lig 3 Debate
ierman Issues
Gel Nowhere
Blunt and Bitter
Discussion Fails to
Break Deadlock
Moscow, April 1 (Pj The for
eign ministers debated German;
reparations and the level of in
dustry for more than three hours
today without reaching a deci
sion. A report from the meetlne said
the discussions were "often blunt
and bitter," and U. S. Secretary
of State Marshall, it was report
ed, may now seek a direct meet
ing with Prime Minister Stalin.
inis was to have been a show
: down meeting expected to indi
cate possibilities of a German
. settlement of current problems
at Moscow. The fact that no
t decision was reached was con
" sidered by some diplomats as
Sssibly indicating little or no
yogress towards breaking the
iadlock.
Jtatement Issued
' An agreed-upon statement
said: "The discussion today was
limited to the subject of level of
i industry and reparations and no
decision was reached. It was
agreed to return to formal ses
sions tomorrow."
Secretary of State Marshall
was authoritatively reported to
have gone into the meeting today
determined to find out whether
Russia would negotiate for a
generally acceptable arrange
ment on her reparations demands
or whether her demands were
entirely firm as presented.
Secrecy Veils Meeting
In the absence of indications
from Russia's V. M. Molotov that
a compromise could be ar
ranged, Marshall was said to
have decided prior to the meet
ing to urge that the council pro
ceed with other questions be
cause in his view the stalemate
on major German economic
problems would then be un
breakable. The secrecy which surrounded
today's meeting each of the
ministers took only three aides
made it impossible to tell im
mediately whether any progress
had been made in the direction
Marshall hoped.
Low Bidders on
Detroit Dam
PortramJr"r-, April 1 (U.R)
Col. O. E. Walsh, district engi
neer, announced today that Port
land firms were low bidders on
three proposed construction
projects in Oregon.
The largest project was for
dormitories, mess hall, shops and
utilities for the Detroit dam con
struction camp in Marion coun
ty. The bid was split into two
classifications, one for the elec
trical system alone.
Low bidder for construction
was the J. C. Strudgeon Co. of
Portland at $452,288.08. The low
electrical contract bid was sub
mitted by the W. R. Grasle Co.
of Portland at $5484.
The second largest contract
was for protective works to be
built on the left bank of the Mc
Kenzie river at Conley Place,
two miles north of. Springfield
in Lane county. Low bidder was
R. A. Heintz Co. of Portland at
$69,047.50.
Only one bid was submitted
for construction of a reinforced
concrete observation pavilion at
Bonneville dam, and that was
the bid of the George Isaacson
Co. of Portland for $131,700.10.
All bids were referred to Col.
t Theron D. Weaver, North Pa
cific division engineer, for final
decision.
Wallace Denounces
kiman Policies
fm York, April 1 (P) Hen
ry A. Wallace, former vice pres
ident and cabinet member, told a
cheering audience last night that
"sooner or later Truman's pro
gram of unconditional aid to
Anti-Soviet governments will
unite the world against America
and divide America against her
self." Declaring that "the president
and his republican backers are
less concerned with the need of
the Greek people for food than
with the need of the American
navy for oil," Wallace said that
"the plan to contain communism
is really secondary to that push
for oil."
The Weather
(Released by United States
Weather Bureau)
Forecast for Salem and Vicin
ity: Some clearing during the
night but mostly cloudy Wednes
day with occasional showers. No
marked change In temperature.
Low tonight 45. Winds and show
ers will seriously hamper dusting
though some spraying will be
possible during the day. Maxi
mum yesterday 67. Minimum to
day 44. Mean temperature yes
terday 50, which was 1 above
normal. Total 24-hour precipi
tation to 11:30 ajn. today .13.
Total precipitation for the month
.03, which is .02 inches below
normal. Willamette river height
2.5.
(C apital
58th Year, No. 78 ZZZf.ri&'Z Salem,
King George II
Of Greece Dies:
Paul Succeeds
Athens, April 1 VP) King
George II died unexpectedly to
day of a heart ailment at a criti
cal period in his nation's history.
His -45-year-oia oromer rrince
Paul was called to the throne.
The 56-year-old king had been
complaining recently of pain
from angina pectoris, an ailment
arising from a disease of the
coronarv arteries, former Pre
mier George Fapanareou saia.
Panandreou said the monarch
died at 1:55 p.m. (3:55 a.m., Pa
cific Standard Time.)
Prince Paul was to take the
royal oath at 7:30 p.m. It was
announced that the government
and Paul later would issue mes
sages to the people.
The death of the king came
six months after his return to his
throne from London after a pleb
iscite favoring the monarchy.
Complicates Crisis
He died at a time when the ex
plosive "Greek question" was
being debated in Washington
and in the capitals of the world,
and when his country's bloody
euerrilla warfare was being in
vestigated by a United Nations
commission.
George took over the reins of
Greece in 1922. When his fa
ther, Constantine, abdicated in
1917, George was barred from
the throne because the allies
feared he had pro-German lean
ings. His brother, Alexander,
became king. Alexander died
from the bite of a pet monkey
in 1920, and Constantine return
ed to the throne. But Greece
again was beset by hard times
and Constantine, in 1922. had to
abdicate again. George succeed
ed him. Soon afterward he faced
his first plebiscite, was defeated
and went into exile as Greece
became a republic. His exile
lasted 13 years.
Recalled in 1935
He was recalled by a plebiscite
in 1935 after the royalists staged
a coup d'etat, and reigned but
did not rule. The dictatorship of
John Metaxes was in power.
' The king went into exile again
when Germany invaded his
country in 1941, and he was last
recalled by a plebiscite last Sep
tember. Reports of the king's death
spread quickly but the people
were suspicious at first because
they thought it might be an
April fool s joke.
Split in Ranks
Of Bi-Partisans
Washington, April 1 OT A
split between the co-champions
of bi-partisan foreign policy
Senators Vandenberg (R.,
Mich.), and Connally (D., Tex.)
over terms of the Greek-Turk
ish aid bill appears to be in the
making today.
Vandenberg's proposal to give
the United Nations power to halt
American action in the Mediter
ranean anytime a majority of
the general assembly or seven of
the 11 security council members
see fit, apparently got a cold
reception from Connally.
The Texan, who yielded his
chairmanship of the foreign re
lations committee to Vanden
berg when the republicans took
over congress, declined to com
ment publicly.
But friends forecast that he
would fight the Vandenberg
proposal during a closed-door
committee study, beginning to
day, of legislation to carry out
.president Truman's program to
extend $400,000,000 in financial
and limited military aid to bol
ster Greece and Turkey against
communism.
Lewis' Miners Quit Work for
6 Days Period of Mourning
(By the Associated Press)
John L. Lewis' United Mine Workers quit their soft coal pits
today beginning a six-day stoppage to memorialize the tragic
deaths of 111 Centralia. 111., miners. The 400.000 AFL-UMW
members began the mourning
period at one minute after mid
night starting on the east coast
and extending to the Pacific
through the time zones.
All was quiet in the nation's
anthracite mines, too.
The hard coal mines laid aside
picks and shovels for traditional
April 1 holiday observances cel
ebrating the miners' winning of
the eight-hour day nearly a half
century ago.
But a black shroud hovered
over all proceedings. Memorial
services were the main parts of
mining community programs.
Industry, in the main, seemed
unperturbed, no coal-dependent
firms were expected to curtail
production. Lewis' timing of the
Seek to Wreck
Nation's Public
Power Projects
Washington, April 1 W)
Western representatives said to
day they plan to ask Speaker
Martin (R., Mass.), to intervene
and prevent a reported deep
slash in reclamation and power
project funds for next fiscal
year.
Talking to reporters, house
members from states having re
clamation and power projects
said they want the speaker and
Rep. Halleck (R Ind.), house
majority leader, to force a
change in the recommendations
of the house appropriations sub
committee on the interior de
partment. Not To Be Reopened
Subcommittee members, how
ever, told newsmen the matter
would not be reopened.
Generally all congressmen
discussing the situation asked
not to be identified, but Sena
tors O'Mahoney (D., Wyo.), and
Magnuson (D., Wash.), openly
expressed opposition to the com
mittee action.
O'Mahoney first publicly an
nounced last week that he un
derstood the committee had re
jected any new appropriations
for reclamation work for the
fiscal year starting July 1. This
action, he said, would mean that
no new treasury funds could be
used and that all construction
work would have to be paid for
from the reclamation revolving
fund and unexpended balances
of previous appropriations.
Committee members at first
declined comment but one said
today that, after the decision
was made, Rep. Stockman (R.,
Ore.), informed Chairman Rob
ert F. Jones (R., Ohio), of the
subcommittee and the other
committeemen he would not
agree to Jones' proposal to cut
off all new funds, and reserved
the right to fight the action.
(Concluded on Page 11, Column 7)
Scientists Off
ToSee Eclipse
Washington, April 1 U.R)
Thirteen scientists leave for Bra
zil today to make one of the
most elaborate studies of a so
lar eclipse ever attempted.
A camp to accommodate 80
persons and ten tons of equip
ment are set up in the wilds
of Brazil, near Bocayuva, 400
miles north of Rio De Janeiro.
The eclipse will occur May 20.
At a news conference preced
ing their takeoff by air (11 a.m.
EST) the scientists said studies
of a dozen major scientific prob
lems, such as Einsteins' theory of
relativity and atom fission, are
related to the project.
Col. Millar Young of the army
air force s guided missile section
said the expedition also may
provide information about high
altitude conditions that will be
valuable in developing improved
guided missiles.
The sun's eclipse, not visible in
the United States, will last less
than four minutes.
Cancer Campaign
Launched by Society
New York, April 1 (U.R) The
American Cancer Society laun
ched a month's campaign today
to raise $12,000,000 with the
hope that these dollars would
help medical science find an ef
fective tool against this killcr'of
man.
Every state is organized for
the drive and approximately
175,000 workers will be in the
field, April has been designated
as "cancer control month" by
President Truman.
'holiday" comes in a period
when little coal is brought to the
surface.
Miners traditionally don't
work April 1, and few work on
Holy Thursday or Good Friday.
Saturday normally is a day off
Wednesday, then, is the only day
in which full production is lost.
One of the 31 survivors of the
tragedy, William E. Rowekamp,
said he hoped the holiday "will
call to the attention of the public
the appalling conditions under
which miners work."
And from Washington came
positive Indications that congress
was pushing its probe of mine
conditions under federal operation.
Oregon, Tuesday, April
r--.w V V" .w f. ? f Si's . i
ft tW.'-..
Cologne Demonstrators Get Explanation The Cologne chief of police (left) gestures as he
talks to a group, of German residents who gathered before the town hall to protest a food short
age and the requisitioning of houses for allied families. (AP Wirephoto)
Truman Asks Extension
Of Rent Controls a Year
Washington, April 1 VP) President Truman today asked con
gress to extend rent controls a year beyond the present June 30
expiration date. In a message to the two houses, Mr. Truman said
the nation "is still faced with a critical housing shortage," and that
rental units particularly "are still radically out of balance with
Princess Louise
Of Saxony Dies
Brussels, April 1 () Princess
Louise of Saxony, whose adven
tures caused a stir in European
courts 40 years ago, was buried
quietly in Brussels last week,
where she had lived in retire
ment and relative poverty for
30 years.
A daughter of Ferdinand IV
of Tuscany, and herself an arch
duchess of Austria, she had been
married at the age of 21 to
Prince Frederic of Saxony, heir
to the former kingdom of
Saxony.
A few days before the young
king succeeded his father in
1904, Louise eloped with Andre
Giron, thi Belgian iutor oi l.r
four children.
For a while the couple lived
in Geneva while the divorce pro
ceedings were going on. How
ever, three years later, i,ouisc
caused a new scandal by marry
ing the Italian composer and vio
linist, Enrico Toselli. Four years
later they separated and a son
born of this marriage was left in
the care of the father.
Burglar Alarm
April Fool Joke?
Was it just an April fool joke
on the Salem police? Or did a
burglar alarm system of its own
accord go wrong? Or did some
one really attempt to burglarize
the office of State Treasurer
Leslie M. Scott?
Anyway, at 12:59 a.m. Tues
day the burglar alarm assembly
at city police headquarters sud
denly sounded trouble. The
place treasurer's office at the
State house.
Two officers quickly respond
ed. They contacted the night
watchman in the capitol. He
said he didn't know the alarm
had rung. It hadn't registered
on the automatic panel in his
room.
The officers questioned the
janitor, a Mr. Ritchie, who took
them to the treasurer's office to
check the safe. They found one
of the fool alarms had been
tripped.
Ritchie said he hadn't been
there since 6:15, and if he had
accidently tripped it then it
should have registered instan
taneously at police headquar
ters.
So who tripped the state treas
urer's burglar alarm a minute
before 1 a.m.?
Everything else seemed to be
in order, the police said. But
the alarm system is being check
ed.
Carson Sworn In
On Shipping Board
Washington, April 1 (U.R) Jo
seph Kirtley Carson,' Jr., for
mer mayor of Portland, Ore.,
was sworn in as a member of
the U. S. maritime commission
today.
Supreme Court Justice Wil
liam O. Douglas administered the
oath in a ceremony in the com
mission office.
Presidential Adviser John R.
Steelman, Leslie Biffle, director
of the senate democratic policy
committee, and George Killlon,
treasurer of the democratic na
tional committee attended.
Journal
1, 1947
T demand." The president's mes-
sage went to congress as the
house banking committee voted
tentatively for a 10 percent in
crease in rent ceilings and to
repeal all government controls
over building materials and con
struction. Mr. Truman told congress lie
now has no objection to pend
ing legislation transferring rent
control functions to the housing
expediter, since recent legisla
tion requires the liquidation of
the office of temporary controls
which he originally recommend
ed to administer rent controls.
The president said a survey
in 88 cities by the bureaus of
labor statistics and of the census
during 1946 found vacancies in
rental units "virtually non-ex
istent."
Members reported that the
IioMse bpfiking ffroug, nicotine
UCIIIIIU LIUaUU UUUIS, VUlU lu
4 to allow a 10 percent increase
in rentals, several members
were reported not voting
The bill, in its tentative form,
abolishes provisions in the Pat-
man housing act for building
materials allocations and for re
strictions on commercial con
struction. It also would abolish the of
fice of housing expediter and
give the president authority to
place its remaining functions in
another agency.
The measure retains veterans
preference in rental or purchase
of new houses or apartments,
and also would keep me gov
ernment insurance of mortgages
up to 90 percent of the value of
new homes.
The committee was reported
to have rejected a proposal by
Rep. Monroney (D., Okla.) that
it accept the senate banking
committee's formula for contin
uing rent controls.
House Votes to
Restore Yet Benefits
Washington, April 1 (U.R) The
house today voted to restore
$J5O,0U0,000 for veterans read
justment benefits to a deficiency
appropriation bill. The funds
had been knocked out by the
house appropriations committee.
Action was by voice vote.
Committee Chairman John Ta
bor (R., N. Y.), offered the
amendment to restore the mon
ey. He had led the fight in
committee to reduce the read
justments funds from $873,836,-
000 to $523,836,000.
But Taber told the house that
the committee had been "con
fused" and "deceived" by the
original reasons advanced by
the veterans administration to
support the request for the larg
er amount.
$620,000 Voted for
Klamath Barracks
The joint legislative ways and
means committee today introduc
ed a bill appropriating $620,
000 for the next two years to
operate the Klamath marine bar
racks as a state vocational school.
The committee, reversing its
earlier unanimous oction against
the proposal to take over the
barracks, voted 9 to ,5 yesterday
to acquire the site.
The bill gives title to the 734
acres of property to the state
board of education as soon as the
governor turns the $6,000,000
plant over to the state.
Price Five Cents
38,000 German
Miners Strike
Essen, April 1 (JP) Thirty-
eight thousand miners left their
jobs and paraded in Dortmund,
Hamborn and Duisburg today in
Ruhr demonstrations against
what speakers called the "catas
trophic food shortage.
Britisli officials said all re
turned to their work after the
demonstrations, which were
without incident.
At Dortmund, where 30,000
paraded in the streets, the min
ers adopted a seven-point reso
lution calling for the "immedi
ate building of an effectual Ger
man government and parlia
ment." British coal officials disclosed
that the Ruhr coal output on
Saturday the first day of the
scattered mine strikes fell to
more than 218,000 tons or 20,000
tons below the postwar produc
tion peak of 238,000 tons.
The announcement came on
the eve of a meeting in Bochum
of union mine leaders to decide
whether ..to call a strike of nil
170 Ruhr mines in protestover
food shortages.
Block Vote on
PhoneStrikeBill
Washington, April 1 CP)
Democrats blocked a vote in the
house labor committee today on
a bill to head off Monday's
threatened nationwide telephone
strike.
Chairman Hartley (R-N. J.)
announced the committee will
. .cet again tomorrow, and told
reporters:
"They will either vote the bill
up or down at that time."
Hartley sought a vote today,
but he said some members pro
tested they had not had art op
portunity to sec or study his
measure. The bill would author
ize the government to obtain a
court order to stop a telephone
strike or any other affecting
national health, welfare or in
terest. Hartley called the bill "ur
gent." House leaders, however, re
garded the measure as consider
ably less than urgent. They con
ceded that chances for passage
in the house alone this week
were slim because of plans to
recess tomorrow for an Easter
holiday from all important busi
ness. Congress is bent on tightening
up labor laws to curb strikes,
and he said a walkout of any
kind on a national scale might
lead to a much tougher bill.
Legislators Try to
In Sale of Code
As some members of the state senate and house are shedding
"crocodile" tears over aiding veterans of World War II, they are
reported as refusing to sell their
to them free by the stale unless-
the veterans pay them $45 or
$50 for a set.
At the opening of the session,
Marshall Cornett, president of
the senate, dispatched a personal
letter to all members of the leg
islature, suggesting that at the
end of the session the law books
be turned into his office, after
which he would distribute the
sets to the deans of the various
law schools in the state, for the
benefit of worthy veterans tak
ing law courses.
Only three members of the
legislature have indicated inten
tion to follow this plan, Presi
dent Cornett reported today.
Although some members of
the legislature have arranged to
dispose of their sets to veterans
at modest prices and In some in
stances for free, there are others
State Bureaus
Asked to File
Bills in Advance
Ways and Means Group
Seeks to Shorten Future
Legislative Sessions
By James D. Olson
Weary members of the Joint
ways and means committee de
termined that something must
be done to shorten future ses
sions of the legislature, today
unanimously approved a joint
resolution directing all state de
partments to file all depart
mental bills with the governor's
office not later than five days
before the opening of the legis
lative session.
It was pointed out that one
of the factors in making the 44th
legislative assembly the longest
and most expensive in history
today is the 79th day was in
troduction of state department
bills after the session had pass
ed its 30th day. Some bills
came even later.
The proposed law would make
it mandatory upon departments
to prepare legislation in its final
form, approved by the depart
ment head, and file such propos
ed laws or amendments to laws
with the governor's office before
the legislative assembly con
venes.
It was admitted that in some
emergencies, bills dealing with
departments might be required
after the session has convened
and provision would be made to
care for such legislation by the
rules committees of both houses.
Legislative Action
Late filing of legislation by
state departments us not the
sole reason for the lengthy ses
sion this year. Many of the
committees of both houses have
taken up much time in consider
ing legislation.
As an example the house as
sessment and taxation commit
tee did not receive the sales tax
bill until March 11, the 57th day
of the session, approving it and
sending it to the senate on March
20.
(Concluded on Page 11, Column 8)
Parking Meters
Report Expected
Parking meters will be the
subject of the most interesting
discuusion - at ,tlie city ' council
meeting Wednesday night, with
a report from City Manager J. L
Franzen and his recommendation
whether Salem should buy auto
matic or manual type of meters
At a meeting a week ago Mon
day night sharp feeling devel
oped among council members on
the meter question, with the re
suit that the manager was asked
to investigate and report. Fran
zen decided to make a thorough
sift of the subject, and two days
later started on a trip to Oregon
and Washington cities that have
meters.
Before leaving Salem the man
ager said he was going to inter
view not only city officials, bill
workmen in shops where the mc
ters are repaired. Among angles
studied are whether automatics
or manuals stand up better un
der usage, the comparative cost
of maintenance, and public re
action.
Manager Franzen expects to
arrive in Oregon City late Tucs
day and to return to Salem Wed
nesday morning. The council did
not ask him to report at a defi
nite date, but Mayor Robert L
Elfstrom requested a report
Wednesday night. Franzen said
he believed the investigation
could be made within two weeks
Albany pedestrian Killed
Albany, April 1 W Reecc
Ruckman, 63, Albany, a pedes
trian, was fatally injured early
today when struck by a truck
on the Pacific highway near
here. Patrolman Ed Chamlee
said Edwin G. Anthony, Leb
anon, was driver of the truck.
Gouge Veterans
Acquired Free
sets of the Oregon Code, furnished
who are attempting to gouge the
veterans.
One representative, who ad
mitted that he had two sets of
the Oregon code on his book
shelves at home, said he was
determined to take his set home
before he would sell it for less
than $45.
Another representative dis
posed of his set to a veteran law
student at a low price, only aft
er his daughter had pleaded with
him in behalf of the veteran.
At least one houf"! member is
considering the advisability of
introducing a resolution requir
ing all members of the house to
turn in the law books at the end
of the session, to be distributed
to veteran law students. The sets
cost the state $67.50 a set.
Plan to Initiate
Snell's Forestry
Research Bill
Conservation Fight to
Be Carried to the People
By Oregon Grange
By Paul W. Harvey, Jr.
The Oregon State Grange, in
censed at the legislature's failure
to adopt Governor Earl Snell's
annual forestry conservation and
research program, will carry the
fight to the people by initiating
the plan and have it appear on
the November, 1948, general
election ballot, State Grange
Master Morton Tompkins said
today.
The proposal was passed by
the house but failed when the
senate split evenly on it. The
timber industry objected to fi
nancing the plan by a tax of 10
cents a thousand feet on all tim
ber cut in the state.
A new plan is being worked
out whereby the reforestation
port would be financed by gen
eral bonds, but the people first
would have to amend the con
stitution. The , research part
would be paid by a severance
lax on limber.
Community Tax
The house passed 46 to 13
and sent to the governor the
bill to make Oregon a commun
ity properly stale like all her
neighbors.
The measure would cost the
state about $1,700,000 a year in
state income tax revenues, so
the legislature plans to increase
income tax rates in upper
brackets.
The purpose of the bill is to
save more wealthy Oregon resi
dents $14,000,000 a year in fed
eral taxes by allowing husband
and wife to split their income,
and thus get into lower tax
brackets.
Makes for Tax Equality
The sponsors said it would
give Oregon tax equality with
the other nine community prop
erty stales and consequently en
courage wealthy persons to live
here. But the opponents declar
ed the bill would mess up the in
heritance and divorce laws and
cause endless lawsuiia. Rep.
Martin Gallagher, Ontario, said
the bill would give "benefits to
the upper crust to the detriment
of the lower levels, and be a
haven to the lawyers."
To Ratify Two-Term Bill
The legislature probably will
ratify the amendment to the fed
eral .constitution providing that
no president slall serve a third
term. .'.-'
Governor Earl Snell today re
ceived the official documents
ftom the U.S. state department
showing congress had passed it
and referred it to the states, with
ratification by three-fourths of
the states being necessary. Rep.
Colon R. Eberhard, La Grande,
said he would introduce a reso
lution immediately so the Ore
gon legislature could ratify it at
once. Maine and Michigan al
ready have ratified it.
The senate passed and sent to
the house today a memorial ask
ing that the regional office of
the federal war assets adminis
tration be kept in Portland.
McNary Dam
Contract Let
Portland, Ore., April 1 (U.R)
Col. Theron D. Weaver, North
Pacific division engineer tl the
corps of engineers, today grant
ed authority to award a contract
to the Guy F. Atkinson Co. of
San Francisco for initial con
struction work on the McNary
dam on the Columbia river near
Umalilla, Ore.
The $743,485 contract calls
for excavation for the naviga
tion lock and a portion of the
downstream lock approach, a
highway overpass, an approach
road from the ferry landing site,
and an access road and grading
for a railroad siding.
Atkinson was the low bidder
when bids were opened last Fri
day by Col. O. E. Walsh, Port
land district engineer, and re
ferred to the division office. The
contract will be signed as soon
as the necessary formalities per
mit. Work is expected to gel under
way on or about April 15.
Also approved by Col. Wea
ver was the bid of H. Halvorscn
of Salem, Ore., $119,509, for
dismantling and transporting
four buildings including appur
tenant equipment from the Pen
dleton airbasc to McNary dam
site and rc-crecting three of
them on the Washington side of
the Columbia river and one on
the Oregon side.
FBI Tracks Down
Draft Evaders
Washington, April 1 W The
draft law is dead but the FBI
will go right on tracking down
violators.
FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover
said last night agents will con
tinue to investigate all cases of
willful draft evasion which oc
curred during the life of tha
selective service act.
r