WILLAMETTE FARMER: SALEM, OREGON, MAY 7. ISM,
I'l
i
WBmmm
iiauod erery Week by the
W TfcilMS OF HUBSCIMTIOM.
Onjer,(ro.tAKepald),lndvnco .W
IU monthi, (Poitaae paid), In adTanco.. l.
LM than ill montht will be, per month 86
ADVER318INO IUTE3 1
AdTertlaemenU will bo Inierted, providing tn ere
MpecUble, at the following Uble of rate, t
One Inch of ipac. ner month,.. "
mi .t.u . nj. mnntlt
KJ1IOT lUCIlf ui 'vw ,w .- IRftO
inruuwiuuju1 . n iy
On eolamnpet month ;, .,"
Sample copies ent free on appllcaUon.
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THIS PAPER te-Jiw
vniiTimwo (ONTIUCT8 Mr ff lUIIIVi
uny Ijo liiuila for It In !" '""
8PBIN0 CAMS OF ORCHARD.
If your trees are just set out from tho
nursery you must watch their growth
and pinch oir tho buds you do not want;
also pinch ofr tho ends of thoso sprouts
that aio too vigorous to lot the others
grow equally well. Only n llttlo enro is
needed and work dono in tho right
place at tho right timo to make trees
assume tho best i08siblo shapo. This
means that tho limhn shall bo balanced
by equal growth on all flidos, no central
limbs allowed, no limbs crossing each
othor and tho center opon rather than
tho contrary. Ono important matter is
to havo tho branches como out equally
at about four foot and lot, if possible, a
control stem stand and branches depend
from it, if possible. Tho experienced
pruncr will havo his orchard shapod
beautifully and will not permit 1i!h caro
ful work to bo undono by ncnroloss
ploughman. Too often trees arc destroy
ed by ltfing niultllatod whoro th.o single
trees or tho harrow havo struck them. If
tho careless man would tio up tho bruis
ed place, by binding a Htrip of cloth
around tho part injured, tho harm will
bo remedied. Last year wo did this and
wheu wo took ofT the bondages hut fall,
it was healed entirely. It loft exposed
to sun and air tlwro will bo u dead placo
on tho tree, and hoou may he" ft dead tree
instead of a livu one.
If you kco any tree londod with an
unreasonable quantity of young fruit, it is
often truo that tho tree 5h injured some
whoro on tho body. A wounded tree
will put all ilH strength into unnatural
production and often dios in tho cH'ort
II is cnnnrnllv tho case, that instead of
failing to produce a wounded prune tree
will havo ton times too much fruit not
on it. Last yoar wo noticed n golden
drop plum to bo heavily loaded when
going into its fourth year. Whon tho
fruit was not fnllygrown.it prematurely
ripened and tho tree died, all liccnuso it
waH overloaded. Trees that bear too
much ono year, usually fail to bear
the next. This is ruinoiiH to tho
tho troos and to their o.vnor. If he would
oecuro n fair crop regularly, year by
year, ho can secure it by thinning oil'
tho fruit wheu too plenty. Overhoaring
injurcH tho quality make tho tree pro
duce all it ought of good size and it will
havo good llnvor also.
Wo havo given lioio wiine itcniH that
are pertinent to tho spring tfenson. To
prune well and to thin oil over abun
dant growth of fruit, are very important
matteis for the oreluirdist. Iloeau iiml
plcnrmro and real enjoyment in hi work
if ho will study horticulture ondohjorvo
carefully for himself. Tho man who
works with intelligence makes money
and has satisfaction. Wo havo repeatedly
mentioned tho success of Judge Grim in
selling his apples. Ho owns boveral
farms and reserves the fruit when he
rents them. His reputation in such that
his apples bring him in ahandtiome pro-'
lit, whathevor the exjH'rienco of others
maybe.
We havo hever.il times mentioned the
Hon Davis apple as a lato keeper and as
popular Kant, but Mr. Settleniiio says
while it is good looking and keeps well,
in tlavor it is only a poor r-eeond quality
of fruit. Tho Oregon winter apple ho
bays is the Yellow Newtown Tippin. If
well caved for it keeps l.ite and i in all
rcpivts number one.
How to take the best eaie of fruit trees
is a question that demands attention.
For ten years we have plowed tho sur
face not over live inches deep, and per
haps less. This loop the bin face clear.
During the spring wo gave two plowing
and harro'ingb, using the spring tooth
harrow the last of Juno or lint of July
as a finish. This keeps the surface cool
and aerated, keeps out weeds, and keeps
down sprouts. We lmvo the trees care
fully dug around by tho mlddlo of May
and plow towards them, having first
plowed from them. To put mi orchard
down to clover may do if clover takes
well and other grasses and growths keep
clear; but there is usuully more othor
grass than clovor. Last year we could
not plow all the old orchard us the
weather made llio Roil loo dry. Thn
part thnt was not plowed stood thick to
tlio wild bluo grass that has lately takon
in this valley and wo cut it for hay
though it had boon plowed as clean as
possihlo the previous year. This pi ova-
lenco of nnlivo grasses and weed makes
it expedient to plow shallow and stir
tho flurfaco enough to keep down inch
growths.
THE LABOR QUESTION.
Tho Knights of Labor and other So
cictics aro spreading strikes and de
manding eight hours for a days work,
and everywhere, from Maine to Florida,
from tho Atlantic to tho Pacific, tho in
fluence of the tabor agitation is felt.
This may work temporary and local in
jury but muflt result in good. It appears
that owing to inventions and labor sav
ing machinery thoro is not work for over
three-quarters tho laboring pcoplo of tho
United States. Another reason is that
women takopart now in avocations they
formerly know nothing of. Tho world
ia in an entirely different condition now
from ton or oven fivo yoara ago, and
theso strikes mean that labor is shaping
matters for a permanent understanding.
If there is too much labor unemployed
tho only way to fix matters is to divide
what work i to bo dono among thoso
who want work. Tho surest way to
sec uro this is to call eight hours a days
work, by which means ono hundred and
twonty-fivo men find work now whoro
ono hundred did before. This makes
tho eight hour law a good thing. How
much pay n man shall get for eight
hours work is another question, and one
that will scttlo itHclf in a natural way.
Tho Knights of Labor seem to havo
acted injudiciously and thrown away a
great opportunity. It was hardly possi
bio that mon in that lino of life should
possess experienco nuillclcnt to work
wisely all tho time. We must condemn
their faults and let thorn try ngiiin. If
thoy can really grapple with tho great
question at issue and hccuio for labor its
just rights then tho f ut uro of our nation
is assured to bo prosperous and happy.
Labor must not degencrato and must
ndvaneo towards higher aims, truer ed
ucation, better life and greater privileges.
1'lace the laborer under such legal
guarantee as will nrhltrato his caso fairly
and ho can ask no more. Somo aro
afraid labor will wreck all industries.
Wo do not fear any serious harm for
labor will soon learn tho fundamental
and axiomatic truth that more cannot
bo got out of anything than thoro is in
it. When that is learned tho question
is answered. Tho manufacturer will
soon learn that his situation is pleasant
est when ho pays his hands modcrato
wages and then associates them with
himself as participating in u share of
tho net proceeds; already many enter
prises aro conducted on that basis and
it works well. The working force feels
a pride in such participation that is
honorable and justifiable and cannot bo
realized by tho man who merely works
for his days wages.
ELECTION NOTES.
Sinco tho Registry law is pronounced
unconstitutional tho people wonder
whethor tho Supremo Judges havo Iwon
hypercritical and followed thn lettor of
the law at tho exponso of truo principles.
Other States have election law similar
to tho ono laid aside and the question
is Why can Now York havo Mich a law
and not Oregon? J udgo Thayer dift'orred
from the majority of tho Court and
thought the registry feature was legal
and right. However, knowing where
tho fault lies tho next Legislature may
avoid th unconstitutional features and
get up a law that can stand.
Hy the timo wo shall go to press both
sides (or all sides, counting I'rohibitiou
as number three) will havo State tickets
in tho field and the political battle will
have begun. Whichever ticket wins
will give us a good Supreme Judge.
When the Republican comention met a
strong opHsithn w as dovolood to Judge
Waldo and much was b.iid against him ;
prediction were made of his defeat and
when ho was nominated by a huge
ote it was said money would be spout
to beat him and that Portland piecincts
would organize against him. That may
have been mere say-bo. A candidate for
Supremo Judge who has a six years
re;ord to point to cannot lo defeated,
localise his decisions do not please a few
wire pullers at Portland, if tho people,
of the country are informed of tho situ
ation. We havo no use for partisan
politics on tho Supreme bench. Tho
State needs a good judge, not one who
seeks the office, but ono who can hon
estly, ably and fearlessly fill it. Judgo
Waldo ia not a partisan, nor aQ office
sookor.
Tho Prohibition party w 11 Uke a
hand in politics this yoar and may in
directly produco important results. It
is thought Temperance men will count
n thousand on tho vote for State officers
and by bo voting may weaken the party
most of them como from. We shall scol
Pcoplo aro not so .narrow-minded as
usual this spring. It is an off year with
no Sonator to elect until January, 1889.
Many will vote mixed tickets. Some
who very bitterly opposo Senator Mitch
oil would prefer to soo his and their
party defeated in a few straight heats
than sec his iower perpetuated. Thoro
aro many who Hay tho way to beat a
corrupt politician is to defeat tho party
ho controls and so defeat his farther
aspirations. Political "bossism" must
bo put down to socuro tho reign of tho
pcoplo. This will prove to bo ono of
tho years whon wo shall seo political in
dopendonco noro or less.
It is about timo that tho party bosses
found out that American voters cannot
be used liko "dumb, driven cattlo" but
must be treated liko reasoning beings.
Too often somebody " puts up " tho
primaries. This also slmpas tho county
convention. Wo aro frequently mora
numb and dumb instruments in tho
hands of the manager. So let us voto
undcrstandingly or not voto at all.
THE COAST COUNTIES OF OREOON.
A L'cntlcmnn lately arrived from
Kansas tells us ho was much intorcstcd,
before ho came, in reading a description
of tho coast counties and is disappointed
ut finding that tho coast lino is almost
inccccsslblo from this part of Oregon.
Tho timo is not distant when railroads
will cross tho coast mountains by various
routes to connect tho control system of
railroads with tho best porta on tho
coast. A littlo wayBouth of tho Colum
bia is Tillamook. Then comes Xostucca.
thou Grando Rondo Pass thou Silotzs,
Alsea, Yaquina, Siuslaw, I'mpqua,
Coos, Coquillo, Port OrfordJCIlensburg,!
and Chotcs. All this coast lino possesses i
groat advantages for various purposes
and is only thirty-flvo to fifty milos from
tho main valleys now densely occupied.
It is not very difficult to build across
tho coast rango and sometime a lino of
road will run up and down tho coast nnd
havo its connections with valloy towns.
That will bring all thn wost slope of tlio
coast rango into near and close con
nections with tho rest of Oregon and
will develop unexampled resources that
ought not to lay idlo a single hour.
Tho actual scopoof country availablo
for agriculture, along tho coast, is not
largo, but takou in connection with tho
soveral other inducements for settlement
it will bo well worth tho improving.
Thoro is good land around tho various
bays and along tho rivers that put into
tho sea Tho farther south you go tho
more open land is found in tho moun
tains, afibrding excellent rango for stock
and much good farming land. Tho
climnto ovor thoro is directly affected by
the ocean winds and currents and is
more mild in winter and less warm in
wintor cvon, than here. Rut that region
of three hundred inilos of longitudo
possesses resources that aro unfailing
and timo will mako productive of
millions. Tho great forests of fir, spruce,
and cedar themselves constituto a source
of generous wealth nnd ovory year tho
world has uioro uso for them. There is
coal underlaying tho whole length of
Oregon's coast, and not only that, copper,
lead and iron, boaldes native ores of
silvor gold and cinnabar aro found near
if not ovor tho coast side of the ranges.
Tho beach for hundreds of miles is rich
with Hour gold, so thnt between agri
culture and stock-raising, gold mining,
lumbering and working coal veins, as
well as copper, lead and iron, tho coast
is beyond rivalry as a wealth producer.
Tho southern coast i especially rich
and valuable in forests nnd ores, and
possesses more scopo of farming and
grazing lands. Curry county has a de
lightful climate and n growing popu
lation, but people cannot get to and
from tho interior and all its business is
done coast wise, usually with California
Tillamook has n direct commerce with
Portland, n small steamor runs in and
out there, taking their dairy pioducts in
a few hours to tlio metropolis of Oregon.
Yaquina is looming up and has n com
merce of considerable importance that
is caused by tho Oregon Pacific raiho.nl.
Tho success of this enterprise shows what
wo can expect of tho coast region when
ever it is brought into direct connection
with this and other valleys. A railroad
between Rosoburg nnd Coos Ray is talk
ed of and will como in time. Oregon is
far from finished yet, even this valley
will some day bo much more highly de
veloped, Tlio coast counties mako slow
growth, but sure, and wo aro certain to
becomo in a few years seats of important
enterprise. Their development cannot
bo rapid so loug as immigration from
East of tho Rocky Mountains remain as
slow as it it now.
fyc Jujiarjie
BEE NOTES TOR MAY.
11Y I.. Y. CHASE.
Races of Bees Continued.
Ill considering tho subject of boo
culture tho object of theso papers is the
general diffusion of knowlcdgo of api
culture chiefly for the benefit of begin
ners, and also to placo upon record tho
results of individual experionco. For
this purposo a regular plan has been laid
out, subjects to be considered in their
proper order of timo and placo, this will
require the whole season. It will not do
to cntor into discussion with anyone, for
this will occupy space that can bo more
profitably used for other purposes and
will direct our attention from tho regu
lar course intended. By this, there is
no wish to undervalue tho labors of
others who have worked in tho same
field; all prsiso to them for their c (Torts!
and particularly thoso in Oregon who
havo dono so well, friend Hrooks among
tho rest, ho will plcaso accept thanks for
his kind words. This timo however we
will step asido it littlo from tho course
to notico his criticism in tho last issue
of tho Farmer of tho paper on Races of
Decs. Ho lias triod Kalians and thinks
for honoy producers they do not excel
Blacks. That is a singular oxporience,
and docs not coincido with that of ninil;
tenths of tho best and most successful
bee keepers. However when ho states
that his ecullar location may explain
tho reason, ho is probably correct. One
reason why Italians excel Blacks is that
thoy brood up earlier in tho spring, nnd
consequently get to work earlier upon
the spring bloom. Last spring my Ita
lians had fifty pounds of honey in the
hives, before tho Blacks wore strong
enough to do anything. Now if thoy
aro placed where tho fruit bloom is lato
or scarce, or wliero tlio llora is oi an
,, . ,.,,. , .. ,-., ., tho
. . . , , , ., ... - T
can well understand why Rlacks, who
build up later in tho season, should do
.. . . ... .,...,
hotter in such a locality in certain
seasons. Now in considering this case,
wo must bear in mind several things.
Italians bees are creatures of cultivation,
and liko all othor finely bred stock do
best in cultivated fields. Pino blooded
horses, Durham or any of tho othor fine
breeds of cattlo, Merino sheop, or Jlork
shiro hogs do not thrive bo well in a wild
mountainous country allowed to grub
for themselves, in in cultivated fields.
If in n fow exceptional cases common
stock docs best, it docs not follow that it
always does so, and should bo adopted to
tho exclusion of improved blood.
Italian bees do host whon fed upon an
abundunco of tamo ilowors prominent
among which and superior to all, aro tho
dillercnt varieties of clover, aayielders
of honey both as to quality and quanti
ty. Cultivation in tho Willamotto valley
has in many localities almost exterminat
ed tho lobelia and other wild flowers,
nnd its whole surfaco, in season is whito
with clover bloom, and it is hero that
besido Italians, Rlack bees show their in
feriority us honoy gathers. Wo raisod
side by sido last year twenty-fivocolonies,
of each variety all wore treated exactly
nlikc, and tho honoy yield of Italians was
uioro than twico that of tho Blacks. Ono
colony of tho former producing two hun
dred pounds of clover honoy one-third
box, tho remainder oxtrnctcd doubled
itself and we have to add, that two weeks
ago we removed twenty pounds mora of
comb honey from tho samo hive. I
know of ninny othors in tho valloy who
think as well offiuo bec3,somoof whom
will not allow Rlacks n placo in their
yards. We are glad to hear Mr. Brooks
report of his splendid yield of honoy last
year. Wo have been rattier difiidont
about publishing statements of what are
the possibilities of beo keeping under
scientific management, for fear our
readers would not gio us credence for
this reason all tho truth has not been
told, for instance, it is a fact that last
yoar fiom ten swarms we increased to
fifty and had a yield of more than ono
thousand pounds of honey about two
thirds extracted, and now in our hives
are not less than seven or eight hundred
more pounds of honey in combs, this is
surplus over what was needed for winter
stores, this we propose to removo and
utilize as feed for neucli this spring,
Rut the most gratifying thing is that
lato last season after people had u good
tnste of our honey wo sold all wo had at
about three cents per pound for extracted
and fivo cents per pound for box honey,
more than any other offered in our mar
kets. Our extracted uotted us about
eleven cents, and box twenty cenU
that is, late in tho season when con
sumers learned what whito clover honey
was. Rut anothor point, our friend fail
ed in his report to tell us how much he
had to feed winter before last. Rumor
has it that it was several tons of Cali
fornia honey, was rumor wrong as often
times? -Now wo are free to say that wo
also fod, and result was a loss of twenty
colonics out of twenty-five, all of tho de
funct being Rlacks, wo had fivo Italians
they stood the racket all right.
Does not this go to show that tho
finer blood is hardior and stands
tho winter better ? Now wo do not
consider that feeding in our case
was noccssary. AVo were simply badly
"cottoned" had used tho honoy extractor
too freely tho previous summer. Our
own opinion is that tho misfortunes of
tho mountaineers was not only tho re
sult of having noarly all Blacks, but also
that their big simplicity hives did not
sufficiently protect their occupants from
execssiyo dampnoss ; and this serves as
it reminder, that a beo friond who lives
in Yamhill, has requested an article up
on foul brood, which ho says is prevalent
in that section of country. From per
sonal exporienco wo know nothing about
cithor foul biood, or mouldy combs,
novor having had tho slightest appear
ance of cithor, in our yard or thoso of
our friends. It is our opinion that tho
remedy for both, will bo found to bo
hives just largo enough to hold tho
cluster, and winter stores, only onough.
Honoy attracts and retains moisture,
making tho hive damp and absorbs heat
which tho bocs need. Over them should
bo nn absorbent covoring to keep them
warm and dry during winter. To socuro
tills result, tho simplicity ldvof is to largo
requiring unhandy division boards too
much room being also tho cause of
spring dwindling.
There is much in tho strain of Italians.
We havo stock from three sources, viz
ono imported, ono from California, and
another from Ohio, ono of tho far famed
dollar queens. Somo pooplo call any beo
that has ono, two, or three yellow bands
Italian. We find that prico is a fair
test of quality, usually, and ii may be
Inid down as truo of bocs as anything
else, tint a low prico means poor stock.
If wo dotormino to havo nothing hut the'
best, wo must pay a higher price t r it.
Care in breeding, careful selection of
tho best, mean more work, more timo
exponded consequently moro money to
pay for it. Wo havo novor yet beon nblo
to get a llr-t class queen that cost less
than fivo dollars, but when tried alio has
always proved satisfactory in ovory way.
Choap stock is always a voxatiou of
spirit and unprofitable Tho progeny of
my dollar quoon is of Itytlo more valuo
than Rlacks us honoy gathorcn, and aro
worse in disposition; thoy ovidently aro
not pure stock though thoy show three
yellow bands. Tho stock from my host
queen is a pleasure to own nnd bo proud
of and in tho future wo will bred .from no
other. Last summer our bees worked
freely on tho red clover in tho latter
part of tho summer, wo carefully watch
ed thorn, and know about it, Ono thing
must how-over bo remembered about tho
habits of bees, when soveral kinds of
honey producing plants are in bloom at
onco thoy do not work on nil alike, but
select thoso that thoy liko host and work
on it exclusively discarding tho rest, and
tho tubes of rod being so dcop it is
more difficult for them to reach tho
honoy so that oven Italinns only work
frooly on it whon tho supply from othor
and oasiersources is limited orexhausted.
JOHN KNIGHT.
Blacksmithing and Horse
shoeing. TTAV1S0 Ol'EXED AT MY NEW QUARTEU3.
XJL ""C. SOO CoimnercUl itrret, 1 am prepared to
do all kind ol repairing. All olj patroni art Invited
to cull and 1 will :1 o their uork my twit care and
attention. J 1 Hnke n Specially or ilorar.
Hboelng, mylil
ft Vtv .' mim mi tutttttmitinii! i nt.ij,
"iavvy nnnJ..,..i ni. nS
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t.:!f.iiurrcii.ii..iu.. :
vcv T;--- rr-ris
5 rojcr)N.YcfRcr' ' !jj
I! VRcco (saicfoguejl
p FARM, DAIRY AKDMIIL MACHINERY,!!
5s VEXIXOX.ES, ;
jj Hitu'e; Twine. Scltlcg, OIU, and -f K
;j r UaoMno Cupplloi ot all klcda.
NOS COS SIO, 3i:M:i4 front strut, :
Sf PORTLAND, OREGON. I
su'iuiut wu'tuumjiui
rniiiirtiiimni.rtSJi
CHEMEKETE HOTEL I
DuItOIS BROS.. Proprietors.
SALEM. . . OREGON.
Ghm:ual .stake oificc fto couu to
and (rum the houae, &. Sample ltom
fur Cuuiuierelal Traveler.
FOR SALE.
Farm In Howell Prairie.
A
Coatainiaff ISO
Acre.
-XE UUKDBKD ADD TWENTY-FIVE oi
bkh
F U under olow: the balance bi Umber wl.h
dw.Ulnf, amok, and milk hoaae; a tew temporarr
barn: ronnlojr water the iar around. Apply on the
prcraUetto (JeeStT; JAUG kori'
,.-"
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EJ. Y-ft,