Spilyay Tymoo
Warm Springs, Oregon
March 13,1997 11
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(503) 553-3238
The Oregon Stale University Extension Service statt is devoted to extending research-based Information Irom OSU to the people ot Warm Springs
In agriculture, home economics, 4-H youth, forestry, community development, en&rgy and extension sea grant program with OSU, United States
Department of Agriculture, Jelferson County and the Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs cooperating. The Exension Service offers its programs
and materials equally to all people,
The Clover speaks-
by Sue Ryan
The 4-1 1 program had a great lime wrap
ping up their KIDS COOK! program on
February 27th. The young chefs served slew
and whipped up biscuits for their last class.
Many thanks to Marcia Minlhorn and Gladys
Thompson for their help and blessing of the
food. Congratulations to Sharice Johnson,
Preston Johnson, Sasha Caldera, Richard
Wolfe, Jr.. Tonya Boise. Shanell Kalama,
Colleen Kalama. Joshua Polk, and Nelson
Wolfe for completing the class. All of these
kids are kindergarten through 3rd grade, but
still learned safety and basic measuring &
cooking skills they can use at home.
The response to the KIDS COOK! pro
gram has brought a lot of calls from inter
ested parents in programs for the kindergar
ten through 3rd grade age group. For these
kids, 4-H has a program entitled 4-H Adven
tures. Right now there is no club in Warm
Springs for this age group. We could use a
leader or two. Please contact us if you are
interested.
The first class of Baskctmaking went very
well, with nine enthusiastic youngsters turn
ing out on a driz.ly Saturday afternoon. The
kids learned their twining first on a material
call cd paper twist that is very easy to work
with, then moved on to the slightly harder
rattan reeds. We had an unexpected angle to
work with when the hot water heater gave
out, as the reeds must be soaked in lukewarm
water to make them pliable. But, we adjusted
by heating the water on the stove. Many,
many thanks to our volunteer instructor Rose
mary Charley an accomplished
basketmaker willing to share her time and
talent. I am sure the second class will be just
as fun( and thanks to Utilities easier for they
fixed the hot waterdilemma ! ) . You can look
for the 4-H Baskctmaking efforts in the
Children's Art Show at the Museum at Warm
Springs. They will hold their opening March
13th.
The 4-H livestock clubs are swinging into
Elder Abuse: Part
by Norma L. Simpson
While I was writing this introduction, I
had adisturbing telephone conversation about
Elder Abuse. The accusations were painful
to hear as well as to imagine the impact on the
elder involved. I referred the caller to the
Prosecutors office. Hopefully the caller can
get more action than from past calls to other
agencies. It opens your eyes to situations on
the reservation.
During Part 4 the article focuses on "Physi
cal Indicators" such as rope burns on the
body or needle marks where they do not
belong (like on the soles of the feet) or
"Behavioral Indicators" which may be rude
interactions between the parties related to
Physical Abuse. In the next April Spilyay
article will continue with Indicators of Sexual
Abuse, Psychological and Financial Abuse.
Indicators of abuse and neglect
U.S. Department of Justice: Office for
Victims of Crime Participant Training
Manual (module 1 page 8)
Indicators of abuse are actual signs or
symptoms that suggest that abuse has oc
curred or is likely to occur. They may be
physical or behavioral. Physical indicators
include injuries or conditions, weapons or
signs of restraint. Behavioral indicators in
clude the conduct of or interaction between
the parties involved.
Victims often explain abuse-related inju
ries as having resulted from accidents. By
carefully assessing the type of injury and the
explanation for it, it is possible to discover
inconsistencies. For example, a bruise ex
plained to be the result of an accidental fall
may be on a part of the body that is unlikely
to sustain impact in a fall.
Because physical evidence alone cannot
tell the whole story, it is important to look for
behavioral indicators that suggest what is
readily going on. Behavioral indicators in
clude actions or attitudes of the victims or
abusers, interactions between victims or abus
ers, or inconsistencies in how they describe
events or account for injuries. Some indica
tors of abuse and neglect can be observed,
STOCKMAN'S ROUNDUPmw horses and
by Bob Pawelek
OSU Livestock Agent
The following is an excerpt from Impacts
of Li vestock Production by Dr. Peter Chccke,
Oregon State University Animal Science
professor.
Nostrils flared, mane and tail streaming in
the wind, the wild stallion gallops effort
lessly mile after mile across the dusty land.
This magnificent animal, and others of his
kind, arc being driven to extinction by the
relentless greed of western cattlemen, who
covet every last bit of forage on public lands
of the Ameii.an West. This may be the
popular perception of the wild horse (mus
tang) on the western rangclands of North
Arlcne Boileau
4-H & Youth
Norma Simpson
I lome Economics
Bob Pawelek
Livestock
Sue Ryan
4-H Assistant
action. There are two clubs this year. One is
the Livestock Crew, led by Laura Fucntes.
This club is already full & closed to enroll
ment. The other club is the Country Critters.
Both clubs raise mainly swine, although
one or two members may try rabbits this
year. Their next meeting will be March 26lh
at 4:00 p.m. in Room One at Warm Springs
Elementary. If you are interested in joining,
keep in mind that kids must be in 4th grade
to raise an animal science project. The leader
for Country Critters is Angic Orchard.
I still need to get enrollments from the
following 4-H Clubs Timbcrwolves,
Scow-Ma's & Us-Wun's, Rainbow Danc
ers and Public Safety Cadets. Any old mem
bers that are continuing with their projects
this year need to enroll by the end of March
for insurance purposes. New members can
sign up until June.
A state 4-H event that may interest some
in the Warm Springs community has been
announced for June. The 4-H Outdoor Ad
venture & Shooting Sports Extravaganza
Family Weekend will be held June 27 -29th.
This is held at the Oregon 4-H Confer
ence & Education Center near Salem.
4 Indicators of Abuse and Neglect-
while others must be elicited through ques
tioning. Indicators alone are not proof of wrong
doing. Their presence is not conclusive and
should serve only to direct the focus of fur
ther investigation.
Physical abuse
Physical abuse usually occurs in situa
tions where the victim and the abuser live
together. Because the majority of elderly
who live with family members with spouses,
much physical abuse is spouse abuse. Abuse
is also perpetrated by offspring, however,
and the likelihood that the elderly will live
with their children increases with age.
Abuse by spouses may continue from
earlier stages of life, or it may begin in old
age. The question arises as to whether there
early-onset cases, which are sometimes re
ferred to as "Spouse abuse grown o'd," should
be treated like any other cases of spouse
abuse.While traditional approaches to do
mestic violence may be effective in these
cases, changes that occur as the parties age
may alter the circumstances and needs. Abuse
may cause greater injury to the older victim.
Other victims may be less able to protect
themselves or may Jack access to protections
that were once available to them. For ex
ample, most battered women's shelter are
poorly equipped to serve elderly victims, or
they may not accept victims who are not
self-sufficient.
With late-onset spouse abuse, the abuse
may arise when changes occur in a couple's
relationship as a result of aging. As family
members age, their previous patterns of re
lating to each other change, which may cause
stress. Stress related to caregiving, retire
ment, or personality changes what may re
sult from dementia or medication may also
contribute to late-onset spouse abuse.
Physical abuse by offspring frequently
involves abusers who have histories of men
tal illness and orug or alcohol abuse. The
abuser may be living with a parent because
the parent is unable to manage indepen
dently. In some situations, the adult child
America. How valid is this perception?
Evolution of the horse and other equids
has been extensively studied, drawing upon
an abundant fossil record. The ancestors of
the modern horse evolved in the Pleistocene
Epoch in North America, approximately 50
million years ago. These ancestral animals
migrated from North America to South
America and Europe by land bridges existing
then. For reasons not fully known, the horse,
along with numerous other large herbivores,
became extinct in North America following
the last Ice Age.
The so-called wild horses found today in
North America arc actually feral horses, do
mestic animals gone wild. They descended
from three main origins: Spanish horses which
escaped early in the Spanish conquest, es
caped US cavalry mounts, and cow horses
from ranches in the settlement of the Ameri
can West. Thus the "wild horse" is not a wild
horse: it is a domestic animal which has
reverted to life in the wild. (This in no way
diminishes its status as an animal deserving
to be preserved. Wild donkeys (burros) arc
also feral animals.
The grasslands and prairies of most of
North America coevolvcd with the bison, a
bovid closely related to cattle. Cattle can
fairly be regarded as domesticated replace
ments of bison. In contrast, because the horse
did nol cocvolvc with the grasslands which
I
Clint Jacks
Staff Chair, Madras
Bodie Shaw
Ag & Natural Resources
Natural Resource Notables-
by (iodic Shaw
OSU Warm Springs Extension Goes
Worldwide World Wide Web That Is!!
For those of you with the favorable com
bination of Internet and World Wide Web
access, the Warm Springs Extension Office
has come to you. For Those of you who have
know idea what I am talking about, join the
Texas Bob Fan Club (TBFC).
What is the World Wide Web? For start
ers, it's not the Internet, although it uses the
Internet as a communication medium. Oh,
what is Internet? Essentially, the Internet is
one way that we communicate globally; our
computers arc electronically connected via
telephone lines. With that out of the way, the
Web is a way of creating a geographically
distributed pool of information, so that people
separated by short or long distances even
by continents can make information avail
able to others.
What makes the Web special is its incred
ible ease of use. Accessing information is as
easy as pointing at an underlined phrase, and
clicking the mouse button. These underlined
phrases, called hyperlinks, contain informa
tion that tells your browser exactly how to go
to the computer that contains the information
you've requested. You might hook up to a
computer in the next building, a different
city, or Europe all the mechanics are hid
den from your view. Suddenly, the Internet's
riches are at your fingertips.
Buying a mattress can be trying, beware of fine print, confusing jargon
by Norma L. Simpson Where do old mattresses go? one else figure you taxes due or refunds. I'm
If you have trouble sleeping, or your part- You won't believe the gimmicks used in nervous now because I'm not sure that I did
ner is grouchy in the morning, it could be that selling mattresses until you read this issue, all the things I should have done before I
you are not getting enough sleep. The March
1 997 issue of Consumers Report has looked
at the latest sleep research, and mattress tests
all in an attempt for "The Search For A Good
Night's Sleep." The CR team looked at In
somnia, No Time to Sleep, Sweet Dreams?
and How to buy a Mattress by Phone? and
provides care to the older person, while the
older person provides the child with money,
emotional support, and a place to live, result
ing in a "mutual web of dependency." Some
times a child is taking care of a parent with
whom the child has never had a good rela
tionship. The stress associated with caring
for older persons with deteriorating physical
or mental conditions may also be a contribut
ing factor.
Victims of physical abuse are often rela
tively independent (they usually do not need
assistance with their daily activities) com
pared to victims of other types of abuse. They
are, however, more likely to suffer from
emotional problems.
Indicators of Physical Abuse
In assessing indicators of physical abuse,
it is important to note that older adults are
more likely than younger persons to bruise or
experience accidents that result in injuries.
Injuries that result from organic causes or
accidents may be indistinguishable from those
that are inflicted. Consequently, physical
indicators alone are not conclusive. Usually,
in determining if abuse has occurred, physi
cal injuries must be assessed along with
behavioral indicators, such as how the victim
and suspect explain them.
Bruises, in particular, may be misleading,
since older people bruise more easily than
younger people and are also at greater risk
for a variety of injuries that lead to bruising.
For this reason, it is often difficult to distin
guish between bruises that were accidental
and those that were inflicted. All injuries
should be investigated.
The shape or location of injuries can be
instructive. Sometimes pattern marks emerge
that resemble the instrument that was used to
cause the injury. Rope or strap marks, for
example, may indicate inappropriate restraint.
There are also certain types of bruises that
are unlikely to occur accidentally. These
include "bilateral" or "wraparound" bruises,
as well as the following injuries:
Bruises or welt: Bruises in the shapes of
articles such as belts, buckles or electrical
livestock -
developed in the American West since the
Ice Age, the grasses are poorly equipped to
withstand heavy grazing pressure by mus
tangs. The description by a pioneer Oregon
rancher, Herman Oliver, of the impact of
wild horses on the range is pertinent (Oliver,
1961):
"The bands of wild horses were usually
from about seven up to 25, each with its
stallion leader, and the others marcs. As is
the case with the deer now, there was all
kinds of summer range, but in winter the
snows would force them down into the open
grasslands on the ranches. There were far too
many for the grass available. Occasionally a
war somewhere in the world would cause a
sudden demand for cavalry and artillery
horses. The Boer War really was a bonanza
for the cowboys, because without much fi
nances or backing, a few men could go out
and round up hundreds of these wild horses.
Between wars the horses bred and multiplied
enormously, except that an occasional hard
winter w ould kill them off by the thousands,
as is now the case with deer herds that get too
plentiful. For a long time we didn't pay so
much attention to them, but finally came to
sec that wherever there were wild horses,
there wasn't much range anymore. The bunch
grass left and was replaced by sagebrush or
weeds. They were especially hard on the
grass in winter and spring, when they con
With the word spreading fast about the
Web'scascof use, growing numbers of people
arc setting off on Web journeys. You've
probably heard how much fun it is to "surf
the Web, clicking hyperlinks to see what
entertaining and useful stuff you can dis
cover. You've probably also heard that the
Web can be an incredibly valuable resource
for all kinds of people, including parents and
kids, educators and students, professionals
in every line of work, hobbyists, job-hunters,
consumers, and more. Just about everyone
can find something of genuine value on the
World Wide Web.
But what's really exciting about the Web
is that it's a two-way medium. With the
World Wide Web, ordinary people can be
come information providers as well as infor
mation consumers. All kinds of people
mail order businesses, giant computer firms,
college students, non-profit organizations,
hobbyists, writers, poets, artists, and more
are creating their own Web documents and
making them available for access.
In short, the Web is not only the
fastest-growing communications medium in
world history; it's also well on its way to
becoming the most democratic. You will
find plenty of serious, useful information
the scoop on zero-coupon Treasury bonds,
analysis of social change in eastern Europe,
what Texas Bob and his sidekick Tyrell
(llama) have been arguing about, and tons
so beware ot the bait ana switcn, slippery
prices, fine print, confusing jargon and mat
tresses by phone. As Consumer Report says,
"If you think shopping for a car is an ordeal,
wait until the next time you buy a mattress."
The March issue also has a lot of help
about preparing your taxes or hiring somc-
cords; Bilateral bruises (bruises which ap
pear on opposite sides of the body) to the
arms may indicate that the older person has
been shaken, grabbed, or restrained. Bilat
eral bruises on the inner thigh may indicate
rape or other types of sexual abuse
"Wrap around" bruises (bruises which
encircle the older person's arms, legs or
torso) may indicate that the person has been
physically restrained;
Burns from cigarettes, appliances or hot
water;
Abrasions on arms, legs or torso that
resemble rope or strap marks may indicate
inappropriate constraint;
Fractures, sprains, lacerations or abra
sions; Injuries caused by biting, cutting, pok
ing, punching, whipping or twisting limbs;
Disorientation stupor or other effects of
overmedication;
Internal Injuries may be evidenced by
unexplained reported pain, difficulty with
normal functioning organs, or bleeding from
body orifices;
History of serious injuries andor nu
merous or suspicious hospitalizations.
BebavioraJ indicators of physical abuse
The victim: is easily frightened or fear
ful; exhibits denial; is agitated or trem
bling; is hesitant to talk openly; offers
implausible stories; makes contradictory
statements.
The suspect: conceals the victim's inju
ries (e.g. .brings the victim to a different
medical facility for treatment each time there
is an injury); offers inconsistent or implau
sible explanations for the victim's injuries;
threatens the older person with physical
abuse, withdrawal of care, loss of relation
ships, desertion, or nursing home placement;
is obstructive to investigation. He or she
may speak for the elderly person, dominate
the interview, refuse to allow the elderly
person to be interviewed alone, try to divert
the interviewer from the subject, or act de
fensively; handles the older person roughly
or in a manner that is threatening, manipula
gregated by the hundreds on grassy hillsides,
pawed away the snow, and dug out the grass
- sometimes roots and all. If it happened to
be a dry year, the grass on such a range never
came back, so then the horses next year
would ruin another hill. After this had gone
on from 1 870 to around 1910, forty years,
there wasn't much grass left in entire coun
ties." The wild horses did not cocvolvc with the
grasslands, nordid they cocvolvc w ith preda
tors (limited predation by mountain lions
occurs in a few areas). The only major con
trols on their populations have been starva
tion from overpopulation and hard winters
and human prcdation-first by American In
dians, followed by the cowboys and ranch
ers. As described above, wild horses were
caught and used by the US Cavalry and also
sold to other nations at war. After the First
World War. the horse was replaced by mo
torized vehicles. From then until the 10's.
large numbers of wild horses were rounded
up and slaughtered for horse meat for export
and for dog food. These practices ended in
the 1960 s, following the protests of private
citizens concerned with the welfare of wild
horses.
There are no significant natural controls
on wild horse numbers except starvation. In
common with cattle and other herbivores,
thy have a high reproductive rate, so popula
more. But you'll also find the weird (sec
TBFC), the wacky, the wild, and the just
plain fun. The Web is fast becoming a riot of
human creativity in addition to building a
mountain of information, knowledge, and
wisdom. It's smart and fun an unbeatable
combination, isn't it?
Enough chit-chat, the address is: http:
www.orst.edudeptwsexthpwse.htm
Check out the Web page and let us know
what you think. If you have any questions or
concerns about the page, or would like to
know how to get hooked up to the Internet
and World Wide Web, do not hesitate to stop
by or give Bodie a call. Please stop by and
Bodie can run you through not only our site
but other sites which may interest you
mailed it to !K5.
Conic and take a look at the magazine
displayed in my office at OSU Extension
office in the Educational Services Building
on Wasco Street. Have Your Noticed your
IMPROVED signboard? I said I would stop
calling it the old boys dorm when we got a
new sign.
tive, sexually suggestive, or insulting; is
unreasonably critical andor dissatisfied with
social and health care providers and changes
frequently.
Next month, Part 5 of Elder abuse will
focus on Sexual Abuse Indicators, Psycho
logical Abuse Indicators and Financial Abuse
Indicators. This scries on the OSU Extension
page is a year-long dedication to a serious
problem for some elder people and their
abusers. By learning about it, we may be able
to stop the abuse that disturbs us when we see
it or hear it.
Camp positions open
4-H Enrichment Culture Camp has the
following positions for camp:
NEEDED: A) Camp Staff that is under
standing of youth in grades 2nd-9th. B)
Camp Staff with enthusiastic attitudes and
loads of energy C) Camp Staff with a gleam
in their eye.
The following positions need to be filled.
Recreation Director
Art Director
Water Safety Director
Sweat House leaders knowledgeable in
teaching young campers in the building of
the sweathouse and taking a sweat. One Male
sweat house leader & One Female sweat
house leader.
Teachers for the areas of:
Beginning beadwork
Intermediate beadwork
Advanced beadwork
Basket making
Drum making
Girls Lead camp counselor
Boys Lead camp counselor
Camp Counselors
Do you enjoy teamwork with camp staff
and teaching youth ? Then this is the job for
you. Contact Arlcne Boileau at 553-3238 or
Wilson Wcwa, Jr. at 553-3393.
tions increase rapidly. Their numbers are
currently being controlled by roundups, with
the captured animals being sold on an
Adopt-a-Horse program, or else being main
tained in feedlotsattaxpaycrcxpcnsc. Thou
sands of unwanted wild horses arc in feedlots
in the western states, living out their lives on
alfalfa hay and grain.
The wild horse .ssue in the US is an
emotional one. because of the unique role
that horses have in our psyche. No one
doubts the beauty and symbolism of freedom
that the wild horses personify. Without hu
man intervention, the populations of these
feral animals would increase enormously,
threatening rangcland stability, livestock pro
duction and "real" wildlife. The livestock
industry is not causing the extinction of the
w ild horse; there are many wild horse herds
on western rangclands. There is room on the
range for horses, cattle and wildlife. Under
prevailing conditions, all need to be man
aged, including wildlife. The natural con
trols have been eliminated, and humans have
intruded into the ecology of rangclands (ski
resorts, snow mobihng. summer cabins, con
dominiums, cities and towns, farms and
ranches). Of all these intrusions, ranching
probably has less undesirable impact than
the other factors mention, which arc largely
the responsibility of non-rural and
non-agricultural people.