insects. This includes some simple
and basic biology.
Why are insects important ? They do
services as scavengers, keep harmful ani
mals in check and have been useful in medi
cine. Insects also provide humans with mate
rials. This includes honey and silk.
If you are going to study insects then you
must be able to identify them from other
animals. The 4-H Entomology manual cov
ers common classes of insects and how to tell
them apart6also known as characteristics.
Collecting insects is helpful in studying
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By Zach del Nero
What is a Weed?
Every day, we hear about weeds (well, I
do anyway). Weeds infest millions of acres
of range, forest, and cropland throughout the
United States, costing hundreds of millions
of dollars in lost productivity and control
costs. Here at Warm Springs, weeds are
present virtually everywhere. Cooperative
efforts between the Department of Natural
Resources, Bureau of Indian Affairs, and the
OSU Extension Service are targeting this
massive problem. So here is a question: what
is a weed?
One famous naturalist wrote that a weed
is nothing more than a plant whose desirable
qualities had not been determined yet. Well,
until we find a use for plants like knapweed,
puncture vine, and starthistle-we can go on
calling them weeds. Put simply, a weed is an
undesirable plant. Weeds tend to be highly
competitive and capable of taking advantage
of disturbed areas, such as clearcuts and
roadsides. They often produce large amounts
of seed or are otherwise highly reproductive.
Russian thistle (tumbleweed), for example,
can produce more than 500,000 seeds per
plant in one growing season!
Weeds may be classified in at least two
ways: appearance and life cycle. By appear
ance, weed species may be grouped as (1)
broadleaves or (2) Grasses. Broadleaves (also
called dicots) typically have a tap root (like
dandelions) or fibrous roots. The leaves of
these plants have veins which radiate out
from a larger vein. Grasses (monocots) have
long, narrow leaves with veins that are paral
lel to each other. Grasses have a fibrous root
system.
Weeds may be classified into one of three
life cycles: Annual, Biennial, or Perennial.
Annual plants germinate, grow, flower, and
set seed within one year. Temperature, light,
and moisture trigger annual plants into ger
mination. Winter annuals, such as cheatgrass,
germinate in the fall and go to seed in (he
spring. Summer annuals, like puncture vine,
germinate in the spring, grow through the hot
summer, flower, set seed and die when cold
4-H Leader trainings scheduled, begins Sept. 12th
Basic 4-H Leader Trainings:
Saturday, September 12th 10:30
a.m. at the 4-H Center.
Wednesday, September 23rd 5:30
p.m. at the 4-H Center.
- Saturday, October 10th 10:30 a;m.
-locations for Oct.Nov, Dec. TBA.
Wednesday, October 14th 5:30
p.m.
Saturday, November 14th 10:30
a.m.
Wednesday, November 18th 5:30
p.m.
Saturday, December 12th 10:30
a.m.
Wednesday, December 16th 5:30
p.m. -'..'. '..u
People who are interested in be
coming 4-H Leaders can attend the
training on one of these dates or call to
make an appointment with Sue or
Arlene. Its a good idea, to come in
before the training to do a sit-down
visit with us. There is some minimal
paperwork involved for what is known
as Pre-Service or before you get started
with your club. Stop by the 4-H office
at 1 1 10 Wasco Street in the Education
Center or call 553-3238.
MOM
MONEY MATTERS
A six-week course will be offered jointly
with the MONEY 2000 program to enhance
money management skills. The first session is
scheduled for September 29 from 6:30 fi 8 PM.
Contact OSU Ext office 553-3238 for more
details.
HOME SWEET HOME-
By Bernadette Handley, OSU Extension
Home Ec Agent
temperatures arrive. Some annuals, such as
wild mustards (Brassica spp.) seem to be
able to emerge and grow whenever they
please. All annuals spread by seed only.
Biennial plants complete their life cycle
within two growing seasons. They germinate
and form a "rosette" the first vear. Durin iz the
second growing season they torm a stem,
flower, set seed and die. Biennials, such as
bull thistle, spread only by seed.
Perennial plants live for more than two
years. Simple perennials, such as dandelion,
spread only by seed. Spreading perennials
spread by seed and by underground repro
ductive structures. For example, quackgrass
spreads by rhizomes (underground, horizon
tal stems). Canada thistle and field bindweed
(morning glory) have spreading root sys
tems. Control of spreading perennials may
be very difficult because of extensive under
ground root system.
If you are interested in learning more
about weeds, contact me at OSU Extension
and watch the Spilyay for more articles.
On a side note, congratulations to the
Warm Springs Salmon Corps for completing
their 1997-8 field season. James Arthur, Kate
Caldwell, Chris "Tuffer" Chee, Wayne
Eaglespeaker, Felix "Phil" George, Phillip
"Jake" Johns and Gerald Tufti all stuck with
it as they continue to make a difference for
the community, the land, the salmon, and
themselves. Also, Roland Kalama deserves
our recognition and support as he begins the
1998-9 field season for the Warm Springs
Salmon Corps.
Don't forget!!!!
Grandparents Day is Septem
ber 13th-a" perfect time to let
your grandparents know how
much they mean to you.
Helping teens stay out of trouble
Parents can'tcontroltheirteens' every move,
but they need to keep up with what's going on
in their life to help them steer clear of trouble.
Do you know about your teen's friends? Do
you know where she goes at night or after
school? Do you know how she spends hisher
money? Do you know what she does with his
her free time?
If your answer is 'NO', try some of the
following suggestions:
GET TO KNOW YOUR TEEN'S
FRIENDS
Encourage kids to bring friends home when
you're there. Volunteer to help with youth and
school activities. Have your child post phone
number and addresses of hisher friend in a
convenient spot
KNOW WHERE YOUR TEEN IS GO
ING AND WHAT IS PLANNED
Find out:
Where and when she will be going Who
else is going, What she will be doing, How
she will get there and back When she will be
home,
Make sure she understands that you expect
to be informed in case plans change.
-Edited from Para Su Familia, Cooperative
Extensions National Network for Child Care,
Aug 1998
Home Ec Advisory Committee
The newly formed OSU Extension Home
Economics Advisory Committee held its first
monthly meeting on August 6th. The commit
tee was established to: offer insight on the long
and short term needs of the community; assist
with Home Economics program development
through OSU Extension to meet those needs
and" provide feedback on the effectiveness of
the programs.
I would like to acknowledge the participa
tion of the following individuals on the com
mittee: Raynele Andrews, Nikki Courtney,
Kelli Danzuka-Palmer, Faye Hurtado, Clay
Penhollow, Julie Quaid, Tricia Sahme, Deb
Scott, and Joanne Smith.
Please feel free to forward any suggestions
comments on programming needs to the com
mittee members or to Bernadette Handley, Home
Ec Agent.
Celebrate National 5 A Day Week!
Eating 5 A Day is one of the simplest and
most basic yet most important choices a person
can make for overall better health. Today's
delicious and wide variety of fresh, frozen,
canned and dried fruits and vegetables can be
prepared and enhanced with countless influ
ence from around the world. There have never
been so many choices! The National Cancer
Institute(NCI) encourages everyone to taste the
world of fruit and vegetable variety when they
Take the 5 A Day Challenge during National 5
A Day Week, September 13-19.
All varieties of fruits and vegetables: fresh,
frozen, canned, dried, and juice count toward 5
a Day, and a serving is smaller than many
people think. One serving can be a:
1 medium piece of fruit; cup cooked,
canned, or cut-up vegetables or fruit; 1 cup of
chopped lettuce and otherraw leafy vegetables;
cup of 100 percent fruit or vegetable juice;
cup of canned legumes (beans and peas); or
cup dried fruit.
For information on nutrition and cancer,
consumers can call NCIfs Cancer Information
Service at 1-800-4-CANCER, or visit the 5 a
DAY homepage at HYPERLINK http:
dccps.nci.nihgov5aday.
http:dccps.nci.nih.gov5aday.
National Food Safety Month
September is National Food Safety Educa
tion Month (NFSEM) and federal government
agencies are joining with industry and con
sumer organizations to promote food safety
education. The goal is to increase public aware
ness that an invisible cause of foodbome illness
and bacteria-may move onto food from hands
or kitchen utensils and surfaces.
After cutting boards, knives or other utensils
are used for food preparation of one food item,
they should be washed in hot soapy water
before being used for another on.
Hands should be washed with hot soapy
water for at least 20 seconds before one starts to
prepare food and should be washed again after
handling raw meat or poultry.
Kitchen towels should be washed often in
hot water because harmful bacteria multiply
quickly on them.
To learn more about safe food handling, call
OSU Extension office or visit the NFSEM
homepage at: HYPERLINK
http:www.fodsafety.govseptember
www.foodsafety.govseptember.
Wanted:
4-H Leaders!!!!!
Male andor female, willing
to teach a skill or craft to
children. You pick the age
group to work with, the days
& times to meet, the length
of the class & the number of
children in each class. It can
be short-term or spread out
throughout the year. Also it
can be anything you to teach,
sports, crafts, home ec, etc.
etc.
The 4-H office can help with
some supplies or a location
to meet.
Please contact Arlene or Sue
at the OSU Extension Office
if you are interested 553-3238.
STOCKMAN'S ROUHDUP'.Farms initiative considered-
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1 VA. f r 111
111
by Bob Pawelek
OSU Livestock Agent
Deer and cows: Their grazing habits
Providing a pragmatic system to efficiently
utilize rangelands requires some insight into the
animaTs own point of view. Once ranchers and
managers understand the common behaviors of
ruminants, they can better deal with range man
agement The ruminant animal has the capability of
converting plant fiber (cellulose) to energy for
body maintenance and growth. However, all
animals do not utilize fiber with the same effi
ciency and use different tactics to obtain nutrients
from a forage resource. First, all ruminants have
basically the same needs and all employ the same
basic approach to harvesting food from the land
scape. All animals have three basic needs, in order of
importance:
Water
Thermal regulation (keeping warm)
Food
Ruminants also need:
Time
Why time? Rumination is the mechanism by
which cattle; sheep and deer process their food
after harvesting it Time is required for this pro
cess to occur, and to allow room in the rumen for
the next meal. At some point in the grazing
process, nightfall arrives and this limits grazing to
localized areas. Ruminants have evolved as prey,
and have organized social behaviors to strengthen
their chances for survival. Therefore, nighttime
grazing is restricted due to this social behavior.
Animals have a need for complete rest, however
cattle seldom sleep for longer than 30 minutes at
a time, with rest occurring along with rumination.
When eating i plant in a given landscape, the
animal has gone through a methodical process,
which begins either at a water source or the
bedding site. Since most ruminants are herd ani
mals, the dominant animals with the highest physi
ological need will initiate a hierarchical behav
ioral trigger. When water and thermal needs are
fully met, the herd will then begin to select certain
plants within the landscape. Animals will select
sites that will do their physiological needs the
most good in the shortest amount of time. Re
search has been done on intake rates attained by
animals, and is categorized by the amount of food
that can be ingested per minute of grazing. This
process is called, "profitability."
Whenever you drive past a herd of cattle, nine
times out of ten you will see them all facing one
direction. This is because their grazing pattern is
directional. Animals will move in one general
direction and alter their course only when they
encounter plant communities of differing profit
ability. They speed up over ground where plants
are not as profitable, or if it's getting hot, the need
for thermal regulation takes over and they head
for shade or water, since this is a higher need at the
time. Cattle tend to take their time over more
profitable plants in their particular pasture. We
know that cattle like grasses, but will eat browse,
deer like forbs, but eat a lot of browse w hile goats
will eat browse first but grasses when highly
abundant Cattle eat grasses, which require a
longer time in the rumen to gamer the calories
needed for the fermentation process. Their larger
rumen volume allows greater fermentation ca
pacity suitable for grasses. Because of their larger
body size, their nutrient requirements are lower,
but total nutrient requirements have to be higher.
Cattle have to travel 2 to 4 miles in 8 to 12
hours each day to harvest 20 to 30 lbs of dry
matter. The greater the moisture content, the more
forage that must be harvested to sustain those dry
matter requirements. It would take an even longer
time for cattle to harvest adequate quantities of
forage and browse to meet their nutrient require
ments. The smaller rumen volumebody weight ratio
of selective feeders like deer allow them to con
sume more highly digestible cellulose, that is,
plant material that has high cell contents. Deer
digest these cell contents rapidly and move the
indigestible fiber through the GI tract faster than
cattle. Therefore, the rvbw ratio is a good ana
tomical feature to use to determine tendencies
toward consumption of the primary food groups.
The smaller the ratio, the faster the rate of passage
and the greater reliance on plants with high cell
contents.
Cattle travel less from water and will not
traverse rough or steep terrain as well as sheep or
goats. However, none of these herbivores, whether
they are cattle, mule deer, elk or goats, prefer the
same forage resource. Therefore, stocking rate
should also reflect proper balance of animal num
bers and the supply of their preferred food groups.
Goats and deer both have small body sizes in
relation to cattle and elk, lower dry matter require
ments, and their prehensile lips and agility allows
them to ravel more in a landscape in search of high
quality food items.
You may notice the fact that I choose not to
compare sheep with the other ruminants. Sheep
are just strange critters. First of all, the moment
they are bom, they are looking for a reason to die.
Secondly, their eating habits simply do not match
up with what I am trying to present here. Their
rumen volume is similar to cattle (for their size)
but nutrient requirements are higher. Sheep tend
to eat a lot of grass but will select high quality
forbs at other times, but not simply because grass
dries up. I've seen sheep turn up their noses at
good young grass and head straight for skunk
cabbage.
Landscapes having complex vegetation types
offer the manager an opportunity to stock mixed
animal populations and increase total animal pro
ductioa Hatfield's High Desert Ranch uses goats
to control young juniper. In the Mesquite
Blackbrush rangeland of South Texas, ranchers
have increased their stocking by 25 through the
addition of goats and setting aside sections of
rangeland to be used as hunting leases.
i