" v HS. vkv,it ai-t i jj4 . jwi
' of n ni,
rrr
EMU
LA
Weather Forecast
Intermittent rain today and to.
night Showers and cooler Friday.
CENTRAL OREGON'S DAILY
NEWSPAPER
Volume LIU
TWO SECTIONS THE BEND BULLETIN, BEND, DESCHUTES COUNTY, OREGON, THURSDAY, FEB. 8, 1945
NO. 55
THE
BETO
Ml A w
W 11 1 II U I
JLJLTO-
? B
Yank Troopers
Start Crossing
Manila River
Tokyo Says Americans
Are Entering Blackened
;,-., iLern Half of Citu
Manila, Feb. 8 tP) American
troops, employing amphibious
tanks, have started crossing the
bridgeless Pasig river into the
burning, Japanese-held southern
half of Manila, enemy broadcasts
reported today, while Japanese re
sistance was eliminated in the
northern half of the city.
Halted temporarily when Japa
nese sappers blew up the last of
the four bridges across the Pasig,
which bisects Manila from east to
west, U. S. forces have effected
a crossing west of Malacanan
Palace, the Japanese reported.
Tokyo radio, quoting a Domei
(Japanese) news agency dispatch,
said Japanese garrison units were
"fiercely attacking" the river
bridgehead.
Air Troopers Approach
While a heavy artillery barrage
poured down on the surviving Jap-
S. 11th airborne division were
cutting their way into the enemy
rear from the south.
(An indication that the Ameri
cans may undertake the re-conquest
of Corregidor, island fort
ress in Manila harbor, was seen
in secretary of war Henry L.
Stimson's announcement in Wash
ington that the harbor soon will
be reopened to U. S. shipping.)
The work of Japanese sappers
Tuesday night nullified the feat
of a daring American naval of
ficer who a few hours earlier
dashed through a hale of gunfire
to remove a spluttering demoli
tion charge from the last bridge
over the Pasig.
Japs Cut Off
Cut off from all supply and
reinforcement, the Japanese still
were fighting back defiantly in
the southern half of the city, bat
tling desperately to hold the 11th
airborne division ana mining sr.
Tl'u
tillery and mortar fire across the
Pasig river into northern Manila.
Some of the enemy shells were
landing in the Santo Tomas uni
versity grounds, where thousands
of liberated American internees
were quartered.
At the same time, Japanese de
molition squads were roving wan
tonly through the southern city,
dynamiting and burning homes
and waterfront installations, even
in the walled city. .
Fires Checked
Most of the fires set by the
enemy in the northern section
were brought under control by
American 37th infantry and first
cavalry division in their street-to-street
cleanup of. that half of the
capital. Quezon city, just east of
Manila proper, also was cleared of
its last suicidal Japanese de
fenses. The 37th and first cavalrv was
massed all along the north bank
of the Pasig, but the wide and
i swift-flowing river was under
ttrtai,,, Annmp ovA it wan ho.
lieved likely that the Japanese
would be able to hold out until
the 11th airborne breaks into
their main positions from the
rear.
Third Brother
Dies in Action
Pfc. Glenn W. Tester. 27. was
kll.ed in infantry action in France
on January 9, the war department
has informed Mrs. Tester, 32
Revere street. Memorial services
will be held for him at the Mis
sionary Baptist church at 3 p. m.
Sunday.
Pfc. Tester came to Bend from
I'jyeu on me- BrooKS-ocamuii
Lumber Company Inc., railroad
until he entered the army in Aug
ust, 1942. He went overseas a
year ago this month and partici
pated in the Anzio beachhead
battle arid the march on Rome.
During the Italian campaign he
was awarded the combat infantry
man's badge, the purple heart and
a good conduct ribbon.
Two of Pfc. Tester's brothers
were killed in action last year.
They were Sgt. Denton Tester and
Pvt. Earl Tester, both of Tennes
see. In addition to his wife, Pfc. Tes
ter is survived by a son, Charles,
one-year old; his mother, Mrs. M.
F. Tester, Telford, Tenn.; two
sisters and three brothers, all of
whom, except Pfc. Frank Tester,
now serving in Panama, reside in
Telford. They are Miss Dorothy
, Tester, Mrs. Guy Engle, Carroll
rmerly employed by the Brooks
Scanlon Lumber Company, Inc.,
here, received a medical discharge
recently after infantry action in
the European theatre.
Tokyo Asserts
Big Fight Due
In Isle Region
(Br Unltal Prtu)
Radio Tokyo said today that the
Japanese will open a counterof
fenslve soon In the Philippines
with the support of their fleet.
The counter-offensive will touch
off "some of the greatest battles
the world has ever known." Tokyo
said, quoting the official Domei
agency.
Though the United States can
afford to lose the battle of Luzon,
Domei said, "it is not so with
Japan." Japan must win If she is
to survive, the agency explained.
If Gen. Tomoyukl Yamashita
plans to retire to southern Luzon,
Domei said, "the imperial Japa
nese navy will not onlv nrniwt
, . , , f
IL. nks.but.als keep him in
operational contact with Japanese
garrisons entrenched in numerous
Jaoanpse-held islands to the
souw.
The broadcast was recorded by
the FCC. . . y
Liquor in Car
Causes Arrests
Reminiscent of the old rum run
ning days, two Washington ship
yard workers were held in the
city jail here today, an expensive
automobile was confiscated, and
Bend police were sorting approxi
mately 90 bottles of costly whisky
found in the car occupied by the
men. Both suspects were held on
suspicion pending the issuance of
a complaint charging importation
of whisky without a permit,
In jail are Jack Fred Gerard,
24, a welder of Kent, Wash., and
Jack R. Leonard, 25,- a ships me
chanic, of Renton, Wash. They
told officers they had purchased
the whisky in California and was
takings it to . their "aged grand
fathers" In Washington. Revela
that the contrabrand whisky was
in the car came following an ar
rest on a speeding charge.
Coupe Sighted
Officers Robert Hourahens,
Fred Painter" and Chester Nord
strom were cruising In a prowl
car shortly before 2 a.m. when
they observed a large coupe trav
eling rapidly north on Hill street.
They followed. As the officers
gained, the other car increased
its speed until forced to the curb
by the police machine.
Officers said that they also
found a .22 calibre rifle and a
.32 calibre revolver in the car. The
automobile was registered to
Leonard, and he claimed that he
had a permit to carry the weap
ons, but he was unable to produce
it, officers reported.
Manila's Harbor
To Be Reopened
Washington, Feb. 8 (IPi Secre
tary of War Henry L. Stimson
fold a press conference today that
Manila harbor soon will be re
opened to American shipping.
This was regarded as a clear
indication that American forces
soon will undertake the re-conquest
of Corregidor, island for
tress in the harbor where Amer
ican and Filipino forces made
their last valiant stand in the
early days of the war.
"With the freeing of Manila, the
government of the Philippine peo
ple will be re-established in its
capital," Stimson said.
"The harbor of Manila will be
reopened and from bases in the
Philippines American planes and
ships will cut Japanese sea routes
to
the East Indies and separate
Japan from the oil, rubber and i
other resources of the Indies and i
Malaya," he said.' .
Washington Believes 'Big 3' Making Real
Progress in Making Plans for Peace Epoch
By Lyle C. Wilson
(United Preta Staff Correspondent)
Washington, Feb. 8 ilP An
nouncement of the "Big Three"
conference raised great hope here
today that the meeting in the
Black sea area is reaching real
agreement on Europe's peacetime
future and the style of Germany's
post-surrender straightjacket.
President Roosevelt, Prime Min
ister Winston Churchill and Pre
mier Josef V. Stalin have agreed
on the strategy 10 insure uer-
mnnv's militarv defeat. Now they
have begun political and economic
talks. These latter are the key to
the future, perhaps the most im-,
pOnani COnverHailUNS III litcmuir mcih w wnc.
ory of any living person. Both Roosevelt and Churchill
The world will pay for any mis-1 are reported planning to speed
takes made on the Black sea j directly home from the confer
shores and benefit from all wisejence to rally public support. Ten
decisions. 1 tatively scheduled side trips ap-
Roosevelt is believed to have parently have been abandoned,
told Churchill and Stalin that the Official announcement that the
United States prefers not to par-1 Roosevelt-Stalin - Churchill meet
ticipate in the ultimate, long-term ! ing was taking place was made
Sale of Herds
Causes Drop
in
Butter Output
Lack of Farm Labor
Also Factor in Lower
Midstato Production
Redmond, Feb. 8 Butter manu
factured at the Central Oregon
Cooperative creamery in Red
mond decreased by 12.8 per cent
last year as compared to 1943,
Marvin Davidson, manager and
treasurer of the concern, stated
yesterday at the annual business
jcoKiuaj ai l 1 1E7 annual uuamcsa
meeting held In Redmond. This,
he said, was due to a decrease in
the number of dairy cows in Cen
tral Oregon where herds have
been sold, and, due to lack of
milkers, the number of cows be
ing milked has been reduced.
The plant manufactured 525,805
pounds of butter last. year.
Additional butterfat payments
totalling $8,425.12 were distributed
yesterday. After payment of in
terest on stock and payments of
butterfat dividends of one cent
per pound a net of $7,542.66 was
transferred to the undistributed
margin account, Davidson stated.
McKenzle Speaker '
Principal speaker at yesterday's
meeting, which convened at 10 a.
m. in the Odom theatre, was Dr.
Fred K. McKenzie, professor of
animal husbandry at Oregon State
college. Dr. McKenzie, recently
engaged in animal husbandry
work in Peru and Chile, showed
technicolor moving pictures of
those lands and explained the
valuable work being accomplished
In furtherance of the "Good
Neighbor" policy In South Ameri
ca. Dr, McKenzie is a new-comer
to Oregon, having worked In Mis
souri and Colorado prior to his
employment in South America.
G. A. Brown, manager of the
Interstate Associated creamery,
Portland, the sales agency for the
Redmond association, outlined the
sales program under wartime reg
ulations. He announced that a
plant, which -will cost $180,000
when ' completed is now " under
construction in Portland and, on
completion, will house' the Inter
state Associated creamery.
Directors Re-elected
Don B. McKenzie, former mana
ger of the Redmond plant and
now manager of the Farmers Co
operative creamery In Payette,
Ida., made a brief speech in which
he complimented the association
on its progress.
Three members of the board of
directors were reelected at a busi
ness meeting presided over by M.
E. Taylor, president. They were
M. E. Taylor, Redmond; P. H.
Spillman, Powell Butte, and C. C.
Vice, also of Powell Butte.
The meeting adjourned at 1 p.
m., following which luncheon was
served to 350 members and
friends in the Townsend hall. In
accordance with a long established
custom, the luncheon, which was
furnished by the Central Oregon
Cooperative creamery, was served
by members of the Redmond
Chamber of commerce.
U. S. Reclamation
Men Confer Here
Conferring on plans for the
completion of the North Unit ir
rigation project, four officials of
the U. S. Bureau of reclamation,
stationed at regional headquart
ers In Boise, Ida., were here today.
They spent the entire day in con
ferences with officials of the Bend
bureau.
In the party were R. J. Newell,
assistant regional director; J. S.
Moore, director of operations and
maintenance; Howard R. Stinson,
regional counsel, and D. G. Tyree,
assistant regional counsel.
policing of Germany. It is under
stood that task is to be assigned
to Great Britain and the Soviet
Union with the possible assist
ance of France. We would par
ticipate directly In post-war occu
pation, but for a limited time only.
Compromises by all three
toward mutual over-all agree
ments generally are expected. As
surances that United States
troops would not be among the
semi-permanent European police
detail could count heavily toward I
winning American acceptance of j
such compromises as the presi-
Drove
Reds Foght f
Flanking Drive
May Cut Road
To Nazi Capital
Frankfurt Isolation Is
Goal of Russians, Says
News From Hitler's City
London, Feb. 8 (IB Moscow
dispatches said today that Rus
sian forces waging a violent battle
of the bridgeheads across the Oder
before Berlin were developing a
flanking drive to cut the Frank
furt-Berlin road and isolate the
key bastion on the west bank of
the river. . .
The German high command
said Marshal Gregor K. Zhukov's
assault troops had established an
unspecified number of footholds
on the west bank of the Oder
along a 35-mile arc facing Berlin,
and supplementary nazl broad
casts reported that the Soviet
bridgeheads had been widened.
Zhukov's armored vanguards
were reported by Moscow to have
rlDDed into the northern ana sua.
urbs of Kuestrln and Into the
eastern fringe of Frankfurt, while
massive infantry formations surg
led up to the Oder and stamped
out virtually all of the German
toeholds on the east bank. .
New Drive Developed
"The' battle for the Soviet
bridgeheads on the west bank of
the Oder raged unabatedly, with
the Russians developing a drive
to cut the Frankfurt-Berlin roaa
and isolate the bastion city,'
United Press correspondent Henry
Shapiro reported from Moscow.
Although the Red army com
mand has not yet confirmed the
reported crossing of the Oder a
little more than 30 miles east of
Berlin, the Moscow dispatch re
oortine the flanking drive, togeth
er with the nazi acknowledgement
of new Soviet gains beyond the
river, indicated that Zhukov had
solidified his crossing sufficiently
to renew his push toward Berlin.
Frankfurt lies on the west oanK
of the Oder 33 miles from the city
limits of Berlin. Sufficient Rus
sian progress for a swing in be
hind this key city would raise the
possibility of an approach wltnin
30 miles or less of the bomb-scarr
ed and refugee-clogged capital.
Battle Is iolcnt
Violent fighting, is in progress
for small enemy bridgeheads
across the Oder between Fuersten-
berg and Kuestrln,'' the nazl com
mand reported. It was Its only
reference to the sector on the
approaches of Berlin.
The Transocean news agency
said Zhukov hurled fresh reserves
Into- the battle before Berlin, and
expanded the bridgeheads be
tween Fuerstenberg, 43 miles
southeast of the capital, and
Kuestrln, 38 miles east of it.
The DNB news agency reported
especially violent fighting in the
western edge of Kuestrln, sug
gesting that the Russians had
overrun most of the town at the
confluence of the Oder and War
the, and might have the river
crossings there within their grasp.
The agency said the Kuestrln gar
rison repulsed all "concentric"
attacks.
simultaneously yesterday in Lon
don, Moscow and Washington.
Berlin already had accurately
broken the news of time and
place.
The announcement said the
three men with their foreign min
isters, chiefs of staff and advisers
probably Harry L. Hopkins for
the president were meeting in
the Black sea area. The big three
have completed their military dis
cussion and the staff chiefs are
working out details for Ger
many's early defeat.
In search of "firm foundations
for a l.-isting peace," the conferees
now have begun the other phase
of their conference,
"These discussions," the com
munique said, "will cover joint
plans for the occupation and con
trol of Germany, the political and
economic problems of liberated
Europe and proposals for the ear
liest possible establishment of a
permanent international organiza
tion to maintain peace."
Looms on
4
wa,1 ' l!i' I y A
'; ' 'ti-U :V'1 W Jrs-Ti
Pvt. Henry Weber (left), 27, former Vancouver, Wash., shipyard foreman and logger, has been sen
tenced to life at hard labor because of his refusal to obey orders of his commanding officer to drill. His
wife and four-year-old son, Wayne, are pictured at their Vancouver home. Weber at first faced death for
his refusal to drill, then today it was announced that the lesser sentence had been Imposed.
Russian Soldiers Carefully
Guard ' Big 3 'at Conference
VioV Area Protected as Churchill, Stalin ,
Xnd RooseveltUoin. il. E(cha, Meetirtr ; ,
Cairo, Feb. 8 (UJ?) President Roosevelt, Prime Minister
Churchill, and Premier Stalin opened their conference Mon
day at a town somewhere in the Black sea area, which earlier
in the war teemed with German troops, it was reported today.
Roosevelt and Churchill reached the rendezvous first, and
worked like beavers while waitihgr for Stalin's arrival some
time bunday afternoon, according to reliable reports here.
Five-star American generals, British field marshals, and
soviet military leaders were believed to have started their
Card Games Here
Regulated By City
Card playing in men's enter
tainment centers in Bend today
had won the official sanction of
the cltv as a result of action taken
last night at a meeting of the city
commission in the city hall. On
motion of Commissioner Loyde S.
Blakley, Mayor A. T. Niebergall
and Commissioner Melvin Mum
kres voted to permit the playing
of pinochle and rummy under cer
tain restrictions.
The games will be licensed, It
was decided, if "hlckles," or tok
ens good for trade at a value of
five cents each, and not exceeding
$1 worth, are employed. Permis
sion to play these two games, held
to be more of an entertulnlng na
ture rather than gambling, was
granted, the commissioners said,
as a means of halting reported
gambling In private Bend resi
dences and outlying places.
Games Hailed
Card games in the entertain
ment centers had been halted by
police about six months ago, after
there was asserted evidence that
a "gambling syndicate" existed In
the city.
Carl A. Johnson, saying that he
represented what he felt was the
attitude of the business men of the
city, urged that card room opera
tion be put on a decent basis.
Mayor Niebergall said that legiti
mate business was suffering, and
that the lack of patronage In
men's entertainment centers was
reflected In a loss to other busi
ness establishments. Johnson ar
gued for a "live yet decent city,"
and promised to head the prosecu
tion of anyone violating "this con
fidence." Several ministers who were
present Joined in expressions that
they were not opposed to "clean
recreation," but were unanimous
in their stand against "anything
that would bring a return of gam
bling." Attending the meeting were
rtovs. a. R. V. Bolster, Kenneth
Tobias, R. H. Prentice and Robert
Mcllvenna; Commissioners Nie
bergall, Blakley anrt Munkres;
Sgt. L. L. Hirtzel of the state po
lice. Police Chief Ken C. Gullck,
Fire Chief LeRoy Fox, City Re
corder George Slmcrvllle, City
Manager C. G. Relter and Earl
(Continued on Page 8)
Sentenced for Refusal to
conferences six days ago as a
prelude to the second meeting
of Roosevelt, Churchill and
Stalin.
Entirely Military
The first phase of the con
ference was entirely military.
Later the diplomats joined in
talks. Some of the greatest mili
tary figures of the war got to
gether and spent long hours In
discussions carried out In a cordial
atmosphere, according to reports.
One of the most striking fea
tures of the conference was said
to be the way the Russians were
taking no chances with the se
curity of the allied leaders. Troops
guarded a wide area surrounding
the scene of the conference, allow
ing none but authorized persons
within the perimeter of security.
fjonierence Held
Roosevelt and Churchill were
reported to have conferred often
while waiting for Stalin's arrival.
They sat at each other's table for
meals.
Most of the soviet conferees ar
rived before Stalin, and were on
hand when the Americans and
British arrived, acting as their
hosts.
"Trailblazers"
NoW in France
With U. S. Seventh Army,
France, Feb. 8 (IP) The American
70th "Trailblazers" Infantry divi
sion now Is serving with the Sev
enth army In France, It was an
nounced today.
. The 70th was activated and
trained at Camp Adair, Ore., and
later at Fort Leonard Wood, Mo.
It arrived In France recently, and
before all of it was on the front
some units were in action against
the attacking Germans last
month.
Heavy Bombers
Strike Germany
London, Feb. 8 IW--An hour
long procession of heavy bombers
swept eastward toward Germany
today to continue the air offensive
against Adolf Hitler's war poten
tial. The daylight air fleet followed
1,300 British bombers which at
tacked western and central Ger
many late yesterday and last
night They struck their heaviest
blows at Kleve and Goch, anchors
of the north end of the Siegfried
line.
West
ft-
Crossings
Drill
Objector GWen
Life Sentence
- Camp'- Roberts, tiallf., Feb.' f
(Ift Pvt. Henry Weber Of Van:
couver, Wash., who says he Is op
posed to war, hate and killing,
today was under sentence of life
Imprisonment at hard labor af
ter a court martial board com,
muted his death penalty for his
refusal to obey an officer's -coifi-mand.
The general court martial,
which returned the verdict yester
day after having been ordered to
reconsider the case, directed at
the same time that Weber be dis
honorably discharged from the
service and that any pay or al
lowances due or becoming due by
roriett.
A reviewing authority will de
termine the place of Imprison
ment. Justice Promised
The socialist labor party, New
York, a left-wing group of which'
Weber Is a member, promised
through Its regional head, Hebert
Stelner, that it would do every
thing possible to "see that he gets
Justice."
"The punishment still doesn't fit
the crime," Stelner said.
He said the party was not paci
fist but opposed the capitalist sys
tem which produces war. Some
of Its members have gone Into
conscientious objectors' camps or
non - combatant groups, Stciner
said.
The American civil liberties
union said lt was opening an in
vestigation into what a spokes
man termed a possible case of "er
roneous induction into combat
service."
Wife Speaks
In Vancouver, Mrs. Weber, the
mother of their three-year-old son,
Wayne, said that although mem
(Continued on Page 4)
Italy May Lose
Under Terms of
Washington, Feb. 8 mi A
congressional source said today
that the Italian armistice terms
call upon Italy to give up all her
colonies, turn over the Mediter
ranean island of Pantellerla to
Great Britain, and possibly cede
the Adriatic port of Trieste to
Yugoslavia.
The armistice terms, signed on
Sept. 3, 1943, have never been
made public despite considerable
agitation in this country and In
Italy. The White House, state de
partment and war department
have repeatedly declined to do so
on grounds of military security.
The controversy over the Italian
armistice terms Is based on charg
es that they are too harsh, and
Ilnllun sources have felt that Is
why the allies never have made
mem puonc. i no armistice terms
signed with axis satellites Fin-
ana, Bulgaria, Komama ana Hun-1
gary were made public lmmedl
ately. Italy was a full-Hedged axis
member.
The congressional source said
that the terms were so harsh that
Front
Fliers Strike
At Nazis on
Dutch Salient
Jittery Germans Light
Skies With Flares as
Allies Press Forward
Paris, Feb, 8 HP) More than
1,000 allied medium and fighter
bombers struck through murky
weather today at German posi
tions directly in front of Marshal
Sir Bernard L. Montgomery's
Dutch salient aimed around the
Siegfried line toward the open
plain or northwest Germany.
- supreme nnauquurtera suurces
and front dispatches revealed
many signs that the northern
wing of the western front was
boiling up. Nazi broadcasts dwelt
on allied plans for an imminent
offensive and one forecast an air-
'. borne operation on the scale of
that against Holland last fall.
' Stronghold Captured
Amid indications of imminent
big scale action, Lt. Gen. Courtney
H. Hodges' First army captured
the Siegfried stronghold of
Schmidt and pushed on nearly a
mile through easing resistance to
the area of the key dam in the
Roer rivers flood control system.
From Montgomery's 21st army
group area a front dispatch said
American and British bombers
flew through clouds and occasion
al drizzles al day to hammer Ger
man communications and troop
concentrations In the area east of
Nljmegen, anchors-base "or "the
east wall of the salient in Holland.
At supreme headquarters cor
respondents were able to report
that the bombing the scope and
weight of which was revealed
only by the front dispatch was
dangerously close to the allies
lines a tactical operation carried
out despite unfavorable weather.
Mares Light Sky
SHAEF sources also revealed
that the Germans, apparently on
edge, kept the Nljmegen salient
aglow last night with flares In
large numbers, presumably to re
veal any allied activity.
Hodges' headquarters announc
ed that units of the 78th division
slugged to the edge of the State
forest a mile and a half north of
the Schwammenauel dam, one of
a scries along the upper Roer that
may. hold the key to the start of a
general allied offensive forecast
by the Germans.
A handful of Germans held out
In the cellars of Schmidt, key to
the dam system and two and a
half miles northwest of Schwam
menauel. But the doughboys had
overrun the town Itself for the
second time In three months.
The mounting clamor of Ger
man forecasts that allied armies
were ready to strike for the
Rhineland and the Ruhr from the
broad area around Aachen was
accompanied by reminders that
control of the Ruhr dams was
essential to any drive across the
river.
The dams, backing up a com
bined mass of 160,000,000 tons of
water, would release an 18-foot
wail of Water down the Roer val
ley, cutting off any allied troops
who had pressed across the last
natural barrier before the Cologne
plain.
Its Colonies
Armistice
Italian Premier Ivanoe Bonaml
sent President Roosevelt a 100
page letter last September listing
specific grievances.
"The armistice terms for Italy
could have been no stronger had
they been for Germany," the con
gressional source told the United
Press. "The only saving clause
was one that provided for amend
ment of final peace terms in ac-
mrrlnnn, ulth lha ovtant Tt n 1 . r
fought against the axis."
This source, however, claimed
that such a promise of relaxed
terms was Ineffective because the
armistice terms limited the Italian
army to 11,000 men and over
looked the contribution of 300,000
Italian partisans fighting behind
axis lines.
The economic parts of the armi-
j stice, tnis source said, are so
j harsh that Italy could not fulfill
tnem in many years. They led
Bonomi to appeal for easing of the
financial terms on Jan. 31, assert
ing that Italy "cannot bear up
under the massive weight" of the
financial burden.