Spilyay Tymoo
Warm Sprincs, Oregon
January 2, 1997 7
Arlcne Boileau
4-H & Youth
Norma Simpson
Home Economics
Bob Pawelek
Livestock
Sue Ryan
4-H Assistant
Clint Jacks
Staff Chair, Madras
Bodie Shaw
Ag & Natural Resources
.ctbmsjon
service
(503) 553-3238
The Oregon State University Extension Service staff Is devoted to extending research-based Information from OSU to the people of Warm Springs
In agriculture, home economics, 4-H youth, forestry, community development, energy and extension sea grant program with OSU, United States
Department of Agriculture Jetferson County and the Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs cooperating. The Exension Service offers its programs
and materials equally to all people.
The Clover speaks-
By Sue Ryan
Happy New Year! By the time this edition
comes out the "holiday season" will have
ended but I thought I would share some of
our"Holiday Cookie" recipes from 4-H Youth
Cooking as they are appropriate for many
occasions besides the Christmas season. (And
this way you'll have a whole year to test them
out for the next holiday season !)
Sugar-Nut Slices
34 cup butter or margarine ( softened, not
melted)
23 cup sugar
1 egg
I teaspoon vanilla
14 teaspoon salt
1 34 cup all-purpose flour
12 cup very finely chopped nuts ( walnuts,
almonds, or your choice)
Cream together butter & sugar till light &
fluffy. Beat in egg, vanilla, and salt. Gradu
ally stir in flour. Cover and chill 30 minutes
for easier handling. Shape dough into 1 2 inch
roll; roll in nuts to coat the outside of the log.
Wrap in waxed paper or clear plastic wrap.
Chill thoroughly. Cut into 14 inch slices.
Bake at 350 degrees until lightly browned for
10 to 12 minutes.
Basic Decorating Icing
Flavor and color as desired for frosting
cakes and cookies.
Measure out:
4 cups powdered sugar
12 cup shortening
14 cup water
If you add:
Flavoring - use 1 teaspoon per recipe.
For Food Coloring - you only need a few
drops ! Add & stir one drop at a time so you
don't color your frosting too dark.
In large bowl, beat all ingredients at me
dium speed 8 to 10 minutes or by hand until
mixture is smooth. Keep icing covered to
prevent drying. Store in refrigerator.
Hints: Thicken with powdered sugar or
thin with a few drops of water.
No-Bake Fudgies
Measure into a saucepan the following in
gredients: 2 cups sugar
12 cup cocoa
12 cup butter or margarine
12 cup milk
Place saucepan onto stove. Turn heat onto
medium high. Bring mixture to a boil, stir
ring the mixture while it heats. Boil the
mixture for 1 12 minutes. Remove from
heat.
Stir in:
12 cup peanut butter
2 and 12 cups oatmeal or rolled wheat
Add:
I teaspoon vanilla
Natural Resource Notables-
by Bodie Shaw
Harmony: A Partnership With a
Healthy Land
Many Tribal people believe in harmony-a
balance among themselves and the resources
provided by our earth. Today, Americans of
all backgrounds want to live in harmony with
the environment. Many of us strive to recre
ate a balance between people and resources
by helping an endangered species or working
hard to preserve a type of land-such as wet
lands or rangclands. This "environmental
ethic" is the underlying notion of the Natural
Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) and
their Harmony Project; A Partnership With
a Healthy Land.
As one strives to live in harmony with the
earth, there will be discussions about water
sheds and their function. Many environmen
tal, conservation, agricultural, and political
leaders now realize what Tribal people have
always believed; that the land, natural re
sources, and people are all interconnected.
Watersheds, and the ecosystems they sup
port, help us understand these connections
and how to achieve a balance between re
sources and people. But what is a watershed?
How can you work in it to strengthen the
connections between resources and people?
What is a Watershed?
Imagine your roof. It collects rainfall,
which runs over the shingles, into the
rainguttcr and down the spout to soak into the
soil in your yard. Now think about the
landscape around you Like the roof, it col
lects rainfall and snow, which runs across the
slope of the land or sinks into the soil to
eventually find its way into a small creek,
which joins with other creeks to become a
river.
Many natural resource agencies plan and
carry out their important work on a water
shed basis. Measurements of water quality
and how much water a stream can provide are
determined watershed by watershed. Fish
and wildlife populations arc generally man
aged on a watershed basis, too.
If you wonder where a watershed is, you're
standing in one! Watersheds can vary from
a few square blocks in sic to millions of
acres.
What makes a Watershed Healthy?
A healthy watershed is one that is in
harmony with the needs of people, the land,
and natural resources. We give back to the
land by managing the soil, water, air, plants,
and animals so that our watersheds will sus
tain us for generations to come. Healthy
watersheds can provide for stable local econo
mies that enable people toenjoy a quality life
and a quality environment.
Would you like to learn more about water
sheds? Contact our office for additional
information and ideas on NRCS's Harmony
Project.
2v Life
tytater Land j
Drop by teaspoonfuls onto waxed paper
OR spread in buttered pan and cut into
squares. Cookies must cool ! until hard be
fore eating.
Caramel Corn Popcorn
Measure out:
14 cup butter
12 cup packed brown sugar
12 cup dark Karo syrup
Heat up in big pan, until butter melts.
Pop popcorn into bowl with mixture.
Mix until popcorn is coated lightly with
mixture.
Heat oven to 350 degrees.
Stick popcorn mix into oven on buttered
baking sheet for 10 minutes. Remove pan
from oven, scrape caramel corn onto paper
bag. Let COOL ! before eating.
Donated guard llama watches over 4-H herd
by Bob Pawelek
Some years ago, Yankees' manager Yogi
Berra was asked by a reporter if his First
Baseman, Don Mattingly, had exceeded his
expectations. Yogi replied, "I'd say he's done
more than that."
When I stumbled upon the idea of a sentry
animal for the 4-H Beef Herd, I really didn't
know what to expect. Something had to be
done about the hordes of stray dogs harass
ing the herd, and a sentry of some sort could
possibly be the answer.
It is well documented that llamas serve
well as guards for sheep flocks, but there is
little or nothing written about their effective
ness for beef herds with cows in the middle
of their calving season.
Nothing ventured, nothing gained, I
thought.
The very first person I discussed the pos
sibility with was Clint Jacks, who was quick
to remind me to run it by Natural Resources
first. After receiving their blessing, I decided
to contact members of the Central Oregon
Llama Breeders for their thoughts. Just pick
ing a name from their directory, I called Tom
Delano, who lives off of NE Hemholtz in
Redmond.
Tom raises quite a few llamas and was
quite interested in my idea. He said, "Well,
Bob, if you're gonna do this for a research
project, I'll donate a llama just to help you
out. Come by and pick him up tomorrow."
Knowing next to nothing about llamas, I
called Jack Towe, who knows even less.
Jack and I drove out to Tom's place. We met
his herd manager, a petite young gal, who
introduced us to Tyrell, a stud llama. This
Several types of mildew can be helpful or harmful to your home & health
by Norma L. Simpson
If your home does not have any mildew,
it's because you made great effort to control
it. Mildew is a form of fungi that performs
many good tasks in our lives, but at the same
time can do things that we wish fungi would
not do. In fact there are 80,000 species of
fungi plants. Some are harmful to plants,
animals and humans. They have some of the
same characteristics when we study them
and the damage they do.
Fungi is spread around by spores, the
form of reproduction. In fact some times we
intentionally get it to reproduce by adding
Penicillium roqueforti to make blue cheese,
or Aspergillus oryzae to make soy sauce.
Then there are unwanted fungi like fuzzy
blue bread mold (that's Rhizopus stolonifer)
or mold on jam in the jar even in the refrig
erator, and mold in spaghetti sauce in the
refrigerated jar. Citric Acid, used in soft
drinks, candies, effervescent tablets like Alka
Seltzer, inks, and engraving materials, is
made from Aspergillus niger.
These are types of Fungi, free or unpro
tected like Penicillium and Apergillus or in
protected structures like Rhizopus and Mucor
Don't give up - we are getting to the rest
of the house.
Many people are allergic to fungi when
they inhale the spores. If you did not rake
your leaves in the fall, the leaves become
moldy. You don't really notice it until spring
when you clean up the yard and you get an
attack of mold allergy.
MILDEW ON CLOTHES AND IN
THE BATHROOM
But what about the mildew which is black,
on the clothes when you folded the clothes
were not dry enough to put away. It is better
to shake out the damp clothes when you get
home from the laundromat, and let them dry
completely. Last week I helped a tribal mother
to fold a mountain of clothes while she juggled
a small child. We set aside the hooded sweat
shirts, because they were too damp to fold
and stack with the other items.
Once mildew has formed on colored
clothes, you may be able to use oxygen
bleach (sodium perborate rather than chlo
rine bleach) to remove mildew without dam
aging the color in the clothes. Oxygen bleach
is also called Non-chlorine or "all fabric"
bleach. Oxygen bleach will not be strong
enough to return the whitest white when
mildew is removed. On the other hand, the
mildew on white clothes will come out more
easily with chlorine bleach.
If you wash the Christmas table cloth, but
don't dry it well enough when you store it
away, you will find a bad case of mildew the
next year. You probably will not be able to
get the mildew stains out, even with chlorine
or non-chlorine bleach. So don't leave the
table cloth in the bottom of the hamper for
several weeks. The mildew will already have
a good start spreading the fungi spores around,
and growing in our warm homes.
Why Mildew is Worse in the Winter
Mildew tends to get worse in our homes in
the winter because we close the doors and
hold in all of the moisture that we produce
when we shower and cook.
More moisture means that we need to look
at the spots in the house were we can make
some changes. One thing we can do is to
shorten the length of time of the shower.
Ouch - some people want to shower for 20
minutes with the shower head at full speed.
No wonder we have lots of moisture. One
suggestion is to have a 10 minute shower,
with the exhaust fan on while the water is
running, and then leave the fan running for
10 more minutes after the water is turned off.
In fact 10 minutes is a long shower if you
have a lot of people using the same hot water
tank. Ah yes, the moisture is removed from
the bathroom if you are lucky.
In the Bathroom
One tribal woman said that she has trouble
in the Tenino Apartment because the fan in
the bathroom is broken. I wonder how many
apartments have troubles with fans that don't
work. Perhaps we need a workshop on
repairing the fans, especially because the
number of Utilities personnel will be fewer
than this year. Yes that means that we need to
have an electrician teach us how to do it. We
can learn.
Mildew above the shower leaves dark
stains that smell of the mildew. Tubs and
showers on the outer walls may be cold. The
moisture does not dry as fast, giving the
mildew another spurt of growth.
There are four things that we can do to
reduce the mildew:
1) With a brush, scrub the wall and shower
curtain with a gallon solution of - warm
water and 2 tablespoons chlorine bleach to
remove the existing mildew. Then rinse off
the bleach, especially if the wall is a colored
formica or tile surface. You may want to
follow the bleach with a soapy water. But
since most detergents now also have ammo
nia in them, they should not be mixed with
the chlorine and water. Poisonous fumes are
produced by chlorine and ammonia.
If the shower or tub are made of fiber
glass, be more gentle as you scrub it so that
you do not damage the surface.
2) One time, when you plan to be gone for
several days, try removing the mildewy grout
or caulking that is around the edge of the tub
or shower. Then dry the area with a hair
dryer, so the caulking will stick to the wall
and the tub. When you purchase the caulking
compound buy the caulk that is MILDEW
RESISTANT. Some caulks are not mildew
resistant, so don't buy them even for a few
cents cheaper. Caulk takes time to dry, so the
family needs to be away from home at least
36 hours before exposing to water.
Yes, I know that's asking a lot to prepare
for a trip and caulk the tub or shower. The
benefits are that the wall will be warmer, and
the droplets of water will run off or better, be
wiped off, so the moisture is not left to grow
and become fuzzierand smeller. Yourchoice.
One area in the house that is not insulated,
is under the bath tub on the outer wall. That's
why the tub is so cold. Insulation is not put
there because it tends to get wet, then rot the
floor under the tub. Oops, when it gets really
rotten, the tub falls in.
3) Hang a thin towel on the shower rod to
use for wiping down the walls and shower
curtain after each shower. After use, open the
towel to dry on the rod, so that the towel will
dry more rapidly. Towels wadded up in the
corner will not help the towel to dry.
If you wipe the wall and the shower cur
tain after each shower, you can keep both the
shower and curtain looking bright and clean.
Shower water usually contains soap suds that
dry and cloud the curtain or sliding door.
4) Leave the bathroom door open after the
shower so that the moisture will go into the
rest of the house. In our dry climate, we
usually need to add some moisture to other
parts of the house. If a family member has
asthma, you may use a humidifier to make
the air less dry. If you have a wood stove with
a flat surface, you can put on a teapot full of
water to add moisture away from the kitchen
and bathrooms.
critter had us both somewhat intimidated
(here I am talking about the manager, al
though when the llama stood up on his hind
legs, snorted, and leaned out over the fence,
I can't sneak for Jack, but at that point I was
ready to go back to the pickup and rethink
this idea). The manager simply ignored him,
and us too. She mattcr-of-factly entered his
pen and walked right up to him, haltered him
and led him to the trailer.
Jack and I loaded him up in the trailer but
not without some cowboying about it.
Tyrell took his time bonding with the
herd, and is still somewhat aloof, but he now
behaves as if the cows are his cows. (If I
could only teach him how to buck hay.) It
took him several weeks to figure out that he
had 62 acres to roam around in, although I'm
sure he was a bit put out by the fact that there
weren't any other llamas around the place.
The neighborhood required a little adjust
ment as well. Del vis Heath owns some Thor
oughbreds and boards them at Kathleen' s the
next place over. I just happened to drive in
when they discovered Tyrell. The dust they
raised trying to figure out what he was! The
horses nickered and snorted and bucked and
raised one heck of a ruckus such that I figured
I would wind up fixing fences after they took
off. Luckily they settled down after he ig
nored them and wandered off to find some
thing to eat. As for his new job, he is working
out pretty well. I have witnessed him chasing
at least three dogs off at once, away from the
herd, shaking his head and looking as fero
cious as a llama can look, I guess. I have not
had to shoot a single dog, where by this time
last year the count would have been up to
near a dozen.
The Department of Animal Science at
OSU now feels there may be some merit to a
research project for beef cattle herd protec
tion. They want me to write a journal article
about it, but I have to figure out a way to get
a couple more llamas onto a couple more
ranches, so that there will be something to
compare. And whether geldings do a better
job than intact males, etc...
I'd like to thank Tom Delano for the
opportunity to try this idea out. And to Jack
for helping me stay cool under pressure.
Part two-Wood ash can be useful in yard
STOCKMAN'S ROUNDUP: Watch your cows closely-
by Bob Pawelek
OSU Livestock Agent
Cows coming off the range are in pretty
good shape, considering the year we've had.
Now is the time to inventory your winter
feed supplies to make sure you don't run
short if we have a longer than normal win
ter. A good rule of thumb for beef cattle is 1 .5
ton of good quality hay per 1 ,000 lb cow per
month. Bulls will require that much plus a
half ton.
Do not feed in the same spot day after day.
Feeding on the same few square feet of
ground every day encourages internal para
sites. If possible, choose seven different feed
ing stations and rotate each day of the week.
Feeding alongside a fence will also reduce
wasted hay.
Practice good santitation and cleanliness.
A disease cycle can be broken by cleaning
and disinfecting. Provide plenty of clean
fresh water.
Isolate newly purchased animals for 10
days to two weeks. Also, isolate sick animals
from the rest of the herd to prevent the spread
of disease.
Dispose of dead animals quickly and prop
erly. Large animals should be sent to the
rendering plant when possible.
Resistance to disease can be maintained
by a number of methods: Feed according to
nutritional requirements, vaccinate where
possible, and cull all unsound animals.
Cowshaving had fall orearly w inter calves
should be watched closely as they arc highly
susceptible to coming down with a bug of
some sort, especially if the weather gets real
nasty. If possible, separate these animals
from the rest of the herd and feed them well.
The same goes for your yearling heifers, as
they are still growing and can't compete with
the boss cows for feed.
Common sense will go a long way in
keeping your herd healthy through the winter.
Ash from a cord of oak meets the potas
sium needs of a garden 60 by 70 feet, he said.
A cord of Douglas fir ash supplies enough
potassium for a garden 30 by 30 feet. Both
types of r.sh contain enough calcium and
magnesium to reduce soil acidity (increase
soil pH) slightly. One-half to one pound of
wood ash per year is recommended for each
shrub and rose bush. Spread ash evenly on
the soil around perennial plants. Rake the ask
into the soil lightly, being careful not to
damage the roots. Never leave ash in lumps
or piles, because if it is concentrated in one
place, excessive salt from the ash will leach
into the soil, creating a harmful environment
for plants.
Lawns needing some lime and potassium
can also benefit from wood ash. Apply no
more than 10-15 pounds of ash per 1,000
square feet of lawn; at high levels, ask can be
toxic. Do not use if soil pH is more than 7.0
or if potassium levels are excessive.
"You may want to have your soil analyzed
periodically to determine its need for lime
and potassium," said Sullivan. " s a general
rule, acid soils that would bene: from ash
application are usually found in those places
Snow makes good garden mulch
by Carol Savocn
Snow is an excellent insulator and can
protect landscape plants from the devastat
ing effects of repeated freezing and thawing,
according to Ross Penhallcgon, horticulture
agent with the Oregon State
University Extension Service.
If winter snowfall blankets the ground
evenly, there is litllc mulching to do.
"The snow is already uniformly spread
over the home landscape," explained
Penhallcgon. "If you shovel snow off drive
ways and walkway s. take a little extra time to
pile it around landscape plants under caves
that .nay have ecaped coverage by snow fall."
Flower bulbs and garden root crops, in
paticular, will benefit from an insulating
layer of snow, and the added moisture when
the snow melts is good for plants, he said.
"Of course, homcow ncrs should take care
not to pile up a lot of snow in areas around the
house where drainage is poor." warned
Penhallcgon "This can result in unwanted
quagmires around the home and drowned
garden and landscape plants when the snow
eventually melts. For the safety of the plants
and your convenience, use snow mulch only
where you are sure melting snow will drain
away easily and efficiently."
in Oregon that get more 20 inches of rain per
year. Alkaline soils (pH greater than 7) soils
in portions of central and eastern Oregon
generally won't benefit from ash applica
tion." In compost piles, wood ash can be used to
help maintain a neutral condition, the best
environment to help microorganisms break
down organic materials. Sprinkle ash on each
layer of compost as the pile is built up. Ash
also adds nutrients to compost
If used judiciously, wood ash can be used
to repel insects, slugs and snails, because it
draws water from invertebrates' bodies.
Sprinkle ash around the base of your plants t
discourage surface feeding pests. But once
ash gets wet; it loses its deterring properties.
Continual use of ash in this way may increase
the soil pH too much, or accumulate high salt
levels harmful to plants.
Sullivan offered advice for using wood
ashes as a soil or compost amendment: 'Pro
tect yourself when applying wood ash. Use
the same precautions you would use when
handling household bleach, another strongly
alkaline material. Wear eye protection and
gloves. Depending on the fineness of the ash,
you may want to wear a dust mask. Do not
use ash from burning trash, cardboard, coal
or pressure-treated, painted or stained wood.
These substances contain trace elements,
harmful to many plants when applied in
excessive amounts. For example, the glue in
cardboard boxes and paper bags contains
boron, an element toxiv to many plant spe
cies at levels slightly higher than that re
quired for normal growth. Do not apply
wood ash to a potato patch as wood ashed
may favor the development of potato scab.
Do not use ash on alkaline soils or on acid
loving plants. Do not apply ash to newly
germinated seeds, as ash contains too many
salts for seedlings. Do not add ash with
nitrogen fertilizers such as ammonium sul
fate (21 -00-0-24S), urea (46-0-0) or ammo
nium nitrate (34-0-0). These fertilizers pro
duce ammonia when placed in contact with
high pH materials such as wood ash.