Spilyay Tymoo
Warm Springs, Oregon
June 8, 1995 7
The Clover Speaks
ARLENE
Tri-Counly Camp is almost here, there will
be two camps this year. CAMP 1: Arrive at
camp June 1 8 th from I -2 pm and Depart June
21st CAMP 2: Arrive at camp June 22nd,
from 1-2 pm and Depart June 25th
Tri-County camp is held in Crook County
at Crystal Springs located 35 miles east of
Prineville, Oregon, the drive toCrystal Springs
is great. Call your OSU Extension Office to
pick up aCAMP REGISTRATION. HURRY
AND SIGN UP FOR A RFAT.I.Y FUN
FILLED WKKK.
Whats happening in the Warm Springs 4
H Program. Crystal Danzuka resigned as of
April 10, 1995. The Warm Spring OSU staff
Tips offered to prevent plant poisoning of livestock
Bv Bob Pawelek
Prevention of poisoning is much easier than
curing poisoning, which has little chance of
success anytime and almost none on the range.
Although management is not a complete
solution to poisonous plant problems, in most
instances it is all that is economically feasible. A
few rules of good range and stock management,
if carefully followed, will prevent most live
stock losses.
First, don't misuse the range so that it brings
about the invasion of noxious weeds. If animals
As we grow older
by Norma L. Simpson
During the recent Inservice Training at Or
egon State University, extension home econom
ics agents learned about changes in our bodies as
we grow older. Connie Georgiou, OSU nutrition
professor outlined much of the research that we
have needed for years to help older people eat
properly andconsidcrnutrient supplements when
they are needed.
As we tried to make the articles less technical
but more related to Warm Springs, the articles
got longer and longer, so to cover the informa
tion as meaningfully as possible, the series grew
and grew. I hope you find it useful to your
important task with elders in your home.
The first article (Spilyay April 28) was about
"Keys to Good Nutrition in Older Years and
Current Recommendations for Energy You Eat
and How You Use It." The second and third
articles (Spilyay May 1 1 and June 8) were about
"Changes in the Digestive System and Skeletal
. Systems and Nutrients Related to Them." This
fourth article is about the Immune System and
the NervousCognitive System and the fifth ar
ticle will be about the Cardiovascular System.
THE IMMUNE SYSTEM: In the past we
talked about being immune to diseases because
we had been vaccinated against them, or we had
developed immunity because we had survived
the disease. It is since we learned of the spread of
cancer through the lymph systems and recogni
tion of the AIDS virus and its impact on the
immune system, that the general public started
to learn how the immune system works. Now we
need to learn that there are differences between
older and young people.
As we grow older, we have decreased cir
culating immune complexes. You have heard
the aerobics leaders talking about the impor
tance of exercise to keep the circulation system
working. Most of us may think that it means only
the blood. But there are other fluids in our body
that circulate, and that circulation slows down
with age. When we check in the arm pit or in the
Tips on care and
By Bob Pawelek
In the beef industry, the role of the cow horse
is one built on tradition. This important role is
still obvious today, easily recognized by the
large numbers of ranch horse sales, cattle rides
here on the Warm Springs Reservation and
throughout the eastern side of the Cascades, and
of course, rodeos.
Stockman's roundup: Livestock agents meet
8 iS&
by Bob Pawelek
OSU Livestock Agent
Exciting new research is being conducted
in livestock management and health.
Some thirty Livestock Extension Agents
from Oregon, California, Nevada and Idaho
met at UC Davis earlier this month to review
and Jefferson County OSU staff would like
to wish Crystal the very best in the future
and to thank her for all she accomplish for
herself and the work she did in the 4-11
program The position is being advertized at
this time. Warm Springs 4-H Wilderness
Enrichment Camp registration forms will
available starting May 31,1 995 at the Warm
Springs OSU Extension Office located in
the Education Office.
A list of 4-H Clubs and 411 Leader:
Girls Basketball 4-H Leader and Coach:
Foster & Sandra Kalama and Luther
Clements Boys Basketball 4-H Leader and
Coach: Janice Gilbert-Gunshows
Co-Ed Basketball 4-H Leader and Coach:
Melvin & Vanessa Wilkinson -Tewcc Girls
Basketball Team
4-H Leader and Coach: Joyce Suppah
and Lorraine Suppah
Outdoor Cookery 4-H Leader: Ncda
Wesley
Cultural Club 4-H Leader: Violeta Vacthc
Advance Beadwork 4-H Club: 4-H
Leader Myra Shawaway
Rockin' 4-H Livestock 4-H Club:
4-Lcadcr Community Members and Bob
Pawelek
Warm Springs 4-H Rainbow
Dancers: Joseph Tuckta and Myra Shawaway
Early Childhood Center 4-H Gardening
Club: 4-H Leader: Sue Matters
Warm Springs 4-H Live Wire Produc-tion:4-H
Leaders: Carol Wcwa & Anita
Davis
are allowed to constantly graze the same pas
ture for months at a time, bare ground will
become a perfect environment for poisonous
plants.
Avoid areas where poisonous plants are in
the first place.
Don't move animals hastily through an
area where poisonous plants are present.
Unhurried animals select a variety of forage
and are less likely to consume toxic quantities
of any plant.
Animals forced to remain on the range
series: part 4-Helping older people
groin, we are checking for lumps in the lym
phatic system. Lymphatic fluid carries the
antibodies that fight disease in our body. By
exercising, we improve the circulation of the
lymph as well as the circulation of the blood.
If we are in a wheel chair, we still need to find
ways to exercise either in chair aerobics of by
having someone help us to move all parts of
our body as much as we can.
As we grow older, we have decreased
immunization responses. When we get a flu
shot as an older person, it may not be as
effective as the same flu shot would be for a
younger person. But if we do not get the flu
shot, the ailment may turn topneumonia which
is much harder on older people.
Some foods and nutrients make a differ
ence to our immune system. Foods that con
tain Vitamin B6 are very important to the body.
Vitamin B6, also called pyridoxine, is involved
in the way the body uses protein foods and
some what sugars and fats as they are metabo
lized. The good sources of Vitamin B are
meats and liver, whole grains like fortified
oatmeal cereal, whole wheat bread, vegetables
like spinach or baked potatoes, and fruits. The
Recommended Dietary Allowance for Vita
min B6 is 1.6-2 mg per day. Many people get
less than they need from foods they eat. Be
sure not to take overdoses, because large
amounts more than 1 gram a day can lead to
vitamin toxicity than can cause nerve damage.
Need for Zinc: Recommendation Dietary
Allowance for zinc is 12-15 mg a day for this
nutrient is needed in very small amounts.
Fortunately, zinc is stored in many sites in the
body. It's important for healing of wounds,
maintaining senses of taste and smell and to
prevent poor absorption of nutrients during
digestion. There is some research that sug
gests that zinc reduces cholesterol in the blood.
Zinc is widely distributed in seafood,
oysters, liver, milk, cheese, eggs and whole
grains.
selection of a good cow horse
A good cow horse has to be ready to use on
a moment's notice, and the beef industry re
quires a well-broke horse that is sound, able to
handle the work, easy to maintain and free of
problems that prevent the horse from being
used. To effectively keep and use horses on
any cattle operation, there are some important
management areas that must be given atten
findings by university researchers. Some
ongoing work has excellent potential for use
by the stockman.
Gene Transfer
Nuclear transplantation a high fallutin
term that means a gene from one animal can
be transferred to another. It has implications
for curing diseases like pinkeye, increasing
wool production in sheep, enhancing meat
tenderness, and even increasing populations
of endangered species.
Some of the earlier nuclear transplanta
tion work was done by transferring multiple
nuclei of a goat into the unfertilized egg of
a ewe. The result was not a sheep-goat
cross, but an animal with clearly discernable
characteristics of both animals. For instance,
the animal had patches of both wool and
mohair. It had the head of a sheep but the
horns of a ram.
Immunocastration
Dr. Tom Adams of UC Davis, in an effort
to address animal welfare, reported findings
of replacing physical castration of bull calves
with a vaccine.
The result of the new Anti-GnRH (go
nadotropin releasing hormone) vaccine al
leviates the pain and subsequent stress ex
perienced by traditional castration. It inter
rupts testicular function painlessly, while
allowing the calf to put on pounds of beef
SAR 4-H Cadet Program: 4-H Leader
Raneva Dowty
GARDENING IN CENTRAL OREGON
Would you like to know more about gar
dening? If you do MARK Tuesday JUNE 6,
1995 at 12:00 NOON on your calendar.
Michael Baucr.Ccnlral Oregon Extension
Horticulture Agent, will be at the Warm
Springs 4-H Kitchen Area downstairs in the
Education Building to present " GARDEN
ING IN CENTRAL OREGON."
The presentation will be from 12 noon to
1 pm. Based on interest, additional presenta
tion will be held at a later date.
LOCAL GARDENING NEWSLETTER
AVAILABLE.
Residents of Warm Springs can now get a
gardening newsletter specific to Central Or
egon, High Desert Gardening, mailed to their
home by Oregon State University Service.
The newsletter examines garden tech
niques, varieties and tips to help the local
gardener in Central Oregon's unique cli
mate, and is published April through Octo
ber with a issue in January.
The Newsletter isedited by Michael Bauer,
Extension Horticulture Agent for Central
Oregon based in Rcdinond, Oregon
Warm Springs resident may obtain the
newsletter by calling the Extension Office at
553-3238 and leaving your correct mailing
address.
The Warm Springs 4-H Program would
like to GAVE A B IG TH AN K YOU TO ALL
THE GUYS AND GALS AT LES
SCHWABS IN MADRAS FOR THEIR
HELP WITH THE 4-H VAN
after they have utilized good forage species will
turn to less desirable and often poisonous spe
cies. Bcfore moving animals to a new pasture,
feed them well.
Always provide plenty of fresh water.
Use salt. A salt shortage causes animals to
eat plants not normally eaten.
Graze with the kind of stock not poisoned
by the plant in question. Some toxins are species-
specific.
Under the guidance of women elders from
Warm Springs, Oregon State University has
tested for the zinc in traditional roots. Dried
coush, dried wild carrot or sawitk are good
sources of zinc. Barbecued koonts is especially
high in zinc.
Oxidative damage comes about when our
cells are exposed to oxygen and suffer struc
tural and functional damage. Beta Carotene,
Vitamins E and C help prevent oxidation that
causes these changes in cells.
Vitamin E helps protect cell membranes.
We get Vitamin E in vegetable oils, nuts and
'Seeds.' In "general older people require more
'Vitamin E.
Vitamin C protects molecules in our cells
and body fluids from oxidative damage. We eat
good supplies of Vitamin C in tomatoes, straw
berries, oranges, grapefruit, lemons and limes,
broccoli and cauliflower and potatoes. To pre
vent foods from darkening as we prepare them
for canning or salads we use Vitamin C such as
mixtures like Fruit Freeze or ascorbic acid
tablets crushed and dissolved in water.
Beta carotene is the vegetable "precursor"
of Vitamin A which changes into the active
form of Vitamin A in the intestines. About two
thirds of the Vitamin A that is used in human
nutrition comes from vegetables and fruits,
such as yellow vegetables like squash, carrots,
sweet potatoes, cantaloupe and papaya. The
ability of the eye to adapt to light and dark is
dependent on activities of beta carotene.
Beta carotene converted to Vitamin A af
fects the outer cells of the body, keeping them
soft and performing their tasks in the skin, the
eyes, the respiratory tract, the digestive tract,
the urinary tract and the maintenance of good
teeth and gums in later years.
Professor Georgiou told me today to stress
how important it is for older people to eat those
foods like carrots that reduce the oxidative
damage in the body and to the foods.
NERVOUSCOGNITIVE SYSTEM
tion.
Horses must be 1) fed correctly, 2) condi
tioned to handle the work load, 3) sound and
properly shod or trimmed (preferably shod for
work on the biscuit-scab lands) and 4) on a good
herd health program, as outlined recently in this
column.
Working cow horses will require between
without the downward spiral in feed effi
ciency. The vaccine is given at 3 months of age. It
is not yet on the market, however, as much
more work must be done before it can be
approved by the FDA. It's my opinion that
this new vaccine will be a benefit to stocker
calf producers and to feedlot managers, as
peripheral results suggest that vaccinated
calves fight less among each other, again
increasing feed efficiency.
BVD Virus
Much progress has been made in under
standing Bovine Viral Diarrhea. It continues
to be one of the most complex infectious
diseases that ranchers and veterinarians face.
Some problems ranchers face when finding
weak calves or "dummy calves" might be
attributed to this virus. A program of com
plete herd vaccination at a minimum of twice
per year is now being recommended for
heifers and mother cows.
The Grazing Manager
The Grazing Manager is a new software
from Texas A&M University which helps
the stockman make decisions about grazing
rotation. It's a common sense approach to
designing a grazing plan, assisting the rancher
to make full use of the range while sustaining
rangeland health.
A
OBfOflN STATf UNIVERSfTY
EXTENSION
service
OSU Extension Staff:
Arlene Boileau 4-H & Youth
Bob Pawelek Livestock
Norma Simpson Home Economics
Crystal Winishut 4-H Assistant
Agriculture
Clint Jacks Staff Chair, Madras
The above individuals are devoted to extending research-based information from
Oregon State University to the people of Warm Springs in Agriculture, Home
Economics, 4-H Youth, Forestry, Community Development, Energy and Extension
Sea Grant programs. Oregon State University, United States Department of
Agriculture, Jefferson County and the Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs
cooperating. The Extension Service offers its programs and materials equally to all
people.
EDUCATION THAT WORKS FOR YOU
New test kit available, weight
guidelines to change in near future
Cholesterol Test
The May issue of the Harvard Heart Letter
has a lengthy article about the new home medi
cal testing devices. Those using diabetic testing
kits arc well aware of the advantage of the home
kit vs the doctor's visit for the blood tests. Well
another home testing kit, for choloesterol, was
approved in the USA last year and should be in
the drugstores during this summer.
Weight Guidelines
THe Harvard Heart Letter also reminded us
that the U.S. weight guidelines are expected to
be revised downward to a more restrictive
standard in the near future. At the momement,
weight guidelines am still based on the 1959
Metropolitan Life Insurance Guidelines. So if
eat properly, getting
Four physical and mental changes take place
in later years. Mental lethargy can lead func
tional limitations. Decreased taste sensitivity
leads to eating improperly. Depression is a
serious problem but one that can be overcome.
And finally, decreased glucose tolerance shows
in the number of diabetic olderpeople who need
special attention.
Mental lethargy is a vicious cycle. Older
people often are living in poverty. As a result
they hesitate to spend money on food, or often
have to choose between food and medication,
they go without one or the other. That leads to
weakness and lethargy or disinterest in living,
boredom, loneliness, anxiety, insecurity and
apathy toward others as well as themselves
which finally leads to illness.
Decreased taste sensitivity means that the
food we eat does not taste like it used to taste and
we lose interest in eating. That's especially true
when we have to eliminate the salt to keep our
blood pressure under control. Trying new spices
and seasoning can help us to love the new items.
Diabetics have to give up their favorite ice
cream or huckleberry pie to stay healthy. New
sweeteners are coming on the market that help
us to have the sweet but not eat the table stuff.
Combining new flavors with new customs make
life more interesting, as we eat Chinese, Mexi
can, French, Lakota or Cherokee dishes.
Depression has been a topic for the last few
weeks on tele vision. It' s important to get help of
overcome serious depression and to look at the
nutritional implications of the disease. Anorexia
is not a problem of only the young, but of the
elderly as well. The ABC Television program
2020 showed how tender loving care applied to
male and female, young and old.
Tolerance to Glucose may change because
of your medication such as prednisone, your
genetic makeup or overweight. Exercise and a
balanced diet leading to normal are often rec
ommended. Since glucose plays such impor
tant functions in the body, it is important to
25 percent and 100 percent more energy than a
non-working horse. These energy requirements
can usually be met by providing grazing or hay,
along with a concentrate feed. The amount of
daily feed depends on the size of the horse, the
amount of work being done and the energy in
the feed.
Total daily intake of forage and grain com
bined will usually range from 1 .5 percent to 2.5
percent of the horse's body weight (15 to 25
pounds for a 1,000-pound horse). At least 7.5
pounds of this daily feed should be grazing or
top-quality hay. When the daily grain intake is
over 0.5 percent of body weight (5 pounds for
a 1,000-pound horse), horses should be fed in
two separate feedings about 12 hours apart.
Cow horse feeds should normally contain
between 10 percent and 14 percent crude pro
tein, and urea SHOULD NOT be used as a
nitrogen source. Horses apparently can tolerate
urea at about the same levels as cattle, but urea
serves very little benefit for horses and is best
left out of the diet. Although some cattle feeds
can be fed safely to horses, be careful and avoid
such feeds as Rumensin or Bovatec.
When a particular horse is in very thin
condition or when a horse is working extremely
hard, the use of fat-supplemented diets might
prove beneficial. Adding up to 10 percent added
fat makes the diet more energy dense and
provides a good fuel source. However, remem
ber, whenever one makes additions to diets,
such additions should be gradual. Horses need
a few weeks to adjust to supplemental fat as a
source of energy.
Body condition and fitness are important.
Cow horses that are thin will give out more
quickly than those in moderate condition. And,
horses carrying excessive body fat may have a
harder time regulating body temperature. The
best conditioning program is one that gets the
horse in moderate condition and allows plenty
of time and exercise for fitness prior to actual
Information provided by;
OSU Extension
at Warm Springs
1110 Wasco Street
553-3238.
you are 5'5" woman you should weight be
tween 1 1 6 and 1 30 pounds. Ouch ! and a 5 ' 1 0"
man should weight between 146 and 160pounds.
Ouch!
The good news is that even if we reduce 5
10 of that weight, the loss could provide
significnat benefits, such as a decrease in blood
pressure and cholesterol levels and therefore a
reduction in the risk of heart attack.
Protect yourself
from the sun
all their vitamins
maintain the proper balance in a older person's
dict.to supply energy, to store energy and to
build other complex carbohydrates like DNA
and substances that detoxify the body.
Implications of nutrients intake for older
people were briefly mentioned during the April
training session at Oregon State University,
Professor Georgiou stressed the roles of Zinc
and Vitamins B6 and B2 and folate as they
relate to the NervousCognitive System. We
have already looked at Vitamin B6 but have yet
to look at Vitamin B and Folate.
Vitamin B,2 and Folate (or folic acid) are
important in maintaining an alert mind, and
preventing mental depression. Meats, dairy
products and eggs are rich sources of Vitamin
B 12. This vitamin requires an "intrinsic factor"
which, we produce in our stomachs, for its
absorption. If not enough of this "factor" is
preserlt, supplements are administered by in
jection. Folate (or folic acid or Vitamin By) is
associated anemia here on the reservation.
While you hear a lot about Folic acid when
there is a pregnancy in the family it also is a
problem with some elderly. Anemia is also
evident when poor diets are eaten. When eld
erly eat well balanced meals the food will
provide the folic acid along with the other
Vitamin B complex in adequate amounts for
olderpeople. Folates are found in raw fruits and
vegetables, especially green leafy vegetables.
While the majority of the information in this
article comes from the outline and presentation
by Professor Georgiou and suggestions she
made, some I have gleaned local nutritionists
and from the Nutrition and Diet Therapy 5th
edition text by Sue Rodwell Williams to fit the
needs of elders of Warm Springs.
Next week we will continue this series AS
WE GROW OLDER, with information about
changes the Cardiovascular system and how
nutrition is related to older people.
work.
Exercize should be similar to the kind of
work a cow horse does, and increasing
workloads should happen gradually. Bone will
rework itself in response to exercise, but little
skeletal strenth will be achieved by a horse that
receives exercise only while grazing or walking
around in a corral. On days when horses are not
worked, free exercise can help decrease the
chances of azoturia or "Monday morning sick
ness," as I have heard it described.
Cow horses are often ridden on a variety of
terrains, especially here at Warm Springs, and
special attention should be given to hoof care.
Horses that are shod usually should be reset
every four to eight weeks and a knowledgeable
farriercan help keep the horse's feet in shape for
the work being done. Owners should keep in
mind that it often takes two or more shoeings to
regain a uniform, balanced hoof after a horse
has been turned out without shoes for a period
of time. Moisture balance is also important to
prevent a dry, cracked hoof or an excessively
wet, thrushy-type hoof. Pick up the feet regu
larly to catch any hoof changes before a prob
lem occurs.
The teeth of a cow horse are important
because they obviously impact how well a
horse eats and wears a bit. Horses that hold their
heads sideways while eating or that slobber
large amounts of feed may need to have their
teeth floated. And some horses will have wolf
teeth located just in front of the molars that
interfere w ith bit placement and affect the horse's
response to rein pressure while being ridden.
A healthy cow horse that is being fed w ell, is
in adequate body flesh and has been condi
tioned for the level of w ork required, w ill be an
asset to the cattle operation. These horses w ill
be more enjoyable to ride and more effective in
serving their purpose in the cattle industry.
Dec. 21, 1993
S
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