Spilyay Tymoo
Warm Springs, Oregon
May 25, 1995 7
Pressure cannerlids
need to be tested
by Norma L. Simpson
If you have a pressure canner with a Dial
Gauge on the lid, you should have the OSU
Extension Service give a free test to the gauge.
It is very important that the dial operate to
within 1 pound of pressure to be safe for
home-canned meats, fish and low acid veg
etables. A pressure canner is essential for these
foods to kill the bacteria and spores of the
bacteria that exist in the soil in the northwest.
Botulism is a serious threat to your families
safety if the bacteria grows in the bottles.
Since you cannot tell if there is this poisonous
bacteria in the jar, you need to be sure that
none survived while you canned the food.
If you plan to can on a weekend, bring the
canner to the OSU Extension Office by Tues
day, and we will have it tested for you by
Friday. Our schedules are getting very busy as
the summer approaches and we need the lee
way to heat the tester and get the job com
pleted before you need it.
The Clover speaks-
Camp deadline June 3
The deadline for Crystal Springs Camp is
June 3rd, 1995. There will be two camps to
choose from, Camp I June 1 8th to June 2 1 st
and Camp II June 22nd to June 25th, 1995.
If you have any questions, please call Arlcnc
at 553-3238. The Warm Springs Wilderness
Enrichment 4-H Camp registration will be
available on June 5th, 1995.
At this time the following clubs are as
follows: Girl's Basketball, Foster Kalama,
Age 10 & under and 10 and over (two age
groups), meet on Fridays at the Community
Center from 6 to 8 p.m.; Boy's Basketball,
Janice Gilbcrt-Gunshows, Thursdays WS
gym 4-5 p.m. 12 & under, 6-8 p.m. 16 &
older; Co-ed Basketball, Mclvin Tcwee,
WSE gym, Thursday 4-6 p.m.; Girl's BB;
Joyce Suppuh, 2nd & up, Mon. & Wed., 4:30
-5:30 p.m. Community Ctr.; Cultural Club,
Violcta Vacth, Simnasho, on standby; Ad
vanced bcadwork, Myra Shawaway, on
standby until basketball is over; Rainbow
Dancers, Joe Tuckta, 7-9 pm Agency
Longhousc; Garden Club, Sue Matters, all
ages, 3-5 pm., ECE garden plot; Search &
Rescue, RaNcva Dowty, Fire & Safety Build
ing, please call if you are interested; Rockin'
4-H Livestock Club, Bob Pawclck, on hold,
need a community member for leaders.
To start a 4-H club just come in to the
OSU Extension office and pick up a packet to
begin. Parents are encouraged to join your
child at the 4-H meeting and off your
assistatnee. To all the leaders, thank you for
your support of the WS 4-H program.
OBfOONSTAH UWVfWWV
EXTENSION
service
Information provided by;
OSU Extension
at Warm Springs
1110 Wasco Street
553-3238.
QSU Extension Staff;
Arlene Bolleau 4-H & Youth
Bob Pawelek Livestock
Norma Simpson Home Economics
Crystal Winishut 4-H Assistant
Agriculture
Clint Jacks Staff Chair, Madras
The above individuals are devoted to extending research-based Information from
Oregon State University to the people of Warm Springs in Agriculture, Home
Economics, 4-H Youth, Forestry, Community Development, Energy and Extension
Sea Grant programs. Oregon State University, United States Department of
Agriculture, Jefferson County and the Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs
cooperating. The Extension Service offers its programs and materials equally to all
people.
EDUCATION THAT WORKS FOR YOU
Dieter's guide of different types of sugars
Hazards of smoking for pregnant women
by Norma L. Simpson
The MayJune issue of Consumer Digest
magazine contains an informative article about
artificial sweeteners by Janet Lepke, a regis
tered diatitian with a nutrition-counseling prac
tices in Beverly Hills, California. Several
explanations are most noteworthy.
Saccharin
The background on the FDA approval of
saccharin in 1992 was frowned upon in the
1970s while I was working at the University
of Wisconsin. At the time, numerous research
ers challenged the link to cancer. Since that
time, according to Lepke, "More than 30
human studies with 9000 people have proven
its safety, with no association of bladder can
cer. The National Institute of Cancer (NIC)
concluded 'There is no evidence of increased
risk with long-term use of artificial sweetners
in any form or with use that began decades
1992, saccharin has been allowed
for use in hard and soft candy, but use in
beverages has not yet been approved. Saccha
rin is 300 times sweeter than sucros (regular
sugar) but does leave an aftertaste unless it is
combined with other sweeteners.
You may have noticed the combination of
saccharin with other sweeteners in products
on the market.
Cyclamate
Another sweetener is being re-examined
since is was banned in the 1970s. The ban,
too, was challenged by researchers at the
University of Wisconsin near the laboratory
that did the cyclamate research. The FDA
Cancer Assessment Committee's review of
all the evidence indicates that neither cycla
mate nor its major metabolic end product -cyclohexylamine
- causes cancer.
Acesulfame
Recently I purchased a yummy chocolate
candy that contains an artificial sweetener
that is 200 times sweeter than table sugar.
Though the German invention is difficult to
pronounce (AHS sahl faam) it has a good
taste, long shelf life and a high degree of
stability. It does have a slight aftertaste when
used alone in high concentrations. Some 90
studies have show no toxic effect attributable
to acesulfame. It was approved by the FDA in
1988 and is now used in chewing gum, gela
tins, puddings, dairy products "analogs"
(counterparts), and as table sweeteners.
In 1992 acesulfame uses expanded to in
clude hard and soft candy. The brand name for
one chocolate goody is Sorbee sugar-free
chocolaty coated Cocoa cremes. One warning
on the package is that "Excess Consumption
may cause a laxative effect." I learned after
I was greedy and ate too many.
Glycrrhizin
If you thought the last name was difficult
to pronounce, this one is even harder to
write and to say. Glycrrhizin is 100 times
sweeter than table sugar. It is used to flavor
tobacco, pharmaceutical products and con
fectionery products.
Several sucrose substitutes await ap
proval The article from the May June 1 995 Con
sumer Digest includes a chart that compares
the sweetness and uses of Currently Ap
proved and Pending Approval substitues.
You will find them useful as you read labels
on new packages of food, candy and bever
ages. Alitame
This artificial sweetener, a close cousin
to Aspertame, is altitame which is about
2000 times sweeter than table sugar. Its
drawback is the off-flavor from prolonged
storage.
When approved, Altitame will be found
in all products where sweeteners can be
used: bakery goods, beverages, milk prod
ucts and frozen desserts.
When I typed Bakery Goods, I wondered
if the bakeries in Madras use artificial sweet
eners in their baking. The gentleman at the
Safeway 's bakery said that most of the things
come premixed so he is not sure. Safeways
has had so many people from Warm Springs
stop to ask which used artificial sweeteners
Landscaping class set
Now that the weather is warming, many
people are beginning to spruce up their
lawns and gardens.
On Tuesday, June 6, OSU Extension will
offer a class for the home gardener here at
Warm Springs. Mike Bauer, Central Or
egon Home Horticulture Extension Agent,
will be on hand to answer your questions
regarding your lawn, garden, and
homescape.
Mike will be happy to share his expertise
and to offer suggestions on shrubs and flow
ers to plant. Also to be offered will be
information on garden vegetable varieties
for Warm Springs.
The class begins at noon on Tuesday,
June 6 at the Education Center Training
Room (old boys dorm). Further classes will
be held throughout the summer. For more
information, contact OSU Extension at 553-3238.
that they soon will be making some pics with
Nutrisweet, one trade name of Aspartame.
Stevioside
When I worked in Paraguay in the early
1980s, the Japanese government had just
begun a project to test a plant that grew
naturually in rural areas of the country. It had
an Guanani Indian name "Kaajcd". We use to
drink it with mate, another local herb. The
sweetner has been approved in Japan, Para
guay and Brazil. It was brought to the atten
tion of the Japanese government by Japanese
immigrants who formed colonies in Para
guay after World War II. The generic prod
uct for Stevioside will probably see itself in
food products because it is 300 times sweeter
than table sugar, has a long-lasting sweet
taste, stability and solubility makes it a sure
hit for use in soft drinks, chewing gum,
tabletop sweeteners, sauces, syrups and phar
maceutical products.
Thaumatin
This West African sugar substitute is 2000
3000 times sweeter than sucrose. So far it is
approved in the USA for only chewing gum.
The thaumatin taste develops slowly and can
remind you of licorice with a residual hint.
For maximum sweetness, it may be com
bined with many of the other artificial sweet
eners. It is not suitable for baked or boiled
products.
SEE A COPY OF THE ARTICLE AT
THE OSU EXTENSION OFFICE
You can see a copy of the Consumer
Djgslarticle outside the my office in the
Education Center- .
by Norma L. Simpson
We were stunned by the recent copy of
OREGON HEALTH TRENDS about To
bacco, Orcgonians and Health. The April
report starts with a scary article about 35,000
people who died of brown plague. The big
ger shock was that it was the number of
people who died in five years by something
that could be prevented, the tobacco-related
diseases.
Nearly 27 percent of the deaths in Jefferson
county were linked to tobacco.
But what about the affect of brown plague
on unborn babies and infants. Oregon Women
who smoked during pregnancy significantly
increased the likelihood that her infant would
die before its first birthday. In fact, the deaths
of 14.3 percent of Oregon infants during
1993 were attributed to maternal smoking
during pregnancy - deaths that were preventable.
Women who smoked during pregnancy
were also more apt to consume alcohol and
or use illicit drugs. Just 2 percent of non
smokers drank - but 9 percent of those who
smoke also drank. Less than 1 percent of the
nonsmokers were reported to use drugs com
pared to 3.4 percent of smokers. Further
more, the more cigarettes a mother smoked,
the more likely she was to use alcohol andor
illicit drugs.
The reason for concern is the impact of
smoking of the birth weight of the infants.
Newborns who weigh less than 5.5 pounds
are considered to have a low birth weight and
are at greater risk of illness and death. Most
babies at Warm Springs are of average birth
weight, but some are not. Those are the
babies at risk to smoking, but all are affected
by alcohol andor illicit drugs before and
after birth.
Lawn weeds can be controlled
As a result of the excellent winter pre
cipitation, an explosion of noxious weeds
can be seen everywhere, even by the un
trained eye.
Many noxious weeds look completely
harmless in their present stage of develop
ment. However, wait too long and it will be
too late to do anything about them. A rule of
thumb for identifying most weeds is, as in
the case of the common dandelion, a
broadleafed "rosette" laying prostrate against
the ground.
Already, even in their youthful state, these
weeds are doing damage to your lawn or
your horse pasture.
Most lawn weeds can be controlled now
with a shot of 2,4-D in proper amounts. If you
intend to spray a newly seeded lawn, wait
until the grass has at least four leaves. On
established lawns, do it now.
On small lawns with meager infestations,
a pitcher of boiling water applied directly on
the targetted plant will often work quite well.
It's healthier for the environment, too.
Common weeds such as Scotch thistle,
purple mustard, puncturevine and kochia are
well on their way to their flowering stages.
The ideal time to control these monsters is
before they produce flowers.
Once in the flower stage, control becomes
increasingly difficult. After flowers go to
seed, it is no longer any use.
The OSU Extension Office
wishes you a very safe
Memorial Holiday, drive
careful and watch out for
the other guy!
Stockman's roundup: Longhorns & shorthorns
by Bob Pawelek
OSU Livestock Agent
This is the fifth in a series of columns
which examines the breeds of beef cattle most
popular in the West.
Pinzgauer
The Pinzgauer is a beefy breed, more so
than most exotics. It originated in Austria and
is till popular as a dual purpose breed in that
country as well as in Germany and the moun
tainous regions of Italy.
The animal is chestnut brown, with a white
top line, tail, and underline. It usually has
white feet and a deep orange pigment around
the eyes on the udder. The breed is noted for
its longevity-the oldest cows and bulls reach
20 years of age.
There are good examples of Pinzgauer
crossbreeds at Warm Springs in the Sidwalter
Grazing District
Red Poll
A relatively unknown breed in America,
the Red Poll comes from England in the
eastern middle counties of Norfolk and Suf
folk. It is red, of course and naturally polled.
Saler
The Saler was founded as a dual purpose
breed in France, in the south central moun
tainous region.
Color is solid, deep cherry red, with a
white switch and sometimes white under the
belly. In their native land, the breed is noted
for rapid gain, hardiness, and adaptability.
Santa Gertrudis
On the King Ranch in South Texas, "Mon
key," the foundation sire was born in 1920.
Named from the Santa Gertrudis Land Grant,
granted by the Crown of Spain, on which the
. breed evolved.
The breed is based on a cross of 58
Shorthorn and 38 Brahman. It is red, gener
ally horned, and is adapted well to the pear
and mesquite rangelands of South and West
Texas.
Scotch Highland
From Scotland, these shaggy critters are
quite popular in Central Oregon. For what,
your guess is as good as mine.
Their coloration is a solid red, yellow,
silver, white, dun or black. I have seen some
brindle colored bulls. It has a short head
with long, widespread horns and heavy
foretop. Its long, shaggy hair helps it to
rustle groceries in cold weather.
My wife thinks they are cute.
Simmental
From Western Switzerland, in the Simme
Valley. It is much older than the herd regis
ter, which was set up in Bern, Switzerland in
1806. The first Simmental bull was brought
to North America in 1967 by a group of
southern Alberta cattlemen.
Generally red and white spotted, some
are nearly solid in color. The red varies from
dark to a more common diluted, alomost
yellow shade. It possesses a white face,
which, like the Hereford, appears to be domi
nant in inheritance.
Simmental cows cross well with British
bulls to produce excellent Fl calves.
Tarentaise
Noted for easy calving, due to good pelvic
capacity and small calves, the breed comes
from the French Alps. The breed color ranges
from a light cherry to dark blonde. Bulls tend
to darken around the neck and shoulders with
maturity, and frequently have a darker stripe
along the back.
Good examples of the Tarentaise breed
can be found on the Hatfield Ranch near
Brothers, Oregon.
Texas Longhorn
The great cattle drives of the latter 19th
century, from South Texas to the rail lines in
Kansas have romanticized this colorful ani
mal. Longhorns are originally of Spanish ori
gin. By 1900, the Longhorn was driven to
near extinction, replaced by the British
breeds-Shorthorn, Angus and Hereford. The
Texas Longhorn Breeders Association of
America was organized in 1964, when there
was only about 1500 head of genuine Texas
Longhorn in existence.
The critters are characterized by a great
array of colors, in all degrees of richness, and
in all possible combinations and patterns.
Bulls are an excellent choice on first-calf
heifers.
Welsh Black
Resembling the Angus, the Welsh Black
is actually bred as adual purpose breed. They
are horned, although there is a polled strain
in Wales.
Cows give 6000 to 7000 pounds of milk
per lactation. They are adapted to harsh cold
weather and are good calvers.
We have examined many breeds of beef
cattle in the past several issues of the
Stockman's Roundup. If you would like fur
ther information regarding any of the breeds
mentioned, don't hesitate to call me. I have
accumulated many breed packets that are
available for your use.
Part three of
"As we grow
older" series
will be in the
next Spilyay
issue.
Learning new
language can be
challenging
by Norma Simpson
When you come to my office you will
find tliis new sign on my p . Mary Ann
Meanus has been busy teaching the students
of all ages to learn Wasco. Many things in
build jng has these lables to help us get started.
Several times before the signs appeared,
MaryAnn came to my office for an explana
tion of what I do in the office. We went
through several explanations and examples
until she and many others in the team came
up with this explanation about my tasks.
Niaiatyan means home economics.
Tupan means science and other things and
Wapaatatayau means helper. That is
right. That's what we are here for to help
everyone with Applying Arts and Sciences
to Everyday Living.
Last night as I was writing, the sounds of
the students drifted excitedly across the hall
to my office. I don't have the knack yet, but
if I can learn to say Kaajee', as they say in
Guarani in South America, I can learn to say
my new title. Unfortunately I have not been
able to get the proper accents on the s and c
on the computer. I thought I had the right
code, but the s and the c did not change like
the aa" and ee at least on the screen.
Well surprise, it spells with the accent!
Mares, not stallions make decisions
CORVALLIS - An Oregon State Univer
sity scientist who studies wild horses is find
ing that lead mares, not stallions, make most
major survival decisions in bands of wild
horses in the Montgomery Pass Wild Horse
Territory in Nevada.
"This flies in the face of predominant
beliefs about wild horses," said Linda Coates
Markle, who has studied wild horse behav
ior in Nevada for the past two years as a
doctoral student in OSU's Department of
Animal Sciences.
"Most people who study wild horses be
lieve that the lead stallion does most of the
important decision-making," said Coates
Markle. "My work indicates it's the lead
mare w ho is the true leader 90 percent of the
time. She makes the decision when to eat,
seek shade, sleep or migrate. Every indi
vidual in a group mimics her."
For the past two field seasons, Coates
Markele and research assistant Katia
Engelhardt have studied the social organiza
tion, behavior patterns and nutrition of feral
horses within 24 square miles of the rugged
and remonte Montgomery Pass Territory,
north of Death Valley, California. They
combed canyons, valleys and rim rock to
find and study 1 3 groups totaling at least 68
wild horses, sometimes out for 10 days at a
stretch.
Wild horses are social animals, Coates
Markle says.
"Sometimes harem bands of mares and a
lead stallion can form a kind of extended
family, with as many as 45 or more individu
als," she said.
Coates-Markle is also finding that domi
nant animals eat higer quality food than
younger, more inexperienced horses. "The
group's leader, the lead mare, develops a
preference for certain plants and actively
searches for these plants as she roams the
range," she said. "The rest of the group
follows her in her pursuit."
Her research may have implications for
wild horse management throughout the West.
There are more than 40,000 wild horses in
the Western United States, with more than
3,000 in Oregon. Most are on public lands,
protected by the Wild Horse and Burro Pro
tection Act of 1971.
"Wild horses breed like rabbits," said
Coates-Markle. They are amazingly suc
cessful. In most areas, they have a much
higher reproductive rate in the wild than in
domestic horse breeding programs."
4
t