c
Spilyay Tymoo
WARM SPRINGS, ORIXON 97761
June 6, 1986 Pape
Child's third year can be unpredictable
Youll discover three-year-olds
are a calm, cooperative relief after
coping with two-year-olds. Around
the third birthday, activity is more
balanced and smooth. But by VA
children again turn non-conformist
and become very strong-willed. A
strong inner drive prompts their
occupation with gaining a sense of
control of who they are and what
they can do and direct. It is appro-
Siriate that they make some decisions
or themselves, but your patience
and understanding will be challenged
as you help them understand the
necessity for family routines and
rules.
Physically, three-year-olds have
increased running, jumping, and
climbing skills. Improved muscular
control allows them to balance on
narrow surfaces, use alternate feet
for going up and down stairs, and
manage small objects like buttons,
snaps, and zippers. Some become
picky eaters and all openly assert
their likes and dislikes in food.
Parents worry about decreased ap
petites but three-year-olds usually
need less food as their growth rate
slows.
Socially, three-year-olds are be
coming more conscious of other
people. They want to be with other
children and show an increased
desire to please others most of the
time. Youll enjoy their willingness
to cooperate with you. While playing
with others has growing importance,
thrce-years-olds have much to learn
about cooperative play. They are
beginning to share but still push,
shove, or hit to get what they want.
Their social problems stem from
their natural self-centered ness and
desire to call attention to themselves.
"Look at me! I ride the trike better
than Billy! is a bid for superiority.
Help them feel good about them
selves and reduce competiveness
with simple responses like, "You
are a real whiz when it comes to
riding a trike."
The third year is characterized
by emotional extremes and some
negativism. While children at this
age are not as rigid or inflexible as
they were a year ago, they can be
very demanding and lose control
from time to time.
Three-year-olds rapidly progress
intellectually. Experimenting with
vocabulary building means they
pay more attention to words and
how to make sentences. Have their
hearing checked to insure that words
are heard and spoken correctly.
They enjoy chatting with adults
and asking many questions to satisfy
their curiosity. Keep your answers
simple preschoolers arent con
cerned about scientific explanations.
Three-year-olds arc learning to
connect ideas and objects. Numbers
and counting, naming objects, colors,
different shapes, animals, and people
are now firmly learned. They like
sorting objects according to size,
shape, and color. When you look
at magazines or books, point out
houses, barns, nests, or stores. They
like to look for happy or angry
people, funny people for animals,
dads, moms, babies, or boys and
girls.
Play is the main occupation of
three-year-olds. They have no prefe
rence whether it's with boys or
girls. They are attracted to water,
sand, or dirt. A three-year old
enjoys building blocks, climbing,
throwing, puzzles, musical activity,
and story telling.
Three-year-olds carefully observe
activities in the home and on televi
sion. Imitation is the source of
active pretending during play. They
spend weeks as Superman or Straw
berry Shortcake. Grown-up tasks
are part of play, too, so capitalize
on their willingness to help with
doing dishes, making beds, folding
clothes, cooking, sweeping the floor,
chores suitable to their strength
and safety..
a1
OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY
GCTGNSIOW
SERVICE
The Oregon State University Extension Service
otters educational programs, activities and
materials without regard to race, color, sex,
age, religion, national origin or disability.
Clay
Penhollow
Mollie Driscoll
Joan David
Gardners, give your roses a helping hand now
Home gardeners, give your roses
a hand. They won't get the chance
to be beautiful later in the summer
if you dont protect them against
insect pests and plant fungus
diseases now.
Three fungus diseases that cause
problems on roses are rust, powdery
mildew and black spot.
The fungi of the three diseases
overwinter in infected buds, twigs,
branches and leaves of the plant. In
the spring, when the rose bush
begins growing, the fungi also
become active and begin destroying
rose plant tissues.
A sign of rust infection is the
appearance of small orange-colored
spots on the top and bottom surfaces
of leaves. The presence of powdery
mildew is indicated by a white
powdery growth on young leaves.
Circular black spots characterize
the fungus black spot. During
periods of wet weather, the spots
often grow and join together to
make large irregular spots.
To protect rose bushes from these
diseases, apply preventive sprays
or dusts in the spring or early
summer such as the dusts sulfur
ferbam, or sulfur, and sprays con
taining wettable sulfur, ferban,
Phaltan or Funginex.
Sulfur dust, sulfur-ferbam dust
or wettable sulfur spray will control
powdery mildew and rust. Phaltan
spray doesn't work on rust but
does help control black spot and
powdery mildew. Sprays containing
Benlate or Funginex will also work
well on powdery mildew. Be sure to
follow all label directions with any
garden chemicals used.
The pest insects most damaging
to roses are aphids.
Rose aphids are green or pink,
soft-bodied, juice sucking insect
pests that can stunt the growth of
rose plant leaves, sometimes causing
them to curl. The aphids may also
be carriers of plant virus diseases
that can damage the rose plants.
Diazinon or Malathion dusts or
sprays are suggested for aphid
control. Several applications may
be needed to eliminate the aphids.
Be careful to follow all label
instructions when using these
pesticides.
Kitchen Safety tips Offered Organic gardening can be painstaking
See whether you are on the safe
side in the following situations:
1. The corn oil has turned clou
dya a whole economy-size bottle
of it. Do you (a) throw it out, (b)
heat it up, or (c) stop worrying?
You open the egg carton and one
egg is broken and oozing. Do you
(a) cook it right away, (b) break it
into a bowl and refrigerate it, or (c)
throw it out?
3. Last week's tuna casserole
looks a little funny, but it would
make a quick lunch and you hate
wasting food. Should you taste it
to see if it's still okay?
4. Rummaging in the pantry you
find a can of pineapple juice and a
can of peas that have been there
since you moved into your home
five years ago. Should (a) feel pleased,
(b) get rid or them?
' 5. When the Cheddar emerges
fom the refrigerator with a gray
skin, your spouse says, "Don't throw'
that out. Mold doesn't hurt cheese.
Didn't you ever hear of Roquefort?"
What do you do?
j 6. You have cooked a small pot
roast in the microwave only to
discover that it is till pink, near the
bone. But that's okay microwaving
will protect you from trichinosis,
won't it.
7. Potatoes and onions, you have
always known, should be stored at
cool room temperature, not in the
refrigerator. Under the sink is a
good place. Or is it? .
8. Your child is about to eat a
chocolate bar, but you notice it has
white spots on it do you confiscate
it or not?
Answers
1. (c) Any oil will cloud at cold
temperatures and return to normal
when warmed.
2. (c) Raw eggs are highly suscep
tible to contamination if the shell is
broken. Throwing out a cracked
one is an economy in the long run.
3. No. If a combination dish has
been in the refrigerator several days
and looks unappetizing, it may
have started to spoil. Even a small
taste could contain enough bacteria
or toxin to make you sick.
4. (b) Citrus juices and fruits will
last only up to 18 months and
canned vegetables up to five years.
They may lose their flavor and
some of their nutritional value as
time passes, however. A can's worst
enemy is rust, so always check for
this, even if a can is fairly new.
Avoid dented or swollen cans; throw
out any that appear to have a
broken seal.
5. Cut off the mold and a generous
slice of the cheese underneath so
that no mold is visible. The molds
in Roquefort, Stilton, Gorgonzola,
and other blue cheese are special
and harmless, but household molds
are occasionally toxic.
6. Not necessarily. Whether you
microwave or not, you must make
sure that the port is cooked to an
internal temperature of 170. Cook
no more than five pounds at a time
in the microwave, rotate it, and
check the temperatures before remo
ving. Then "rest" the meat under a
tent of alumimum foil to allow the
heat to penetrate. ,.... , .
7 Probably not. Be sure you do
not store vegetables next to toxic
cleansers, such as dishwasher deter
gent, which might spill. And check
to see that the drain pipe never
leaks. Moveover, a hot-water pipe
or nearby dishwasher may make a
cabinet under a sink too warm for
vegetable storage.
8. Not because of the white spots,
certainly. They are due to the separa
tion cocoa fat, not contamination.
The challenges of organic gar
dening aren't for the carefree.
Budding organic gardeners should
be aware of the difficulties inherent
in gardening without pesticides or
synthetic fertilizers.
There are various organic gar
dening practices for dealing with
insects, some good, some not so
good. But even more important is
the fertilizer problem.
For the organic gardener, sources
of plant nutrients are compost,
manure and some commercial or
ganic fertilizers.
All gardeners should use compost
and manure as much as possible.
The use of organic matter in the
garden improves the soil's water
holding capacity and supply of
nutrients.
But organic materials alone won't
produce fertile garden soil in a
single gardening season. It takes
time. In the year of application,
only about 50 percent of the
nutrients in manure are available
to plants.
The rate at which the nutrients
become available also varies. For
example, the nutrients in poultry
manure are more readily available
to plants.
Don't count on one source of
fertilizer to supply all the nutrients
vegetable plants need (nitrogen,
phosphorus and potassium) are not
often all found in one type of.
commercial organic fertilizer such
as blood meal, rock phosphate Qr
wood ashes.
Home garden good for spuds
Potatoes are a good garden crop, Plant the seed pieces in rows two
according to many home gardeners." to three feet apart. The seed should
Garden spuds don't take up much be planted three inches deep in the
Now's the time to plant dahlia tubers
Dahlias have been popular among
flower lovers for a long time. The
ancient Aztecs are the earliest known
people to have cultivated these
colorful annuals. Dahlias have been
a popular addition to home land
scapes ever since.
In areas where danger of frost
has passed and the soil is dry
enough to be worked, dahlias can
be planted in the flower garden any
time now.
For those gardeners who dont
have stored dahlia plant material
to use in their flower beds, most
garden stores now have dahlia tubers
in stock. If you get tubers from the
store, be sure to get the healthiest
available.
Place dahlia plantings where they
will get plenty of full sun. Fertile,
well-drained soil is also a must for
healthy dahlias.
Each tuber to be planted should
have just one bud.
Make the planting hole four-five,
inches deep and large enough to lay
the tuber horizontally in the hole.
Cover the tuber with an inch of soil
at planting, and fill the hole in
gradually as the dahlia shoot grows.
Put a 1 by 2 inch stake next to
each plant after planting to give
support as the dahlia grows.
Place individual plants two feet
apart for medium size dahlias, and
four feet apart for tall growing
types.
Fertilize with a low-nitrogen ferti
lizer and mulch the plants to keep
the roots cool and the ground
moist and free of weeds. Some
gardeners make a shallow basin
around the emerging shoot to keep
water near the plant.
space, arent hard to grow, yield
well and taste good.
Both early and late-maturing po
tato varieties are available to the
home gardener. Early-maturing va
rieties will yield the best new pota
toes for eating while the skin is
tender. Late-maturing varieties keep
better through the winter in storage.
Early varieties include Norland,
Red LaSoda, and Norgold Russet.
Late-maturing types include Red
Pontiac, and Russet Burbank.
When buying potato seed stock
be sure to get "certified seed." This
kind of seed stock is disease-free
and is available at garden stores.
When planting, cut seed potatoes
into quarters or halves. Each cut
piece should have at least one eye
or it won't grow. Dust the cut
surfaces of each seed piece with
Captan fungicide to prevent rot or
disease.
soil. Plantings can go in as soon as
the ground warms in the spring
until the end of June. Potaotes
intended for winter storage should
be planted later than those for
summer use.
Fertilize the potatoes with a 16
1 6-1 6 or similar fertilizer. The fertili
zer should be applied at the rate of
eight to ten pounds per 1 ,000 square
feet, or one-half ounce per seed
piece. Place the fertilizer to either
side and about an inch below the
seed.
As the plants grow, mound soil
around their bases to l eep the new
tubers protected from the sun. The
new potatoes form above the level
of the seed piece so more soil will
have to mounded around the plant
as it grows. This is important because
sunlight causes new tubers to turn
green. Be careful not to cover the
plant foiliage completely when
mounding the soil around the plant.
Irrigation of the potato plants
should be started when the plants
are about five inches high. After
irrigation is started, the ground
should be kept damp.
An alternative to mounding soil
around the potato plant is to pile
clean straw on top of the emerging
tubers. This makes harvesting easier
because you can clear the straw
from new potatoes instead of having
to dig them.
Placing an eight to ten inch layer
of straw over the potato plants acts
as a mulch and in addition to
making the plants easier to harvest,
the mulch layer retains moisture,
which makes less irrigation neces
sary. Don't put the full layer of mulch
on all at once. Put two or four
inches of mulch over the seed row
after planting and add the rest after
the plant tops emerge from the soil.
Bedding plants Offer quick color Change in eating habits
necessary for weight loss
Want to add some fast color to
the yard with annual or perennial
flowers, or get the vegetable garden
off and running with a minimum of
fuss? Try some of the ornamental
and vegetable bedding plants avail
able at garden stores now.
, Here are a few tips for success
with bedding plants:
Don't plant outside until the
season in your area has warmed
enough for the plants to grow.
Select plants that are well-established
in their containers, but are
not overgrown. Bedding plants often
transplant better if they are not yet
blooming.
Allow plants to harden off (adjust)
to your conditions before planting.
Bring the plants home and set them
outside in a protected place, but
exposed to your area's temperature
and humidity conditions, for several
days.
Protect the" bedding plant roots
from drying until planted.
When planting, set plants at the
recommended spacing. .
Warm Springs 4-H Culture and Heritage club present m demonstration of Indian dancing to visiting 4-H Club
from TUTer, Oregon.
Plant bedding plants at the same
depth at which they were previously
growing.
Retain as much soil on the roots
as possible.
Firm the soil around the roots
when planting, then water.
Protect the young plants from
drying until they are established.
A day or two after planting,
water with a booster fertilizer solu
tion to give the plants a little push.
Young weeds try to take over the
shrub and flower beds in spring.
Keep them out by hoeing or
mulching. The back side of an iron
rake will wipe out young weed
seedlings by the hundreds.
Then follow up with an inch or
so of barkdust mulch to shade the
ground and keep more of them
under control. A granular herbicide,
casoron, can be used in beds where
only woody shrubs and trees are
growing. Dont use casoron where
you plan to place annuals, or where
the materials may be washed out
into the lawn.
Choose proper fit
When purchasing new processing
equipment, try to choose those
with a flat solid bottom that will
not fit down over the element and
trap heat next to the range surface.
Turn down the heat on the burner
to the lowest heat to maintin proces
sing. Trying to use the highest heat
for the miminum amount of time.
When processing over lone periods
of time remove kettles from the
element between batches to allow it
to cool.
Trimming the fat to look better,
feel better, and stay healthy is a
real challenge. Shedding pounds
requires will power and a sound
weight loss plan. Staying slim can
be an even greater challenge that
demands a permanent change in
eating habits.
Take it off! Excess energy (calories)
is stored in our bodies as fat. It
takes 3500 extra calories to add a
pound and 3500 fewer calories to
lose a pound. To reduce your weight,
you must reduce your caloric intake
or use the extra calories in physical
activity. Remember, extra pounds
aren't added overnight and cant be
lost in a few days.
Here are a few sound weight loss
guidelines. Patience and preseve
rance are essential to successful
dieting, but the rewards are worth
it!
Plan low-calories meals carefully,
making choices from the basic food
groups. Avoid high protein, high
carbohydrate diets and others which
emphasize one nutrient since these
are generally nutritionally unba
lanced. 1. Include fresh vegetables and
fruit daily.
2. Choose whole-grain and
enriched breads, cereals and pasta
for adequate B-vitamins and fiber
in your daily diet.
3. Substitute skim milk, butter
milk, or non-fat dry milk for whole
milk and use low-fat cheeses such
as mozzarella, provolone, light cream
cheese, and cottage cheese. Ice
milk and plain yogurt which you
can flavor with fresh fruit are
also wise choices
4. Select lean meats, poultry,
and fish. To prepare, trim all visible
fat, and broil, bake, or pan-broil
without adding fat.
5. Remember that fat is higher in
calories (9 calories per gram) than
protein or carbohydrate (4 calories
per gram). However, fat is an impor
tant nutrient that helps you feel
satisfied, so dont completely remove
it from the diet.
6. Plan low-calorie nourishing
snacks. Try small crisp salads with
reduced -calories dressing, fresh fruit,
raw vegetables, or small portions
of cheese or meat.
Include your favorite high-calorie
foods in small amounts as an occasio
nal treat.
Make a shopping list and stick to
it! Dont shop on an empty stomach.
Exercise regularly while dieting
to increase the calories you use as
energy and to keep your body
strong and firm. A regular program
of vigorous exercise may also help
to control your appetite. Join a
local exercise class or athletic team
or follow a daily fitness plan a
morning run, noon walk, afternoon
bike ride, or evening swim.
It's not too late
Sign up for 4-H Camp now!!