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YAY TY1MOO
WAHM SPMNGS, OREGON 97761
February 28, 1986 5
Be sure your toddler
As many deaths in toddlers
are caused by ordinary food as
by poisoning (at least 70 a year
in the United States). Pieces of
hot dog, candy, nuts and grapes
are among the principal hazards
to this age group. What the
risky foods have in common is
small size, round shape, firm or
hard texture, and a slippery
surface. The child under four
finds such foods difficult to
hold in place and chew. Because
of their shape and slipperiness,
such items can accidentally pass
into the airway, where they be
come lodged and cause death
by asphyxiation.
Children between the ages of
one and three seem to run the
greatest risk of inhaling food
items, according to a recent
study of the problem. Early in
this period, even such seemingly
innocuous objects as cookies or
biscuits, beans, and macaroni
can make trouble. An important
rule with any such solid food is
that an infant should eat it only
Help children manage theirmoney wisely
Prices of comic books, cra
yons, and candy bars are rising.
Like parents with their pay
checks, many children are finding
it harder these days to stretch
their allowances.
Children can learn money manage
ment skills at early ages. They
learn about money much as
they learn about everything
else through observation and
real-life experience. Parents can
use these observations and expe
riences to teach good managing
practices.
Researchers have found that
preschoolers learn more about
financial transactions when they
are taught in structured lessons.
This suggests that parents who
plan learning experiences will
help children develop more com
petence in money management
than parents who simply trust
that children will learn through
observation alone.
Children can learn different!
concepts at different ages. Todd-(
lers begin observing how money!
is used in the supermarket by
age three. Parents can help
children learn about choices and
the value of money by asking
them to choose a small toy or
treat from a group of items for
Tax deductions allowed
i
for volunteers
Some tax benefits are available
to volunteers of 4-H and other
organizations under the general
charitable contribution deduction
of the Internal Revenue Code.
A volunteer may deduct out-of-pocket
expenses incurred while
doing volunteer work for certain
groups approved by IRS. Represen
tative expenditures that could
be deducted are auto mileage
and expenses, parking and tolls,
telephone bills, direct gifts of
money to an organization, and
cost of meals and lodging if
Getting the
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Russell Graham belongs to the 4-H sewing club. Currently, the
club is mastering the tricks of hand sewing.
when sitting upright. Anesthetic
gels put on the gums of teething
infants may also impair the abili
ty to swallow and make solid
foods more of a risk than they
would be otherwise.
By the age of two, candies,
nuts, and grapes are more likely
to be given to children and to
choke them. Grapes have a long
history in this regard. Surpri
singly, perhaps, hot dogs are the
major cause of choking deaths
up to the age of four. Three-year-olds,
who handle most of
the other problem foods quite
well, are still at relatively high
risk from chunks of hot dog.
If an infant chokes and is
unable to breathe, the following
steps are recommended by the
American Academy of Pedia
trics: 1. Pick up the baby.
2. Brace your forearm against
your thigh and turn the infant
head down so that your hand is
supporting the baby's shoulders.
The baby's legs will straddle
which they have money to buy
only one.
Once children learn numbers
and money denominations,
parents may experiment with
allowances to see if children are
ready to learn more advanced
skills. Allowances help teach
children that they have set
amounts of money to spend or
save.
By about the third grade level,
the allowance can be expanded
to meet the child's changing
needs. At this age you may
encourage children to do extra
tasks for money. This will help
develop a positive and respon
sible attitude about finances.
Most authorities discourage
rewarding all work with money
or making allowances dependent
on household tasks because
children need to learn they have
obligations to help as members
of families.
Teenagers also may be encou
raged to earn extra income out
side the home if they have the
time and marketable skills
required.
Children seem to learn healthy
attitudes about money when
they have regular, realistic
incomes and can use the money
away overnight.
The National Center for volun
teers has prepared a "Volunteer
Expense Record "sheet that can
make it easier for you to docu
ment your expenses at tax time.
The sheet, which also includes a
short explanation of the Internal
Revenue Code, is available to
all volunteers from the Extension
office. Of course, detailed infor
mation on what you may deduct,
contact your accountant or the
nearest IRS office.
stitch
doesn't choke
your thigh.
3. Using the heel of your
other hand (the right one. if you
arc right-handed), give four firm
blows high between the shoulder
blades (almost at the base of the
neck).
4. If breathing doesn't begin,
turn the baby forward, with the
head still down, and press on
the breastbone, firmly, four times.
Alternatively, if you know the
Heimlich maneuver for small
children, the Academy recom
mends that you perform it.
5. If that doesn't work, open
the baby's mouth, placing your
thumb on the tongue and holding
the jaw with your fingers. If you
can see something, remove it
with a finger of your other
hand.
6. These measures should take
less than two minutes. If they
fail, don't persist. Go immediate
ly to the nearest medical facility.
If a child is too large to
support with one hand, the Aca
demy recommends the following
independently. This involves
allowing children to make their
own choices when possible, record
purchases, share and save for
realistic goals.
Even making mistakes can be
valuable learning experiences.
But before parents decide a
particular purchase such as a
comic book or toy was a bad
buy, they need to discuss the
decision with the child. Perhaps
it actually was a good buy from
the child's perspective.
Teaching children how family
finances work helps establish
good management practices. A
family needs time to discuss
individual and family spending
problems, consider allowance
reviews, and make spending plans.
Researchers have found that
when families are candid about
finances there are fewer argu
ment about money?
Children can be taught the
relationship between family in
come and allowance size from
the the start.
Parents may be reluctant to
share financial information with
children. But those who don't
want to discuss specifics can
encourage children to ask ques
tions, which then can be answered
Compare weights
Alert shoppers can get more
for their money when buying
canned fruits and vegetables if
they compare the drained weights
on labels. Drained weight is the
weight of the food minus the
liquid it's packed in. And that
weight can vary. For example,
in a 29 oz. can of pear halves,
one brand contained 9 oz. of
pears. Two other brands con
tained 10 oz. and 10.7 oz. respec
tively at the same price. Inmost
cases, you'll get more actual
food if you buy smaller varieties.
Choose sliced peaches instead
of peach halves. The taste is the
same, but you'll be paying for
more peach and less liquid. So
check drained weight for your
best canned food values.
Prune rose bushes for best blossoms
Rose bushes in the home land
scape will give their best blossoms
later in the year if rose canes are
pruned back now.
Roses may need a light, me
dium or heavy pruning depending
on the variety and stage of
growth.
Pruning is done to maintain
vigorous new growth, remove
weak and diseased limbs, open
up the plant to air and light,
shape the plant to the pjant to
the desired form and to promote
quality blooms.
"Prune out all old canes and
crossing growth.
For light pruning, remove
about one-third of last year's
growth. This should leave the
remaining canes about two and
one-half to four feet high. Light
pruning is recommended for
rambling and climbing types of
roses.
For moderate pruning, cut
the canes back to about half
their length. Weaker canes should
be cut back even more. The
canes that remain should be 18
inches to two feet high.
modification of the procedure:
1. Kneel on the floor and
drape the child across your thighs,
face down, with the head dang
ling. Then deliver the back blows.
2. If that fails, roll the child
onto the floor (while giving the
head support). With the child
lying face up. compress the chest
four times, firmly, by using the
heel of your hand against the
breastbone.
3. Then try directly removing
the object if you can reach it. If
you can't, waste no time in
getting to a medical facility.
To avoid having to use these
instructions, keep small, round,
firm, slippery types of food away
from toddlers. Give solid food
away from toddlers. Give solid
foods to infants only when they
are sitting up. And throughout
the early years, minimize distrac
tions and activity when a child
is eating solids (Journal of the
American Medical Association,
May4, 1984; FDA Drug Bulletin.
April 1984).
simply and without detail.
Often, the details are not as
important as the trust developed
between parents and children,
and the concepts children can
learn.
Sodium necessary in diet
An individual cannot live with
out sodium. Even though an
individual tries to limit his or
her sodium intake, he or she will
most likely consume more sodium
than he or she actually needs,
except for an individual who
sweats excessively or has an
unusual disease. Highly respected
organizations, such as the
American Heart Association,
the National Institute of Medi
cine, the U.S. Department of
Agriculture, and the. National
Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute,
recommended that most
Newsletter available for expectant women
Expectant mothers are often
teased about eating for two, but
there's a lot of truth behind the
teasing because only the mother
can supply the nutrients needed
by the developing child.
"The 9 Months: Nutrition and
Pregnancy" letter series from
the Extension Service is one
way for pregnant women to get
information on the importance
of eating a balanced, nutritious
diet for both the mother and
baby.
Developed by Margeret Lewis,
Extension nutrition specialist,
Pruned berry bushes yield more fruit
Get the best from your red
raspberry shrubs next spring
and summer by pruning them
into shape now.
Pruning and training indivi
dual raspberry plants prevents
them from growing into a tangled
thicket.
Pruning is done to remove
weak canes and the tips of long
canes, and to help maintain
Bush-type roses and hybird
teas often require heavy pruning.
Cut the canes back to within six
to eight inches of the ground.
Heavy pruning keeps the new
wood close to the ground so the
bush does not become leggy. It
also keeps the flowers near the
ground. Always prune back to
A big thank you to
all who helped!
To the Editor,
A letter of thanks to all the
people who have supported
Rockin' 4-H Livestock Club.
Ten club members are raising
money to go to California during
spring break. This is a special
group of 4-Hers who have done
a great job this past year by
caring and feeding their cattle.
Attending meetings and working
hard on workdays. A lot of
Rockin' 4-Hers did a good job
Clay Penhollow
Motile
Proper bull
for full calf
With the breeding season fast
approaching, it is important to
keep the health and condition
of breeding bulls in mind. If one
anticipates calves to be born in
January and February of 1987
then bulls should be ready to
breed and turned in with the
cows by early to mid April.
Therefore, now is the time to
begin feeding bulls on a higher
plan of nutrition so they will be
in the proper shape by April. If
your situation dictates a different
breeding season, then adjust this
conditioning time accordingly
for your bulls. Remember that
young bulls are still growing
and may need more groceries
Americans try to restrict their
sodium intake; they recommend
goals of no more than 2.0 to 3.3
grams of sodium per day. How
ever, the average American con
sumes between 2.4 to 7.2 grams
of sodium daily that is 2,400
to 7,200 milligrams!
Sodium occurs naturally in
many foods. However, Americans
not only add too much salt to
their food from the salt shaker,
they consume too many foods
products that are high in sodium.
One of the difficulties that most
the letters start with the fourth
month of pregnancy and continue
through the ninth month. The
letters are mailed monthly from
the Extension office and are
available without charge.
Topics covered by the Nutri
tion and Pregnancy letters include
snacks, weight gain, how to use
the basic food groups to achieve
a balance diet, and a discussion
about feeding the baby after
birth.
In addition, the letters include
brief descriptions of fetal develop
ment and how the mother's body
some sort of trellis system. The
canes of one crop varieties are
biennial in habit; that is, they
grow the first year and make
fruit the second year.
The new canes that appeared
last summer will yield next sum
mer's berries. Although pruning
the new canes will remove some
flower buds that would form
fruit, the remaining buds will
just above an outward facing
healthy bud.
In addition to old canes and
crossing growth, prune out dead
and diseased limbs, suckers
(shoots rising from below the
graft), lopsided branches and
weak limbs.
last year and it was a hard
choice to pick only ten.
These 4-Hers have been raising
money towards the trip. The
Rockin' 4-Hers will visit Great
America, sight-see along the
Pacific Coast and meet other
4-Hers along the way.
So, a big thank you to all of
you who have helped to make
this trip possible.
Rockin' 4-Hers
OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY
0CTGN5IOIS!
SERVICE
The Oregon State University Extension Service
offers educational programs, activities and
materials without regard to race, color, sex,
age, religion, national origin or disability.
Driscoll
Joan David
nutrition
production
than a mature bull. A bull at
maintenance levels may only
need 24 to 25 lbs. of roughage at
about 8.5 percent protein and
55 percent TDN, but a growing
bull may need up to 30 lbs. of
feed (some grain) to be at 9
percent protein and 60 percent
TDN level. Something else to
remember is that in most cases
the bull to cow ratio is 1:25.
This may change to 1 :20 if they
are in a very large pasture range
condition or be 1:40 if they are
say in a 60-80 acre irrigated
pasture. These are just a few of
the things to keep in mind so
keep abreast of the situation
and good luck this year.
people experience in cutting back
on sodium intake is lack of
knowledge of the sodium content
in foods. Below are examples of
sodium content of some com
monly used foods.
Frozen food (12 inch), '$,
950 mg.
Frozen green peas. Vi cup
serving, 255 mg.
Canned corn, 1 cup, 390
mg.
Crackers. 10. 200 mg.
..4 Beef stew, l..cup. 1.220 rag.
Hot dogs,'3.2 oz. 918 mg.
changes to accomodate that devel
opment. One key point stressed by
Lewis is that good nutrition doesn
mean dull meals or that you
have to give up all your favorite
foods. For instance, you can
continue to snack, but the snacks
should be planned as part of the
total daily diet and not added
one.
Persons interested in more
information about the Nutrition
and Pregnancy letters, or in
receiving the letters, should con
tact the Warm Springs or Madras
Extension offices.
make larger and better fruit.
Canes that bore fruit last sum
mer should have been removed
by now. If not, remove them
first. Then cut out all but 10 to
12 healthy, new canes for each
plant. The weak and spindly
canes should be taken out first.
Then select the healthiest canes
grown last summer to leave for
fruiting this year.
There are several methods of
trellising or holding the canes
erect. The simplest is a strong
wire set about five feet off the
ground, attached to posts. The
canes are tied to the wire.
Some gardeners use a three
wire support where two parallel
wires are placed a couple feet
off the ground. The canes are
trained between the two wires
and the tops are tied to a third
wire five feet off the ground.
Once the pruning is finished,
the remaining canes should be
tied to the top wire of the trellis
system with a strong twine. Then
prune off the cane ends six
inches to a foot above the wire.
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