Spilyay Tymoo
Warm Sfrincs. Orkcon
January 30, 1997 9
exTeJSiON
sewioe
(503) 553-3238
The Oregon State University Extension Service start is devoted to extending research-based Inlormatlon Irom OSU to the people ol Warm Springs
In agriculture, home economics, 4-H youth, forestry, community development, energy and extension sea grant program with OSU, United States
Department of Agriculture, Jetlerson County and the Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs cooperating. The Exension Service oilers its programs
and materials equally to all people.
The Clover speaks-
by Sue Ryan
Here's the skinny on a few activities that
I talked about last time in Cloverspeaks.
"Kids Cook" is a cooking scries that will be
held in February for kids in Kindergarten
through 3rd grade. The class will be held
every Thursday in February from 3 to 5 p.m.
at the 4-H kitchen. Registration will open
January 27th.
We will not be holding sewing classes
until April through June, because our sewing
machines are in the shop waiting to be fixed.
We will have details on this at a later date.
Elder Abuse Part 3
by Norma L. Simpson and "Improving
the Police Response to Domestic Elder
Abuse: Participant Training Manual"
This article on elder abuse gives more
details about the seven types of Elder Abuse
which we heard about during the November
14-15, 1996 Elder Abuse Workshop in
Kah-Nee-Ta. The goal of this series is to
improve the situation of Elders by under
stand what happens in Elder Abuse, so the
community will make greater efforts to elimi
nate all types of abuse.
Accepting abuse is not acceptable. We
can make a difference, and we can honor
elders today and in the future.
Seven types of Abuse-Physical Abuse -Physical
force may have a much more seri
ous impact on an older person than it would
on someone younger. For example, a slap,
shove, or push that normally would not in
jure a younger individual might cause seri
ous harm to an older person. Consequently,
acts of violence against the elderly are often
treat more seriously than similar acts against
younger victims. In some jurisdictions, this
fact is reflected in enhanced penalties.
In appropriate restraint may involve tying
an older person up or locking himher in a
room. Because some older people with
dementia have a tendency to wander, some
types of physical restraint may be necessary.
However, when the restraint causes undue
suffering, is punitive or jeopardizes the older
person's health or safety, it is abusive. Even
a properly applied restraint may not be ap
propriate if the older person is left for long
periods of time and there is no physician
oversight. Restraint may place the older per
son at risk of being confined to the house
during a fire or other life-threatening emer
gency. When it is unclear whether restraint is
appropriate, a professional who works with
impaired adults may be contacted. In appro
priate restraint may also include
overmedicating an older person.
Sexual Abuse - Sexual abuse includes
forced sexual contact or sexual contact with
an individual who is incapable of exercising
consent because of physical or mental im
pairments. Some people in the field of elder
abuse believes that many cases of sexual
abuse go unreported because professionals
fail to recognize or identify sexual abuse.
They attribute this oversight to the
STOCKMAN'S ROUNDUP: Retained ownership-
by Bob Pawelek
OSU Livestock Agent
Low calf prices have stimulated the inter
est of many cow-calf operators in controlling
the ownership of their calves when they're
marketed.
This is called retained ownership.
Success with retained ownership depends
on several factors that require a producer's
attention. The goal of retained ownership is
simple - adding weight to cattle profitably.
Maiking it happen is much more complex.
Key factors that determined retai ned own
ership success are:
(1) available resources;
(2) market conditions;
(3) genetics;
(4) heakh; and
(5) weather.
Circumstances and management can cause
dramatic differences in results of programs
that involve taking calves through a yearling
andor fecdlot phase of production. For ex
Arlene Boileau
4-H & Youth
Norma Simpson
Home Economics
Bob Pavvelek
Livestock
Sue Ryan
4-H Assistant
"Know Your Indian Government" will be
held in mid or late March. The planning
committee for this program will meet Janu
ary 21st and February 5th. The session will
be held in March to be back-lo-back with the
state 4-H program's "Know Your Stale Gov
ernment", 4-H Agent Arlene Doileau issecking indi
viduals interested in helping with the Native
American arts and crafts section of the
Jefferson County Fair. Thus is the depart
ment that has Indian Clothing including:
Costumes, Beaded Dresses, Vests, Jackets,
Ribbon Shirts, Wing Dresses, Moccasins,
Gloves, Shawls, Hats, Leggings, Chaps,
Beaded Belts, Bags- Beaded, Side Purse, and
Yarn. Also Cradle Boards and Dolls, An
tique Weaving, Raw Hide and Food Gather
ing Tools, Indian Bead work and Other Crafts.
There is even a Kids' Craft section in the
Native American Department of the Fair.
A 4-H Home Ec and Horse Idea Fair will
be held in Redmond on February 22nd. This
is a Tri-County event. Registration forms
will be out at the end of January.
A one day workshop for Junior and Vol
unteer leaders will be held in Redmond on
Monday, February 17th from 9:00 a.m. to
3:00 p.m. This workshop will help you ana
lyze your leadership team, help you under
stand how your club members work together,
and will help you organize and develop plans
misperception that the elderly are not likely
targets for sexual abuse and, consequently,
fail to investigate situations in which sexual
abuse is likely to have occurred. Addition
ally, if the older person is confused or
nonverbal (conditions that actually increase
their risk of abuse), he or she may be inca
pable of reporting. If the older person's men
tal capacity is unclear, his or her credibility
and ability to exercise consent may be un
clear as well.
Psychological Abuse - Psychological, or
emotional, abuse may involve frightening,
humiliating, intimidating, infantilizing,
threatening or isolating an older person. It
often takes the form of threatening the older
person with nursing home placement, or
threatening harm it he or she fails to surren
der money or property. It may involve threat
ening older persons like children or accusing
them or being responsible for their own dis
abilities. Psychological abuse is perhaps the most
difficult to evaluate because it is the most
subjective. What may cause great emotional
harm to one person may have little effect on
another. This does not suggest that emo
tional abuse is less serious than other types of
abuse. Constant threats, intimidation, or hu
miliation can have a devastating impact on
an older person's health and his or her atti
tude toward life. Sustained psychological
abuse can lead to a diminished sense of
self-worth, depression, and fear. These con
ditions which reduce the likelihood that the
person will seek help. Psychological abuse
often occurs in combination with other types
of abuse, and often must be addressed before
successful intervention can occur.
Financial Abuse - Financial or material
abuse includes theft, fraud, unfulfilled prom
ises of lifetime care in exchange for assets,
and limitations on the older person's access
to the his or her own assets.
Financial abuse often occurs when older
persons become confused and sign docu
ments that they do not understand. These
may include powers of attorney, deeds, wills
or other legal documents. Such documents
are not legal if the person who signed them
do not understand what he or she was doing.
Coercing, tricking or exerting undue influ
ence on an older person to sign away money
or property is abusive.
ample, a detailed analysis ot a
direct-to-thc-feedlot program showed that,
during the past 15 years, good quality, well
managed cattle had average profits almost
$100 per head greater than average returns
on poor-quality, poorly managed cattle.
The difference reflects significant differ
ences in animal-health costs and performance,
including feed efficiency and daily gain.
Available resources
The producer keeping calves at home
should have low-cost feed, and will need the
labor and ability to insure good management
of the calves and adequate capital to meet
cash-flow needs..
Market
The manager must be a student of the
market and develop a realistic outlook, with
contingency plans and risk management in
case of lower-than-expccted prices.
Genetics
Cattle that have the genetic ability to grow
rapidly and efficiently and produce desirable
carcasses will perform well in a
rctaincd-owncrship program and will some
times command better prices when sold. Each
producer must evaluate the genetics of his
cattle in making decisions.
Health
Calves that are healthy usually pcrlorm
more efficiently and becomcready for mar
ket sooner, which may mean higher selling
prices. A Texas A&M analysis of calves
going on to the fecdlot showed that returns
on healthy calves were almost $ 1 00 per head
higher than returns on calves that got sick.
Medicine cost alone averaged $31 per head
on the sick calves.
Weather
Some cow-calf producers split their calf
crops between fccdlots in different regions
of the country w hen feeding during the w in
Clint Jacks
Staff Chair, Mul ms
Bodic Shaw
Ag & Natural Resources
of action for specific clubevcnls. To register,
call 548-60X8 by February lOth. The pro
grain will be held in the Howard May field
building at the Deschutes County Fair
grounds. Coming up on March 7th through the 9th
will be the 1997 High Desert Junior Leader
ship Retreat at Eagle Crest Resort. All regis
trations must be turned in to the Redmond
Extension office by 5 p.m. Monday, Febru
ary 3rd. Registration will include an "Offi
cial 4-H Registration Form", class section
and a $ 65 registration fee. Transportation to
and from the event is the responsibility ol (he
family. Space is limited to the first 45 youth
who register.
Our 4-H program has had a lot of requests
for activities for children in Kindergarten
through 3rd grade. We can always use more
leaders in this area or also have materials
available for parents to adapt to home use.
For this age group, 4-H has a program called
4-H Adventures. Stop in and talk with my
self, Sue Ryan or 4-H Agent Arlene Boileau.
Another reminder that the Warm Springs
4-H program will have a Basketmaking class
for 5th through 1 2th graders on March 1st
and 8th. There will be no cost for the event,
but signing up is required as space is limited.
Registration for the March Basketmaking
class will open on February 1st.
Some older people give away money or
property in exchange for needed care or a
place to live. For example, an older person
may transfer the deed to his or her home to
another family member in exchange for life
long care. If the promised care is not pro
vided then financial abuse has occurred.
Active Neglect - A caregiver is defined as
a "person who has the care, custody, or
control of the older person." Active neglect
is denying an older person food, health-related
services, or other needed items such as eye
glasses, dentures, or walkers. It may included
abandoning the older person.
Active neglect may occur when caregivers
are providing care unwillingly (e.g., they
have been pressured into doing so by other
family members), or for financial gain.
Passive Neglect - Caregivers may fail to
provide care because they do not understand
the older person's needs or how to provide
for them. They may be experiencing prob
lems themselves that limit their ability to
provide adequate care. Distinguishing be
tween passive and active neglect is often
difficult because the motives of the caregiver
cannot usually be determined.
Self-Neglect - Self-neglect is the result of
an older adult's ability or refusal to perform
essential self-care tasks, including eating,
bathing, or securing food, clothing shelter, or
medical care. The older person may also
neglect his or her finances or physical secu
rity. Self-neglect may be associated with
mental or physical impairments, illness, de
pression, alcoholism, or hopelessness.
While self-neglect is covered under many
states' reporting laws, it is not a crime. How
ever, police should be prepared to respond
appropriately to reports of self-neglect, they
may receive reports from neighbors or other
third parties who are concerned about an
older person's health and well-being. If the
neglect reaches life-threatening levels, they
may be called to perform an involuntary
removal under mental health codes, they
may also be called if the self-neglecting
senior's home or apartment is creating a
health or safety hazard.
Self-neglect can have a devastating effect
on the elderly person and police may be able
to improve the person's standard of living by
making appropriate referrals to social ser
vice agencies.
ter - which is a type ot risk management.
Others graze cattle in more than one summer
grass area in order to reduce exposure to
regional drought.
In order to find out more about retained
ownership, a Stockman's Seminar will be
held on March 22. Dr. Bill Mies, Beef
Specialist at Texas A&M University will be
here in Central Oregon to discuss the above
factors that influence premium prices for
retaincd-owncrship.
What happens to your lawn in the Winter?-
by Carol Savonen
How docs lawn grass adapt to winter
cold? It depends on where you are in Oregon,
said Tom Cook, Oregon State University's
turf grass specialist.
"In western Oregon, grass never goes dor
mant," said Cook. "The growth rate slows
down due to cold weather, but it is rare that
lawns quit growing. As a result, it is posible
to have to mow grass right through the w in
ter." Grass in western Oregon never really de
velops a cold tolerance as it does east of the
Cascades.
"Fortunately, cold injury is unlikely to be
a problem in most years west of the Cas
cades," said Cook. "When we do get frosted
by those Arctic fronts that do occasionally
move down from Canada, injury is limited to
foliar (leaf) damage. The grass quickly re
covers." The situation is quite different lor lawns
cast of the Cascades.
"In climates like central and eastern Or
egon, grasses generally go dormant in tin
winter." explained Cook. "As days get shorter
and night and day temperatures drop, grass
growth slows down. Since eastern Oregon
Natural Resource Notables-
by liodie Shaw
Knouh Water Yet???
Here of laic, water has been muddling
many minds: how can something so good be
so bad and damaging at the same time? On
the surface, many know general characteris
tics of water, but what about specifics? To
truly understand water, we must immerse
ourselves in the general understanding of
this unique and cherished resource.
Throughout all walks of life, there is one
constant (oral least better be) that is apparent
everywhere in our global society: water is
the lifeblood of our environment; every liv
ing object needs it! Arc we interested in
water? Better be. Is water important? More
than we will ever know. How impoiiant?
Water is our most abundant resource,
covering about 7 1 ' of the earth's surface.
This precious film of water most of it salt
water with the remainder being fresh wa
terhelps maintain the earth's climate, di
lutes pollutants, and is essential to all life.
The much smaller amount of fresh water
constantly renewed by the hydrologic (wa
ter) cycle is also a vital resource for agricul
ture, manufacturing, transportation, ami
countless other human activities.
Despite its importance, w alci is one of the
most poorly managed resources on earth. Wc
waste it and nollui it Wc also champ loo
little for making it available, encouraging
even greater waste and pollution of this vital
renewable resource.
What about facts? The world's fixed
supply of water in all forms (vapor, liquid,
and solid) is enormous. However, about
97 of the earth's volume of water is found
in the oceans and is too salty for drinking,
growing crops, and most industrial uses ex
cept cooling. The remaining 3 is fresh
water. But all except 0.003 of this supply
is polluted, lies too far under the earth's
surface to be extracted at an affordable cost,
or is locked up in glaciers, polar ice caps,
atmosphere, and soil. If the world's water
February
Garden hints from your OSU Extension Agent
Have soil test performed on garden plot to determine nutrient needs. Contact your
county Extension office for a list of testing laboratories.
Prune deciduous summer blooming shrubs and trees.
Prune clematis, Virginia creeper, and other vining ornamentals.
Pasteurize soil for starting seedlings in pots or flats.
Western Oregon: plant seed flats of cole crops (cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli,
Brussels sprouts).
Fertilize rhubarb with manure or a complete fertilizer.
Western Oregon: fertilize lawns.
Tune up lawn mower and garden equipment before the busy season begins.
Prune and trellis trailing berries and caneberries.
Prune fruit trees and blueberries.
Good time to plant fruit trees and deciduous shrubs.
Dclayed-dormant sprays of lime sulfur for fruit and deciduous trees and shrubs.
Prune and train grapes; make cuttings.
Prune roses in western Oregon; wait until May in high elevations of eastern and
central Oregon.
Western Oregon: good time to plant new roses.
Central Oregon: gather branches of quince, forsythia, flowering cherries and bring
inside to force early bloom.
Repair winter damage on trees and shrubs.
Control moles with traps and gophers with traps or poison bait.
Western Oregon: Kim leaf beetles and box -elder bugs emerging from hibernation;
may be seen indoors.
Make a eoldframe or hotbed to start early vegetables or flowers.
Plant onions outdoors in western Oregon as soon as the soil is dry enough to till.
Check junipers and cotoneastcr for webworm activity. Spray if necessary.
Plant windowsill container gardens of carrots, lettuce, or parsley.
Plan to add herbaceous perennial flowers to your flowering landscape this spring:
astilbe, candytuft, peony, anemone.
Make plans for a bed for herbs, for cooking and for interest in the landscape:
parsley, sage, chives, lavender; plant next month.
If weather permits and the soil is dry enough, spade or till garden areas for
planting later.
Spade or plow down cover crops or other organic matter.
Recommendations in this calendar are not necessarily applicable to all areas and
varying climates of Oregon. If you desire more information, contact your county
office of the OSU Extension Service.
OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY EXTENSION SERVICE
generally gets lots of sunshine during the
day, grass produces plenty of sugars via
photosynthesis. As sugars accumulate, water
in grass crowns and rhi.omes decreases. An
increase of sugars and decrease of water in
grass tissue allows plants to tolerate cold."
Continuing increasing cold will kill the
older grass leaves, and easlside lawns will
begin to look brown. But not to worry.
"Even though the turf looks dead, it is
alive and ready to grown again when tem
peratures warm up in the spring. " said Cook.
The worse pioblem with lawns and cold
damage is in windy areas ol central Oregon
and the Columbia (Jorge, he said.
"Desiccation, or death by moisture loss,
often occurs as grass tissue continue to lose
mositure it can't replace, because the roots
arc froen in the soil and can't take up any
water." said Cook. "Since living turf is also
often brown in the winter, the damage is
often unnoticed until the turf fails to grown in
the spring.
"The areas most I ikc! lo be damaged by
desici ain m are t ! ten at the i rest J a i 1-c he
added, "on top ol mounds or on slopes or
other areas most exposed to the w ind."
Turf is rareh killed directlv b low tem
supply were only 100 gallons, our usable
supply of fresh water would be roughly 2
(two) teaspoons.
Fortunately, our freshwater supply is con
tinually collected, purified, and distributed
in the hydrologic (water) cycle. This natural
recycling and purification process works as
long as we don't pollute water faster than it
is replenished, overload it with slowly de
gradable and nondcgradable w astes, or w ith
draw it from slowly renewable underground
deposits faster than it is replenished. Unfor
tunately, we are disrupting the watcrcycle by
doing all of these things.
Sun
The underlying theme: water is too pre
cious of a commodity to waste and abuse it.
Warm Springs has had its share of abuses and
wastes when it comes to water and water
quality, but with community involvement in
sharing concerns, we can help stem the tide
and begin righting some past wrongs. If you
would like to know more about water basics
and what you can do in the community, give
Bodic acall at the extension office, 553-3238.
" Water is more critical than energy. We
have Alternative sources of energy. But
with water, there is no other choice."
Eugene Odum
k
peratures, except in spring.
"Once growth resumes in the late winter
or early spring, grass is most susceptible to
cold injury," he said.
Cook offered homeowners strategics to
minimize cold injury in lawns-
-Avoid applying excess fertilizer in late
summer and early fall. Lawns that are pushed
hard w it Ii nitrogen tend to remain succulent
as the turn enters the normal hardening off
period, thereby reducing cold tolerance. Late
fall, around mid-November is a good time to
apply up to two pounds nitrogen per 1.000
square feel wilhiout decreasing cold toler
ance, said Cook. Late fall fertilizing will
stimulate early spring color and reduce the
need for mid-spnng nitrogen applications.
-Continue mowing as long as the grass
keeps grow ing.
-Remove tree leaves off lawns, av
smother turf and foster snow mold grow th.
-Make sure law ns are adequately watered
as fall appro.h lies. This will decrease the
likelihood i. f winter desiccation iniurv
ki.i'( ttt lav n as miii h a- pov-il'L Satu
rated soil is prone to compaction, making
grass growth difficult in the spring. Coring in
the Spring can offset the effec's of compaction