i
EIGHT PAGES.
DAILY EAST 02XX30JTCAN, PENDLETON, OREGON. TUESDAY, JULY 5, H10.
PACK THRO
FIRE BLIGHT OF
Text of llnllctlii by II. fi. Jackson of tlio Oregon Arieultnriil Oillrge)
it nd Experiment Station.
Fire Blight Is the most serious of
all tho diseases which attack tho pear
and apple. It la a contagious disease
f bacterial origin which, under prop
er conditions, may attack any part
of the tree, besides the pear and ap
ple, the quince, wild crab-apple, haw
tkorn, mountain ash, serviceberry
ad some other pomaceous trees are
subject to attacks of this disease.
Ciiiiha of Die ntariifle.
Klre might Is caused by a minute
organism belonging to the group of
bacteria and known technically as
Bacillus amylovorus. It Is a rod
shaped, motile germ which divides
very rapidly by simple fission and
Is found In Immense numbers In the
diseased tissue. The germs are bo
minute that they measure only about
1-25,000 of an Inch 'In length and are
visible only under the highest magni
fication of the compound microscope.
Proofs of the Ilnoterlnl Nature of the
Disease.
Myriads of germs are present In all
freshly blighted portions of the tree
and In the stick ooze from exuding
cankers. Pure cultures of the or
ganism may be obtained from diseas
ed tissue and cultivated for genera
tion after generation on suitable cul
ture medio. Healthy tissue Inoculated
with germs from a pure culture will
become characteristically diseased.
The germs are found In abundance In
the tissues so Inoculated and when,
grown in pure culture and compared
with germs from naturally Infected
tissue, and with those used to pro
duce the artificial infection, are found
to be Identical.
Part of the Tree Affected.
The germ lives almost entirely In
the sappy portion of the bark, though
In some vigorous-growing varieties of
pearg the germs have been known to
Invade the sap wood to a limited ex
tent. When Inoculated into the grow
ing tips of branches, Into the blossom
or the fruit, the germs are found gen
erally throughout the tissues.
Distribution.
Fire Blight occurs in more or less
severity In nearly all parts of tl.e
United States where pears and apples
are grown. It was first reported in
the Hudson Itlver valley, N. T., about
1792 and was doubtless Indigenous In
the eastern United States. The dis
ease has gradually spread westward
as the country became settled and ac
cording to Walte became known In
California about 1895-1897. Accord
ing to the same author It has been
known In British Columbia for almost
the same period. It is probable that
the dlsense has progressed westward
along two rather distinct routes one
north Into Idaho Washington and
British Columbia, the other south In
to California,
In Oregon Fire Blight has appear
ed In two general localities one In
the southwestern part of the state,
Including the Rogue River valley, the
other in the northeastern part. The
former region has doubtless become
Infested by the spread of the disease
north from California, wh le the east
ern part of the state has been Infect
ed through Idaho or Washington
along the northern route.
Life Cycle of the Dllglit Organism.
Beginning In the spring the first
apparent damage produced by the
disease In an infected orchard is the
blighting of the blossoms. Infection
tlon la brought about by Insects, prin
cipally bees, which have visited a case
of hold-over blight and become cov
ered with the organisms contained In
the sticky exudation, inoculating the
flowers In their search for nectar The
organisms divide and multiply In the
nectar and are able to enter the living
tissues through the unprotected nec
taries. Having entered the tissues
they quickly blight the blossoms, pass
down the blossom stem and into the
fruit spur, killing the tissues and
cutting off the leaves from water sup
ply causing them to shrivel and dry,
thus producing "fruit spur blight."
Tho latter occurs several weeks after
blossom Infection. In very serious
Why Have an Overheated
Kitchen in Summer?
When the sultry days come and the coal range
makes the kitchen almost unbearable and cooking a
dreaded task, put out the range fire and try the
newest method of cooking in hot weather use a
Oil Cook-stove
What a contrast! The kitchen no longer is
stifling hot, the work is now done with comfort, and
the housewife is not worn out with the heat.
FT-W:?S'0'
Clillloiunr Nat: B tan '
vnu set this stove e
that the name-plate
raids New Perfection."
w vnu sex inn nuvt b
ft
Standard Oil Company
(Incorporated)
APPLE AND PEAR
cases nearly all the fruit spurs may
be blighted in this way and the trees
set no fruit. Usually the germs die
out and no not grow Into the twig or
branch on which the spur occurs but
occasionally the germs may continue
Into the bark of the branch at the
base of tho fruit spur and form a
typical canker. Fruit spurs on the
larger branches are a fruitful source
of body Infection and many cases of
blight canker originate in this way.
Blight cankers may also originate
through infection taking place at the
tip of young actively growing branch
es, particularly If these be water
sprouts on the larger branches, or
trunks or through Infection gaining a
foothold In wounds of any kind. Such
cankers on the larger limbs and trunk
may retain active germs over tho dor
mant season and form the so-called
"hold-over" cankers which doubtless
afford tho only source of Infection for
the blossoms in the spring.
Appearance of the Disease.
The name "Fire Blight" is given to
this disease because of the character
istic appearance of pear foliage on
twigs or branches which have been
killed by the blight organisms. The
leaves turn black as though scorched
by fire and frequently remain on the
tree during the following winter. It
should be noted that this color of the
foliage is characteristic of the pear
when it has been killed during the
growing season. If a grower not fa
miliar with the pear blight desires to
know how the "twig blight" looks let
him girdle a twig In mid-summer and
watch tho results. The foliage of
the fruit spurs, killed by the blight,
has much the same appearance as
that of the twigs. On the apple tho
foliage of twig and fruit spur blight
turns brown and dry.
The rankers are also quite charac
teristic but arc very variable in ap
pearance,, dependent on the age of
the branch attacked and upon the
condition of the tree. The disease
progresses most rapidly In the fleshy
outer layer of the bark and at first
produces a watery appearance in the
affected area. Later the tissues of
thu bark are more or less broken down
and the cankers become dark in col
or and slightly sunken and are filled
with a gummy substance which In ac
tive canker exudes This exudate Is
at first sticky and contains myriads
of live germs. It Is attractive to In
sects which visit such cankers In
great abundance and become covered
with the organisms. If after becom
ing Infected in this way they visit the
blossoms for nectar they Inoculate the
blossom with the germs which find
an easy access to the tissues of the
blossom through the nectaries.
Besides the hllght cankers found
on the limbs and trunks one frequent
ly finds In some varieties of pears
and Spltzenberg apples a larger can
ker at the surface on the ground ex
tending up on the trunk for some
distance and down the large roots.
Thin condition is called "collar rot,"
and may result from a blight canker
appearing on the trunk and running
down into the collar, or may result
from Infection taking place through
twig blight running down water
sprouts which come off at or near
the surface of the ground. Wounds
made by borers or gnawing animals
may furnish the point of infection.
A foot rot may bo caused by tho or
ganisms gaining entrance to the bark
of roots through infection in the tips
of water sprouts which come off
some distance from the tree. This
condition Is common in some varieties
of pears.
A pear tree when badly cankered is
easily recognized at a distance in the
early ntitumn by the general reddish
cast to the foliage. When the foliage
of only a part of the tree is reddish
It Indicates that a largo canker has
wholly or partly girdled one of the
largo branches. If the foliage of the
whole tree Is equally affected we
should look for a canker at the col
lar or roots, it should be mentioned,
She saves her strength, keeps
her health and is better able to
enjoy the summer.
The New Perfection doe3 everything
that any other stove can do all the fam
ily cooking, baking, washing and iron
ing. No smoke, no dust, no odor. Heat
is applied directly and not wasted. A
turn, and the flame is out.
' The New Perfection stove has a
Cabinet Top with shelf for keeping
plates and food hot, drop shelves for
the coffee pot or saucepans, and nickeled
towel racks.
It has long; turquoisc-blue ennmel
chimney. The nickel finish, with the
bright blue of the chimneys, makes the
stove very attractive and invites clean
liness. Made with 1, 2 and 3 burners;
the 2 and 3 burner stoves can be had
with or without Cabinet.
Ewydcalfr wrywhrtr; If not at yonrt. writ for
IVuortpllr Clirnlar lo the Beared aneuoj of Uw
however, that any disorder of the root
I system, whether due to pear blight
j'or some fungus or physiological dls
I ease will have a similar effect on the
foliage. Whetzel has pointed out that
i when the apple is badly cankered,
either on tho larger limbs pr trunk
' the foliage is pale green or grey, more
I or less dwarfed and curled, a condr-
tlon which has been called by grow
ers "mouse ear."
The pear and apple tree are cover
ed by a protective layer of tissue, the
cuticle, through which th blight or
ganisms cannot enter, except the nec
taries and stigmas in the blossoms
and actively growing tips of branch
es. Therefore except In cases of
blossom Infection and some cases of
twig blight the germs can enter only
through wounds which expose the
sappy portion of the bark. Wounds
may he caused In various ways
punctures of Insects, birds (sap suck
ers), gnawing of animals, barking or
otherwise wounding by careless farm
hands In cultivation, prunnlng or pick
ing. Oerms may also enter through
growth cracks.
Mfttlioit of Spreading the Piweaw.
The Fire Blight germs are natural
ly disseminated chiefly by insects at
blossoming time as described above.
Insects may also carry the germs to
wounds on the branches or trunk. It
Is probable that a portion of the in
fection of the twigs resulting In twig
blight may be brought about by Insect
punctures. The feet of birds may be
come Infected with blight germs and
the disease thus carried long distances.
Sap suckers may "tap" an active
canker and carry the germs to unin
fected trees. Typical cases of body
blight have been traced by Walte to
this sort of Infection. Rain may wash
the germs from the ooze of active cank
ers to wounds, Insect punctures or
growth cracks lower down on the
branches or trunk of the same tree.
One of the most fruitful sources of
Infection has been by the pruning
shears or -saw. In pruning, if an ac
tive canker Is cut Into, the tools be
come infected and serve as Inoculat
ing Instruments to spread the disease
throughout the orchard.
Infection may spread very rapidly
from one district to another along
highways where seedling apples and
pears are allowed to grow unmolest
ed. Seedling trees springing from
fruit cores thrown from car windows
mnke of the great overland railroads
a natural and easy road over which
Fire Rlight may travel for long dis
tances through unsettled regions. This
Is one of the possible ways that the
most favored valleys, naturally Iso-
lated by mountain barriers, may be-1
rnme infected, j
Condition Favoring the Wswimj
The disease is more prevalent In (
orchards which are rapidly growing
and In a succulent condition due to
naturally rich soil, abundant cultiva
tion or application of nitrogenous fer
tilizers. Heavy winter pruning has
a tendency to stimulate rapid and
succulent growth and renders the tree
more subject to the attacks of the
.ii-li . : Km. 1,1 V. n .Antnil
DUKOl irriuatm.i i
to the
minimum in Infested or-
chards.
Method of Control.
The only known method of con
trolling Fire Plight is to cut out all
caes of hold-over cankers wherever
they appear.- Spraying with fungi
cides Is of only supplementary value
and the various "blight cures" are
worse than useless and It Is a waste
of time and money to apply them.
Experience has shown that It Is of
little permanent value to attempt to
cut out the fruit spur and twig blight
as they appear. Unless these forms
of the disease extend into the branch
es on which they occur and a canker
Is formed the disease usually becomes
naturally limited and the germs grad
ually die, due to drying out of the
canker so that at the beginning of the
dormant season very few such cases
show live germs present.
The efforts of the grower should he
directed to cutting out all cases of
blight canker and body canker dur
ing tho fall, winter and early spring
when the cankers have become more
or less limited in their growth and are
not actively spreading.
Slimmer culling Intelligently ap
plied Is frequently of great value par
ticularly whore there is only a little
blight. In the autumn before the
leaves fall Is a good time to do tho
cutting as all cases of twig blight are
easily ohserved and the condition of,
the foliage as already described, of
fers a convenient method of determin
ing the presence of cases of root rot
or collar rot and obscure cases of
blight canker on body or lower limbs.
Every orchardlst In an infected dis
trict should examine all pear and ap
ple trees at the time suggested and
cut out all diseased portions. The
trees should be particularly examined
for cases of the collar rot. It Is this
form of the disease that causes many
trees to bo killed outright.
In infected regions It has been
found practical by tho most success
ful owners of commercial orchards to
keep one or more men in the orchard
during the summer nnd fall whose sole
duty it is to locate and cut out all
cases of blight canker as soon as they
appear. This work of Inspection and
eradication can very profitably be
carried on during the summer and
early autumn but the best time to do
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fm
the work is In the late fall, winter
and early spring, for reasons already
g'ven. If an orchard Is gone over
carefully by trained inspectors two
or three times nnd all cases of this
so. called "holdover" blight he cut
I hero will be no source of infection in
the spring and consequently no blos
som blight.
A final and very thorough inspec
tion of orchards should be made In
the early spring before the blossoms
open so as to detect and remove aiy
cankers which may have been missed
In the earlier inspections. This is one
f the most important Inspections
that should be given.
The matter of eradication Is com
plicated, however, by the fact that
Insects may carry the disease con
siderable distances, and even though
one grower may eliminate hold-over
blight from his own orchard he may
lose a large part of his crop by blos
som blight and have his orchard re-
infested by Insects carrying the blight
germs from hold-over cankers In a
less careful neighbor's orchard. Ap
ple and pear trees In town and city
lots are seldom cared for In an up
todati; manner and In Infected fruit
districts become a very serious men
ace to commercial orchards In the vi
cinity. Huh to Cut Out Ilk; Disease.
Where cankers occur on small
limbs or are so extenslxe as to nearly
girdle the limbs on which they occur
the wholL. limb or branch should be
removed. In cutting off such a limb
it is important that one get well be
low the area of Infection. For safety,
the cut should be made at least a
foot below apparent infection s'nee
in actively growing cankers the dis
coloration of the bark is frequently
so slight as to beeasily overlooked.
Where cankers occur on the larger
limbs and trunks, if not too extensive,
the limb or tree may frequently be
saved by carefully shaving off the dis
eased bark of the cankers to the cap
wood. Here again one should cut well
beyond the point of infection, espe
cially above and below the canker
since the germs spread most rapidly
up and down from the point of infec
tion. In the pear at the beginning of the
dormant period the diseased bark or
hold-over cankers has a characteristic
reddish tinge and with a little experi
ence one can tell how far Infection
has occurred. ' In actively growing
cankers in spring and summer It Is
frequently very difficult to determine
the extent of the Infection vertically
as there may be very little discolora
tion. Ill Prp'vS it is usually more
difficult to determine the extent oft
Infection than In pears. (
In cuttine into the cankers it is
,.nvf.nient to U)!e a gouge such as is
used by carpenters. This Is especially
valuable where cankers occur in
crotches of limbs. It has the special
advantage of making a clean cut that
cm be easily sterilized.
Sanitary Measures.
In cutting out the cankers it is ne
cessary that the tools be kept moist
rtlo'nfBOf.-int tf this
is
not done when cutting out an ac
tive canker each cut will reinocuiate
the germs into the bark at the edges
of the canker and the labor may thus
be useless.
Corrosive sublimate in a solution
of one part to one thousand of wa
ter lias been found to be the most
satisfactory disinfectant. It is .con
venient to buy this from the drug
gist in tablet form The solution is a
violent poison and should be so
marked and carefully guarded. It
should be kept in a glass bottle as It
will corrode metal containers.
It is convenient to carry a sponge or
cloth which is kept moist with the
disinfectant and used to wipe off the
tools after each cut. After the pro
cess of cutting out a canker Is com
pleted sufficient time should be al
lowed for the canker to dry out
thoroughly when the surface should
be caiefullv disinfected, and then
painted over with white lead paint.
The wound should be kept painted
with a coat of paint till healed over
by the formation of callus.
When cutting out twig blight or
when pruning out badly diseased
limbs the same precaution should be
taken nnd the pruning tools sterilized
after each cut. All pruned branches
should be immediately taken from the
orchard' and burned. This Is espe
cially important If cutting Is done in
summer.
In Infested districts sterilization of
all tools after each cut during reg
ular summer or winter pruning should
be made a regular practice since it
might happen that a hold-over cank
er be cut into and the tools become
infected and the disease thus spread
throughout an orchard.
Supplementary Methods of Control.
Spraying with lime-sulphur solu
tion winter strength after the final
spring inspection and Just before the
buds open has been suggested by
Waite as an aid In preventing the
spread of Fire Blight. An applica
tion at that time would cover over
any cases of holdover canker and
serve to disinfect the sticky ooze as
well as render It less attractive to In
sects. Waite's method of pruning the
pear in vase form makes the best
type of tree in which to fight the pear
bl'ght. Fruit spurs should be kept
off the larger branches and under no
condition should water sprouts be al
lowed to form on the trunk or from
the roots. These when occurring on
branches or trunks should be cut off
flush with the wood. A convenient
tool for this purpose is the carpenter's
gouge. Should w-ater sprouts spring
up from the roots they should be cut j
off below the ground. i
It is a good practice In Infested dis- i
tricts to remove all "weed" trees of
the Pome family which occur along I
roadsides or in the vicinity of com-
mercial orchards as such trees are
veritable nurseries for the blight
Practicability of Controlling lire
Rllglit.
Fire Blight has proven so wide
spread and destructive and has ruin
ed so many pear and apple orchards
in various sections of the country that
many persons have the erroneous Idea
that It can not profitably be controll
ed. In recent years It has been prov
en conclusively that where all the
pear and apple grfowers In an Infected
district work together, the control of
Fir? Hllght Is not only practicable
but ceases to be a serious problem. The
difficulty comes in getting ail the
growers to Inspect their orchards and
cut out the disease faithfully each
year. There are always disinterested
persons, and in Oregon at least, there
are still some general farmers scat
tered through the fruit districts who
own family orchards. It is difficult
to make such men realize their re
sponsibility In regard to Fire Blight.
The town and city lot orchardist Is in
the same class. Efficient county fruit
Inspection can do a great deal toward
persuading, and If necessary forcing,
such persons to either keep the dis
ease under control ln their orchards
or cut down the Infested trees. Pub
lic sentiment must be aroused before
the county fruit inspector can do ef
ficient work. The greatest good
comes In educating the people con
cerned, first to a relalzation of the
danger of Fire Blight and then to the
methods by which the disease may be
kept under control. This work has
been under the immediate direction of
P. J. O'Bara, assistant pathologist In
the department of agriculture.
Through a system of county fruit in
spection coupled with efficient edu
cation in regard to Fire Blight, pub
lic sentiment has been aroused and
the people work together In controll
ing the disease.
It should be emphasized however,
that the Fire Blight Is a state and not
a local problem. The disease is
spreading and In time will without
doubt occur in all parts of the state.
It depends on the people whether or
not it will be held under control.
Complete eradication is not to be ex
pected. Note It is proposed to Issue from
time to time circular bulletins dealing
with crop pest problems. This cir
cular Is the first of the series.
The department of entomology and
plant pathology will be glad to answer
inquiries relating to insect pests or
plant diseases at any time. Always
include with your injulries as full a
description of the trouble as possible
and send specimens for examination.
Address Department of Entomol
ogy and Plant Pathology. Oregon Ag- j
rlcultural College, Corvallls. Oregon. I
IS
STUNG BY SCORPION
.
PROMPT TREATMENT
PREVENTS SERIOl'S RESUITS
Mrs, Pete Slierldan Stung by Rep
tile Echo Rebekahs Visit Hermls
ton Many go to StanfleUl to Cele
brate.' (Special Correspondence.)
Echo, Ore., July 4. Mrs. Pete
Sheridan of lower Butter creek, had
the misfortune of being stung by a
scorpion last Friday, but prompt at
tention and treatment prevented any
serious results. The scorpion is rare-
ly seen but it has been known that
there are a few to be found in a part
of this section.
Mr. and Mrs. Joe Bailey, Mr. and
Mrs. C. R. Bonney, Mesdames Scholl,
Reeves, Malcolm and Miss Laura
Bonney all members of the Henrietta
Rebekah lodge of this place went
down to Hermlston Friday evening
last and assisted in the installation of
the officers of the lodge of that place.
They spent a very pleasant evening
and returned home on the motor next
morning.
Miss Maybell Lamoert and Miss
Agnes Donahue k-ft on Saturday eve
ning for La Grande where they will '
! visit for a few days. I
Mrs. Sarah Thompson of Prineville, :
Is here visiting with Mrs. Frank j
Spinning. i
W. A. Jones, returned Sunday mor-
ning from Portland where he has
been the past week on business. j
The Misses Nona and Vina Houser
are visiting in Pilot Rock, having '
gone up on Saturday. !
Mrs. Snrah Thompson of Prineville I
Oregon, is here visiting with Mr. and
Mrs. j. frank Spinning.
Asa Thomson and family have re-
j ll - y"-- . i
Sm
VJ km TIB
eft
m
The Standard of typewriter manufacture,
typewriter selling and typewriter work
has been elevated by the advent and
development of the UNDERWOOD
"The Machine You
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INCORPORATED
68 Sixth Street - - Portland, Oregon
CLEANSES THE SYSTEM
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BEST FOR MEN, WOMEtl
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TO GET ITS BENEFICIAL?
EFFECTS -ALWAYS BUT
THE GENUINE.
MAXOIACIUBEl) BY ThX
1 fit
ma mm
SOLD BY ALL LEADING DRUGGIST?
One size only. Regular pbice 5Ca Bonst
turned from their trip to Mexico. They
report some very warm weath.se
when they left for home.
Mrs. Job. Bailey left here Saturday
evening for Pendleton where she mat
a party of friends and went on ta
Baker City by automobile.
Jerome George of Worcester, Mas
arrived here this morning on a visit
to his cousin F. F. George. Me.
George was here two years ago an4
spent his vacation, and could not fr
get the west. So we see him again.
Mrs. Ben Smith of Hermlston,
the guest of Mrs. M. C. Norman. :
terday.
Mrs. J. E. Taylor made a short bus
iness trip to Pendleton this morning.
itate of Ohio, City of Toledo. Loess Cdav
ty. w.
Frank J. Chen ft makes oath that k ftp
Dior partner of tbt firm of F. J. Cla-
ney at Co.. dolna- boslaess In the Cttr
Toledo. County sad Htato aforesaid, '
mat Hid firm will oar the ion of ONB
HUNDRED DOLLARS for each and tvmrf
ease of Catarrh teat cannot be core
the nae of Ball's Catarrh Care.
FRANC 1. CBtiNIT.
Swora to before ne tad nbserlbed ft
my presence, tbbj 6th day of December. aU
D. 1886.
A. W. ULBABON.
(Seal Notary Pnbtfc
Hall's Catarrh Core Is taken lntenta.ni
and acts directly on the blood and moeosa
surfaces of the system. Bead for Iwtli
lals free.
P. i. CHENEY CO.. Toledo. Ol
Bold by all Drnndita. 7Be.
Take Hall's Family Pills for
Horn.
ENLARGE WAREHOUSE
ON THE SNAKE IUTKB.
Lewiston Idaho. The Interior
Warehouse has begun the work of re
modeling the big warehouse on t
Snake river waterfront which it re
cently purchased.
The first work will be to excavate
the ground on the lower deck in sr
der to make the size of the first deck
the same as the Snake river aventM
floor which is known as the npr
t. T-l . I FA .
f IT." "lrutlure 19 "'
. 250 feet in size and so soon as tb
warehouse portion Is completed th9
plans will be perfected for building
an additional 50 feet for the elevsbsr
and building in which will be SB
stalled the mix, cleaning and fe4
mill plant.
A Frightful Wreck
of train, automobile or buggy mjr
cause cuts, bruises, abrasions, sprain
or wounds that demand Buckleaftf
Arnica Salve earth's greatest heahtT
Quick relief and prompt cure re
suits. For burns, boils, sores of aM
kinds, eczema, chapped hands anC
,,ps' sore e'es or corTls' u's sup""-
t,urest P"e cure. 25c at Tallman Jk
Co-
. Austrian Alpinist's Tragic Fate.
Vienna. An Austrian Alpinist
lamed Wolfgang, while climbing; tal
the Tyrol, was carried down a1 steep
mountain by an avalanche and hurle
into a pine tree. His feet caught hi
the branches and he waa unable t
free himself. His dead body weal
found hanging there.
Men'a oxfords cheap at A. Eklund".
Underwood
Standard
Tvnm?iritorc
Will Eventually Buy1'