Spilyay Tymoo
Warm Springs, Oregon
July 24, 1992 PAGE 7
" Drought serious obstacle of successful livestock management
Drought is a serious obstacle to sold. Cull low-producing cows,
successful range livestock manage- 'Retaining a rotational grazing
menu Producers must understand system during drought is rccom-
how drought affects plants, grazing mended over continuous grazing,
animals, livestock management and Periodic tests help plants maintain
what options ex isL
Forage production is decreased
dramatically. But, reductions axe less
on ranges in good and excellent cco
logicaicondiuon. Ability of perennial plants to re
cover after drought is closely related
to their vigor before the drought and
during the drought. Excessive graz
ing (more than 60 percent of current
year's growth) decreases some
plants' ability to recover. Moderate
use (23 to S3 percent) docs not seem
to affect the recovery rale.
'Livestock numbers must be re
duced according to forage supply.
Yearlings should be marketed early
while calves should be weaned early
and fed at home, at another fccdlot or
vigor. Plants are not able to regrow if
grazed repeatedly.
Concentrating more animals into
a single herd is recommended over
having several smaller herds. By
having more animals in a pasture, the
entire pasture will be grazed more
uniformly, and more use will be made
of the less-prcferred plants.
Supplement low-quality feed.
Feed supplements can often be used
to correct low forage quality. How
ever, feed supplements are usually
not an economical substitute for range
forage.
Try not to buy, or put up, weed
infested hay. The future cost of feed
ing wccd-infcstcd hay far outweighs
its feed value in the short-run. If
weedy hay must be fed feed in an
area or holding pasture that is re
moved from streams, riparian and
wooded areas. Be sure to keep your
stock confined for several days after
feeding the bad hay to prevent them
from spreading viable seed through
their digestive tract. Observe holding
pastures and feeding areas closely
and treat infestations.
Try to take advantage of areas
dominated with annual species. They
should be grazed early in the season
when their nutrient value is high and
to allow grazing deferment on the
higher condition range dominated
with perennial plants.
Graze crested wheatcrass early
and longer than normal. It is one of
fertilizer is a cash cost and soi Is should
be tested before fertilizer is applied.
If irrigation water is less than
usual, concentrate it on your best
produced hay meadows and graze
the remainder.
Keep accurate cost data during
normal years. Management decisions
are easier to make if produc lion costs
during a drought year can be com
pared to the normal situation.
It is essential to maintain ad
equate water for the livestock. Dry
cows use less water than lactaung
cows and will graze farther from
water. In some areas it may be pos
sible to develop a spring or seep (a
flow of 12 gallon per minute amounts
Information provided by:
Warm Springs OSU
Extension Office
1131 Paiute Street
553-3238
our plants that is most tolerant of to 720 gallons per day). The rossi
.' u:i:... -r i.i . - I '
uimy oi installing a larger storage
tank and pinins water to troughs
grazing
Keep cattle on subirrigatcd sites
longer than usual. Fertilizer could be
used to increase forage production
on many of these sites. However,
Pinkeye may be transferred by several methods
Pinkeye is the common term for a
condition described by veterinary
pathology as Infectious Bovine
Keratoconjunctivitis (IBK). This
terminology describes a disease con
dition of cattle which is infectious in
nature and causes an inflammation
of the transparent cornea the sclera
("white") of the eyeball and the
conjunctiva (inside lining membrane)
of the lids.
A bacteria Moraxclla bovis is the
infectious agent usually involved. It
may be transferred from cow to cow
by several methods, especially by
flics and specifically the face fly.
The organism M. bovis may be car
ried by the face fly and remain viable
for up to 3 days but it only survives
for a few hours on the house fly.
Some animals remain as inapparent
carriers after they overcome the
clinical signs of infection and later
serve as a source of infection for a
herd outbreak. Some immunity
against M. bovis usually develops in
an animal recovering from pinkeye
but it is rather weak, of short duration,
and apparently docsn'lprotcctagainst
other strains of M. bovis. Cows
usually have more resistance to in
fection than calves.
Other disease conditions which
must be differentiated from pinkeye
include "red nose" (IBR Infectious
Bovine Rhinotrachcitis) and foreign
bodies such as awns from June grass,
or foxtail. The affected eyes will not
heal until these foreign bodies are
removed.
; Blowing dust and ultraviolet ra
1 diation from sunlight may cause'
enough irritation to initiate pinkeye
in a herd and if combined with a face
fly infestation can result in an explo- against the bacteria involved. Ear
sive herd outbreak. tags, containing an insecticide, are
The clinical signs of infection in- also available to aid in fly control,
elude wetness of the face due to ex- The goals of treatment arc to pro
cess "tearing" from the affected eve, tcct the eye and provide a localized
summing oi uic cycuus, rcuucning anuoactcnai wnicn can act against
should be considered. It may be nec
essary to install high pressure plastic
pipe to carry water from a central
source. Although expensive initially,
pipelines will prove useful for a
number of years. Hauling stock wa
ter is expensive. However, it may be
a viable strategy in some situations.
Do not restock until you are cer
tain that your range has recovered.
4-H Calendar and Fair Dates
July 23-26 Jefferson County Fair. Theme is,
"Harvest & Heritage'
July 29 - Aug. 2 Deschutes County Fair, theme is
"Blue Jeans & Country Scenes
August 9-14 4-H Wilderness Enrichment Camp at
Trout Lake
August 12-16 Crook County Fair, theme is
"A Country Gathering'
August 20-23 Wasco County Fair, theme is
"Celebration Along the Barlow Roao"
August 27-Sept. 7 -- Oregon State Fair, theme is
We're Talkin BIG"
of the conjunctiva and the occurrence
of an ulceration on the transparent
cornea which results in a discolora
tion or loss of transparency of the
cornea. Blood vessels may also be
come evident within the cornea. The
specific signs evident depend on the
stage to which the disease has pro
gressed. Research is continuing, in an at
tempt to develop a vaccine that would
protect cattle from IBK. Some at
tempts have been partially success
ful but no commercial vaccines are
currently available. The various
strains for M. bovis presents problems
which must be overcome.
Preventive efforts should gener
ally be directed toward controlling
dust and flics. Corrals or fields may
be wet down to reduce dust or shelter
provided. Approved pesticides can
be used in dustbags or backrubbcrs
for self-application by the animals.
These devices work best if placed so
the cattle are forced to use them daily.
Pesticides can also be used as a "feed
through"larvacidc. It passes through
the animal without being absorbed
and exerts it's effect, after it passes
out in the manure, against the larvae
which develop from eggs laid in the
fresh manure. Ear tags, containing
an insecticide, are also available to
aid in fly control.
The goals of treatment are to
protect the eye and provide a local
ized antibacterial which can act
Studies show lead not a problem in Oregon soils
Intense heat makes watering critical
This summer's early record
breaking heat is creating challenges
for the home vegetable gardener.
Many Oregon gardcncrs.accustomed
to cooler, wetter springs, have just
recently planted tomatoes, beans,
corn.cucumbers and summer squash.
These young plants are especially
susceptible to devastation from hot
dry conditions, according to Ray
McNeilan, Oregon State University
(OSU) Extension home gardening
agent.
"A healthy plant is 75 to 90 per
cent water, which is used for the
plant's vital functions, including
photosynthesis, support and trans
portation of nutrients and sugars to
various parts of the plant," says
McNeilan.
If plants get hot and dry enough to
wilt for several days, they will prob
ably suffer irreparable damage.
McNeilan recommends that veg
etables be watered an average of about
one inch of water a week until Sep
tember. During hot, dry spells, they
can use up to two inches per week.
"It is critical to water corn, toma
toes, cucumbers and summer squash
when they are in the first few weeks
of developmentorafter transplanting,
or during development of flowers
and fruits," says McNeilan.
The OSU Extension Service
Master Gardener Program recom
mends some summer watering strat
egies: Apply water at about one
half inch per hour to avoid run-off,
unless the soil has exceptionally good
drainage. Test your rate of sprinkler
application by placing small cans
around and checking the water level
in the cans after 15 minutes.
Water in the morning to
avoid wet leaves in the evening to
prevent foliar diseases.
Place oscillating sprinklers
above crop level to avoid water be
ing blocked by plants.
Place drip hoses right along
side the row to be watered, because
water does not move well laterally
throughout the soil.
Less frequent, deep water
ing is better than shallow, infrequent
watering. Soak the soil to a depth of
five to six inches. Dig into the soil to
see how deep into the soil profile you
have been watering. Depending on
your soil type, this requires about
two-thirds gallon for each square foot
or about 65 to 130 gallons per 100
square feet.
the bacteria involved. Eye protection
could be achieved by bandaging, but
is very difficult, so other methods are
used. Applying a patch over the eye
with adhesive to slick it to the hair
works well and a piece of denim
applied with rubber cement is usually
adequate. The eyelids can be closed
by suturing, or the third eyelid (ni
trating membrane) can be pulled
across the eye and sutured in position.
Each of these methods protects the
eye from sunlight, dust, and flies,
and prevents their interference with
the healing process.
The challenge in using antibacte
rial products is to get one to remain in
the eye for a sufficient period of
time. The tearing process will wash
any free medication out of the eye in
a matter of hours so if the eye is just
treated topically the medication
should be repeated at least every 12
hours and preferably more often in
order to be most effective.
A subconjunctival injection is a
good method for providing an ex
tended period for medication from
each treatment. The animal's head is
well restrained, the upper eyelid is
rolled back and approximately 1 ml.
of an antibiotic or antibiotic and
cortisone mixture is injected with a
syringe and needle. The needle is
directed under the most superficial
layers of membrane covering the
white of the eyeball (sclera) or the
inside of the upper eyelid. The medi
cation is gradually absorbed from
this site over the next 2-3 days time
and provides a constant source of
medication. One treatment is often
sufficient but can be repeated if
necessary.
The eye of the bovine species has
great healing power and can repair
much damage that may occur to it.
When the excess tearing has stopped
it usually indicates the repair process
is well underway. Further treatment
is generally not required but a long
period of time may be needed for the
body to repair previous damage and
replace scar tissue.
There's a erowina concern in the
United States over lead contamina
tion in the soil, but there's no reason
for Orcgonians to panic, says an
Oregon State University (OSU) sci
entist. "Orcgonians don't need to be
fearful. Plants don't accumulate lead
in sufficient quantities to become
toxic. The risk to humans stems from
ingestion of Icad-contam inatcd soil,"
said John Hart, a soil science spe
cialist with the OSU Extension Ser
vice. "Toddlers tend to stick things in
their mouths or get their hands dirty
and put them in their mouths, and
that's probably not good if you live
in an older metropolitan neighbor
hood near a busy artery," said Hart
Emissions from leaded automo
bile fuels, now being phased out, are
Oregon's major source of lead pollu
tion in residential areas, according to
Hart. Use of unleaded fuels has re
duced the danger of lead accumula
tion in soils in new neighborhoods
near busy streets. Chips from leaded
paint also could elevate lead levels in
soil near a house, he noted.
"The finding in a small sampling
of lead soil tests from urban areas in
Oregon range from 44 to 390 ppm
(parts per million)," said Hart.
Samples in one study of agricultural
soils averaged 1 1 ppm.
A quick sampling of private soil
testing laboratories in Oregon shows
thev charge homeowners from $25
to $50 to test the soil for lead, the
OSU Extension specialist added.
Hart said homeowners with small
children who find soil levels ex
ceeding 200 ppm should consider
installing a barrier of some sort, such
as putting mulch or a few inches of
uncontaminated soil over the con
taminated soil.
In June, Oregon's Department of
Environmental Quality plans to re
lease proposed guidelines for lead
levels in residential and industrial
sites, said Hart
Flea control program recommended for pet owners
Fleas have been the bane of every
dog and cat owner at one time or
another. Adult fleas are external
parasites of warm blooded animals.
They will just as happily bite aunt
Mary's ankle as Rover's backside.
Adult fleas must obtain a blood meal
to develop completely just like
mosquitos. Their bite often results in
swelling and prolonged itching.
Notice that in the description
above I referred to adult fleas as the
biters. Immature or larval fleas look
, like small white worms. They don't
bite but instead feed on hair, shed
skin, dried blood, etc. in the animal's
bedding or your carpet.
Here's the flea control program I
recommend; all steps are important,
if you skip any, fleas will be a rd
curring problem. This is pretty much
an "all weekend project."
(1) Vacuum rugs, drapes and fur
niture "thoroughly" using a vacuum
cleaner in good working order and a
fresh dustbag pay particular atten
tion to areas where pets sleep. Discard
the dustbag outside because it con
tains fleas, flea larvae and eggs that
may re-infest the house. This is
probably the most important step.
You might easily spend all day doing
a thorough job here.
(2) Treat rugs, drapes and furniture
and (and any outdoor sleeping areas
like a dog house) with one of several
flea sprays that contain Mcthoprene
or fenoxycarb as one of the active
ingredients, according to label in
structions. The spray may contain
other insecticides like Dursban, but
it "must" contain mcthoprene or
fenoxycarb to be maximally effec
tive. Both compounds are insect
growth regulators that act by dis
rupting larval development non
biting larvae never develop into adults
and eventually die. Both are virtually
non-toxic to humans and pets and are
long-lasting, up to seven months by
some reports. The downside is that
they are slow acting, so often the
spray products contain other faster
acting materials. One of the common
names for methoprene is Precor but
there are others. A line of products
that contain fenoxycarb is called
TechAmerica - ask your vet for de
tails. (3) Dip or shampoo your pet with
a good quality flea shampoo at the
same time as steps 1 and 2, then again
in a few weeks when you notice fleas
on the pet's coat
Flea collars do pretty well at
keeping "ticks" off the front half of
Take caution when dealing with pest control
The familiar cry, "carpenter ants
are eating my house!" is a misnomer,
says Jack DeAngelis, Oregon State
University (OSU) Extension ento
mologist. "Carpenter ants don't eat wood,"
he says. "They only nest in it."
The large black or red ants survive
mainly on aphid honeydew, a sticky,
sweet liquid secreted by aphids, liv
ing on plants near an ant nest. The
ants may often "tend" the tiny plant
sucking aphids, much like shepherds
tend their flocks.
Carpenter ants may enter a house
via the telephone, television or elec
trical cables, especially if they pass
Meat & Poultry Hotline available 24 hours a day
Callers to the U.S. Department of
Agriculture's Meat and Poultry
Hotline can now receive food safety
information 24 hours a day thanks to
the Hotline's new automated infor
mation system.
Installed this February, the sys
tem allows callers to select from an
extensive list of pre-recorded food
safety messages. As always, Hotline
home economists and registered di
etitians will be available during busi
ness hours (10 a.m. to 4 p.m. week
days) to personally answer questions
and to speak to callers who do not
have touch-tone phones.
The new system should allow
more callers to reach the Hotline.
Last year 40 percent of the Hotline's
some 95,000 calls were received af
ter business hours. Additional phone
lines have been added to accommo
date more callers.
How will the new system work?
Let's say you just discovered some
food buried in the back of your freezer
and want to know if it is still safe. A
call to the Hotline would introduce
you to the Food Safety Information
System and ask you to select from
two lists of four topics each.
S ince you want information about
frozen foods you would choose the
Safe Storage message, which gives
information about refrigerated, fro
zen and shelf-stable food. At the end
of this message, if you wish, you may
choose another topic or, if it is during
business hours, you may speak to a
home economist.
To make the Hotline's informa
tion system as "user friendly" as pos
sible, a consumer may press "0" at
any point during business hours to
speak to a home economist "The
new system will enable us to serve
many more consumers, and will give
t
Enrichment camp
set for August 12
It is time to sign up for the 4-H
Wilderness Enrichment Camp to be
held at Trout Lake, Sunday, August
y to Wednesday, August 12, 1992.
Anyone who has completed the third,
fourth, or fifth grades can sign up,
and must signup before July 3 1 , 1992
at 5:00 p.m.
For more information call 553
3238 or pick up registration forms at
the Extension Office.
our callers more options," said Linda
Burkholder, the Hotline's systems
manager.
For around-the-clock food safety
advice, call the USDA's Meat and
Poultry Hotline at 1-800-535-4555.
Washington, D.C. residents call (202)
720-3333. The Hotline, staffed
weekdays from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m., is
a consumer service of US D A s Food
Safety and Inspection Service.
near trees that harbor aphids.
"This is a good reason not to plant
shrubs right next to your house," he
advises.
To make their nests, carpenter ants
scrape out sound, dry wood, wall
voids, tree stumps, attic insulation or
anything else that can be made into a
cavity. They can wreak havoc on a
house, causing thousands of dollars
of damage.
If homeowners see small sawdust
piles or trails of large ants leading
into a dwelling, perhaps through a
crack or under siding, or hear scrap
ing sounds of worker ants as they
enlarge the nest inside a wall, they
can be pretty sure they have a car
penter ant infestation.
DeAngelis recommends that car
penter ant control be best left to com
petent pest control operators, some
times called "exterminators".
"They have access to products
that home owners don't and they
have the experience necessary to lo
cate nests."
DeAngelis offers some advice
when dealing with a pest control op
erator: Contact as many companies
as possible and interview them. If
Conserve water in the kitchen
Water is often wasted in the
kitchen, but water shouldn't be con
served at the expense of cleanliness,
cautions Carolyn Raab, Oregon State
University Extension foods and nu
trition specialist It's important to
wash your hands before beginning
food preparation. Wash hands, cut
ting boards and utensils after handling
raw meat poultry, seafood and eggs.
You can conserve water in the
kitchen by keeping these tips in mind,
says Norma Simpson, Oregon State
University Extension agent in Warm
Springs.
If it takes awhile for tap
water to warm up (or cool down), fill
tea kettles, quart jars, or other con
tainers while you wait Then recycle
that water for food preparation, house
cleaning, or plant watering.
Save 25 gallons of water by
turning off the tap when you wash
dishes. According to the American
Waterworks Association, only 5 gal
lons of water will be needed if dishes
are washed and rinsed in pans in the
sink rather than under running water.
Wash raw fruits and veg
etables in a pan of water rather than
under running water. Then use the
water to rinse dirty dishes before
washing them.
you don't get straight-answers, go
somewhere else.
Beware of "deals." Don't
be panicked into a quick decision by
such statements as I'll do it for half
price today, because I've got some
leftover insecticide in the tank," or
"If you let it go, who knows how
much damage these critters will do."
Ask about a warranty. Most
companies offer one to three year
warranties.
Don't fall into the "fumiga
tion" trap, where they want to tent
the house. Fumigation is expensive
(about $3,000) and almost never
necessary.
Monthly maintenance
treatments are unnecessary. Most
situations can be dealt with on a one
time basis followed up by annual
inspections.
"Carpenter ant treatments are safe
when done correctly," says
DeAngelis. "Gone are the highly
toxic, long persistence insecticides
of yesteryear. But it is still a good
idea to keep kids away from freshly
treated areas. In fact, leave for the
day the house is to be treated. Remove
pets and cover fish tanks."
DeAngelis recommends exterminator-applied
boric acid, cyfluthrin
(Tempo WP), cypermethrin (Demon
WP), encapsulated chlorpyrifos
(Empire 20 WP) and encapsulated
Diazinon (Knox-Out) as some of the
least toxic and most effective car
penter ant insecticides.
dogs; however, they don't have much
value against fleas especially if the
home is infested. Use them only as
the last line of defense. Incidentally,
ticks on dogs, not cats, can be con
trolled with dusts containing carbaryl
insecticide.
Aerosol foggers or bombs have
become a popular way for
homeowners to dispense insecticides.
The idea is (at least if you believe the
advertisers) that the aerosol somehow
penetrates into cracks and crevices
that you couldn't reach by other
means. In fact bombs do a poor job
of coverage because they essentially
throw the insecticide into the air, and
where it settles, on exposed surfaces,
is all that's treated. Liquid formula
tions, carefully applied with some
type of pressure applicator, will
achieve much better coverage and
might even be less expensive.
A note of safety: While the ap
proach outlined above is relatively
safe, be sure to follow product in
structions. Also, fleas left untreated
can be a health threat to you and your
pet Dogs and cats both have died
from the irritation and infection of
flea bites. Fleas also transmit some
pretty deadly diseases.
Lastly, some of you may have
encountered a group of products
available through vet clinics that are
applied as a few drops between the
dog's shoulder blades (one trade
name is ProSpot). These are actually
systemic insecticides that circulate
in the dog 's blood stream and poison
biting fleas. While I'm sure that this
drastic of a measure is warranted in
some instances, it must surely be
hard on the dog. I recommend you
approach flea control as outlined
above and leave this method as only
a last resort Remember, these prod
ucts won't stop fleas from biting you,
and you can't use them on cats.
Be sure to read and follow the
pesticide product label. The label is
the final word on what does or does
not constitute a legal and safe appli
cation. Salmon macaroni salad
8 Ounces elbow macaroni
1 small onion, finely chopped
14 cup chopped parsley
1 cucumber, sliced
1 pint canned salmon, drained
and flaked
salt and pepper to taste
12 tsp. dry mustard
12 cup mayonnaise or yogurt
Cook macaroni according to
package directions. Drain and rinse
with cold water. Combine macaroni
with remaining ingredients except
salad greens. Line Targe salad bowl
with crisp salad leaves and empty
salad into center. Serves 6.
Patio saimon potato salad
1 pint canned salmon
1 lb. can small potatoes drained
and diced
14 cup minced green onions
14 cup chopped dill pickle
12 cup chopped cucumber
12 cup chopped celery
1 Tbsp. minced parsley
12 cup mayonnaise
1 tsp. lemon juice
salt and pepper to taste
Drain salmon, reserving liquid.
Flake salmon and mix with potatoes,
onions, pickle, cucumber, celery, and
parsley. In a small bowl combine
mayonnaise, lemon juice, reserve
salmon liquid, pepper and salt to taste.
Pour over salmon mixture and mix
well. Server 4.
L : I