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ifOL. XVIII.
IREGON PIONEER HISTORY.
SKICHE8 OP EARLY DAYS. ---MEM AND
TIMES lit THE F0RTIE3.
11Y 8. A CLARKE.
!') right Applied for. Atl rljliti merred
I number xi.
1,-181'J Alox ltoss published "Advon
tunjsf tho First Sottlors of tho Oregon
on olumbia ltivcr," that ondod with
thovcrthrow of tho Pacific Fur Com
paiTlo which ho belonged.
r claims to havo "spout forty-four
ycnjfof his life without singlo day's
intcmission in Indian territories of
Noli America ; tho first liftccn in tho
regitts of Columbia, that fnrthct of tho
far orthwest." His work is valuablo in
tlmvW light on tho Indian question
curl jn tills contury, as it gives many
paroulnrs of tho tribos of tho wltolo
rogin from tho Itocky mountninfl to
tho'aoino ocean, showing their num.
bortiiabits, character and disposition.
All leso points aro touched on, as well
as tblinncr lifo of tho fur companies,
nndlio varigatod and uncertain material
in tb)r employ.
JWtoss was ono of thoso wlio wont
froirtho Facifio Fur Company to its
aucctsor and rival, and gives n history
of itfcarccr until it, in turn, was consol
idatdlwith nnothcr rival, tho Hudson's
I3ay Jompany. Itoss did not ndnilro tho
waysaf tho now company, and delights
to tol how tho egotism of its all-suiflicl-cnt
lotlors was f requontly taken down
by thlmisfortunoa invited by bad man
ngomflt. Tho "Northwostors" tried ' to
impnvo on tho previous management,
but ruornbly failed, and .oro obliged
to fob'w in tho ways of thoir predeces
sors. Tlitfur huntore had not succeeded in
conciitlng tho savages, and tho menin
thoir employ continually fonionted
trouba and invited danger. They fto
qucnty sont out largo companies, moao
up of, ho moat heligonnus nmtoritl;
unrul
nH thioving and mutinous oftn,
and
ivithal as careless as possible
in seeding proporty commiited totluir
care. I
As qon as tho Northwesters had o
cured ho Astor equipment, thoy fitted
out a Ainpnny to go to tho compwiys
hcadqiartors and carry back tho impor
tant rjws. Kietli and Stuart wot in
comnnhd of only twenty inou. 'Jjiey
mado Icht of caution given as to ensu
ing tho. Cascades und Dalles portties
with a pw mon; intimating thin tloso
unruly Indians would take no liberies
when tLoy found they hud Northwetiers
to deal with. Whou transporting tjoir
baggago and supplies over tho Casiftdo
portago tho Indians, who were thou in
great numbers, rushed in on them Wicn
thoy were scattered on tho road, and
pounced on all their valuablo effects A
sharp battlo ensued ; Stuart was wiun
ded with three iron-barbed arrows. Tho
Indians brandished thoir lances and
bows and arrows, and owing to tho wot
weather, tho whites wore unablo to anko
their flint-lock guns work woll. They
returned to Astoria or rather tOiFort
Georgo, for they had changed thopamo
to suit their nationality minus; thoir
guns in port, as well a8 tho good) they
wero taking to up-country station and
many effects of value. Tho Indi,n who
shot Stuart had boon killed art this
fact raado tho savages moro illpatured
than ovor. A year before Astofs com
pany had sent six men, under ir. Itoid,
to hunt in tho Snako country' and it
was learned that this wholo jirty had
been murdered. An attompt o hunt in
tho Willamette valley had bow frustrat
ed by tho Indians, and Tho lilies port
ago was beset by tho most impujent bands
in tho whole region, so tho "forth west
ers'' were put on thoir mettle. Itovonge
and retribution was dotermiiJd on, and
a war party was equipped tojunish tho
Cascades' offenders. For a leek war's
alarms wero sounded at FortSoorgoand
tho clang of arms filled the place Be-
SALEM,
sides guns, swords and pistols, thoy rig
ged two great cannon, six swivels, pro
cured cutlasses, hand-granados and
handcuff'), and with ten days' provision,
cighty-fivo picked men set fourth on tho
21Uh of January, 1811. There wero ton
vessels with flags flying and all tho men
were full of expected victory. Tho tribes
along tho river wero torror-stricken, and
tho two Chinook interpreters couldn't
sleep for grieving over tho distinction
about to visit their Cascndo friends.
Tho third day thoy cast anchor at an
island near the foot of tho rapids, called
Strawberry island, and the Indians wero
summoned to givo an account of their
doings. The Northwesters assumed 11
commanding nir and lordly tone. It
was necessary to show theso marauders
that thoy had not any longer tho easy
going mon of tho Astor typo to deal with
them.
In nuswer to tho demand to instantly
deliver up all the stolen property tho
Cascndo chiof cooly set up a counter
charge. Thoy wore as all Indians are
diplomatic in n romarkablo dogrco
and it was a mortifying matter with tho
whites that tho savages wore not in tho
least intimidated by their formidable
armament and magnificent array. War's
magnificently stern array was ovcry day
business to tlioin and witii their point
and fcathors on thoy had no occasion to
bo second fiddlo to anybody, bo thoy ecnt
back this answer: "Tho whites havo
killed two of our people, and when they
send us tho murderers wo will sond them
thoir property." Thon thoy sont their
wives arid childrcrrto tho thick woods
and arming thomsolvcs took iwsition for
battlo. M'Tuvish, tho lender, sent to in
vito thorn to smnku and talk, but thoir
their answer was mill, "When you pay
us for the two men killod wo will smoke,
and not before." So wont ono day. An
other day came and tho interpreter
went to hound them again. Thoy sont
somo cottcn cloth that had boon nil torn
to tatters and paid j "Tnko your prop
erty and givo us tho murderers." In tho
owning two chiofs brought somo moro
rubbish and mado plausiblo statements
ns to their own loyalty to tho white.
Tho third day tho intorprotors were told
that if thoy camo again and did not bring
tho murderers they would bo fired on.
The fourth day they discouwrod that
in tho night tho Indians had como into
their camp and had stolen guns, kettle
and clothing. Thoy beenmo insolent
and whooped and yelled aa if thoy were
intending to attack. Tho navagos wore
all this timo under shelter und tho whites
oxposed. The interpreters said tho In
dians wero rccoiving constant reinforco
monts nnd nftor fivo days of inglorious
palaver tho'glorious Northwestora actu
ally backed down and carried thoir for
midablo armament homo, with nobody
hurt nnd no goods rccovorcd. Actually
the Indians had added insult to injury.
If tho whites had kept tho chiefs ns
hostages they would havo recovered thoir
goods and could havo mado poaco on
their own terms.
Tho foregoing illustrates tho difficul
ties that nttonded manngoment of tho
Indians and shows that the Cascades
and Dalles always hnd importance, and
their owners demanded tributo of tho
world then as much ns thoso who con
trol transportation havo dono since white
men havo possessed tho country. Tho
natural thing for all who control thoso
passes will bo to mako tho world recog
nizo that their monopoly is a valuablo
franchise.
Inauguration.
This fiuo bred trotting stallion will re
turn to Salem, after an absenco of a
year in British Columbia, and mako tho
season of 188G,at Oanes Fishers' stables,
Salem, Oregon, commencing March 20.
This horso is too woll known to need
any further description at our hand.
Thoso persons desiring to breed should
call early as his book is now nearly full.
fVintractH can bo mado with Dr. JeiTrev.
I V. S., at Minto's livery stable. tf
OREGON, FRIDAY,
MR, J. B. KNAPP'B ADDRESS.
Delivered boforo tho Northern Pacific Dairy
Association at Portland.
To tho officers nnd members of tho
Northwest Coast Dairy Association :
A year hnving passed sinco this Asso
ciation was formed nnd commenced its
efforts for dairy reform. It might bo
opportune at this timo to enquire : what
hnvo wo accomplished? Has any good
resulted to ourselves or to tho Stato?
Wero wo to contrast tho condition of
this market for dairy products ono yenr
ngo with its condition at tho present
timo it would afford a pretty air
answer to tho enquiry.
Ono yenr ago our commission houses
wero overloaded with Oregon butter of
so poor a quality, it had littloor no com
mercial value. Tho hotter brands wore
neglected nnd tho preference givon to
California importations nnd bogus pro
ducts. Wlint is tho prcsont condition?
Thorn is now no surplus in sight; good
brands of Oregon butter command n
premium ovor tho best importations
from California and bogus butter through
tho pcrsorving offorts of our Dairy Com
missioner has gono from our sight, nnd
wo trust baa gono to stay. It bogim
products havo any frionds in this com
munity thoy lny low nnd keep vory
quiet. Fricos aro now better than ono
year ago and tho outlook for tho future
of tho coason moro encouraging. En
quiry among commission houses nnd
dcnlers dovclop tho ndmittod fnot that
there has bcon n mnrked improvement.
Dairymen hnvo bcon .iraprosscdthnt
thoy must improvo or quit tho business.
Farmers who keep only n few cows nnd
do thoir dairying in tho kitchen after
tho most primitivo methods and sell tho
product to tho nearest country store
hnvo found during tho ynar that it no
longer had any commorcinl value ; their
product was worthless in n commercial
sense; nnd tho nocossity of making
somo chango has bcon forced upon
thorn, nnd ns n consequonco wo hnvo
this result; croamcrio-i aro being started
at control ohus where tho milk of
several hundred cows can boconcontrnt
ed. Thoso will be under tho manage
nionlof skilled dniryinou nnd tho pro
duet will rank from tho start tin first
olass ami tho small farmer of a few cows
who has heretofore not realized ten
dollars profit porcowfor thoscason may
now under such system rcalizo from
thirty to perhaps fifty dollars per cow.
In many looaltics of this State and tho
adjoining Territory this matter of start
ing creameries is being talked up ; in
formation on the subject is being sought
nnd obtained nnd plans mnturod, and
tho result will bo in tho near future tho
starting of creameries in nil parts of tho
Stato nnd Territory.
So I think wo claim, without vainty,
to havo mado somo improvomout; a fair
beginning. Hut wo havo only just begun
to improvo ; tho field for improvement
boforo us is a broad one. Wo uoed to
improve our pastures nnd mondows ; to
improve our dairy stock, to improvo our
manner of feeding und sheltering them
nnd caring for thorn. In short in every
part of tho dairy there is still room
for improvement. We must commenco
a syntcm of improving our dairy stock
and continuo it until one cow shall pro
duce moro in ono yoar than two cows
do now. We must improvo our methods
of feeding und producing focd until ono
aero shall produco moro feed than four
or fivo ncrcsdo now. Such improvement
cannot bo accomplished in a month or a
year, but is the rosult of pursueing nn
intelligent system for a sories of years.
We need nlso a moro intelligent system
of markotiug dairy pioducts. To ac
complish theso improvements wo must
havo associated effort. Such is tho ol
joct of our Association. Single handed
and alono very little will bo accomplish
ed. Association arouics our ambition
and begets a spirit of emulation. Every
dairyman and every farmer has a direct
interest in this business and ought to
"r'XT-iTv ww "wriww-
APRIL 2, 1886.
oin us and lond n helping hand in this
work of dairy reform. So far wo havo
held our meetings quarterly, I think wo
should meet monthly and at each meet
ing select subjects of general interest in
the dairy for discussion at the next
meeting. Wo then hnvo a definilo ob
ject in view for tho meeting nnd mout
hers como prepared for nu intorchnngo
of idoas on tho question proposed.
Tho past year has been ono of unusual
depression in tho dairy business through
out tho United States: tho principal
causo for which, in addition to hard
times generally, is tho manufacture of
bogus products coloring nnd flavoring
so ns nlmost to deeeivo nn expert, put
ting it upon tho market ns genuine
bultor nnd selling at a price that
gonuino butler cannot bo produced for
nnd leavo nny mnrgin for profit. To
such nn extent has tho manufacture of
imitation butter been carried that it has
threatened to paralyze legitmato dairy
ing. It is tho most gigantic swindle
oven perpetrated upon tho American
people Our foreign trade in dairy pro
ducts has Jieon sadly crippled by tho
introduction of skim cheese nnd imi
tation button So rapidly havo theso
spurious products increased in volumo
that it has created n gcnotal alarm
among dniryinou throughout tho dairy
States and around them to tho nccossity
of combatting it nnd contracting this
ovil. Many of tho Stntes hnvo passed
stringent enactmouts for tho protection
of tho dairy.
A National Dairy Association lias bcon
formod for tho purposo of securing
national legislation. This Nutional
Association has appointed a committco
in every Stnto of tho Union toco-operato
with thorn in securing such legislation.
Tho subject has been introduced into tho
present Congress, but is likoly to bo
cnrrieil over to the noxt Congress. It is
ono of tho most important questions tc
I'omo before tho next Congress. It is
high timo wo wore making tho pre
paration to meet it. Tho dairy industry
of the United .States imolvcs an invets
meut of capital groator than almost nny
other industry in tho country. Tho sixty
millions of our population have a direct
iutorcst in this question, either as pro
ducers or consumers of dn'ry products.
Very few dairymen even lomprohond
tho magnitudo of this huine or hnvo
clear ideas us to the Ixni iu..niwr of
combatting this bogus bushier. Kvery
Stato in tho Union ought to rend 0110 01
more dniryinou as loprcrontutivcs to tho
noxt Congress, men who comprehond
tho necessities of tho situation and who
will work faithfully to defend and pro
tect the iiitcrrxts of this groat industry
us well us all other interests pertaining
to agriculture. Wo nppcal to you dairy
men and farmors throughout the Stale
to enroll yoursolvos with us nnd bo ready
to assist us in this business. We shall
not call on you for pecuniary assistance
but may call nn you to circulate petitions
and exact pledges of thoso who may go
to represent us that thoy will earnestly
nnd faithfully do so on this question.
Tho sossion of prcsont Congress is more
thnn half gone. Important questions
now boforo it und political questions
arising will occupy its attention till tho
clow, and tho great interests of tho
farmer will bo neglected nnd carried
over, Perhaps it is well for our cause
that it is to. It gives us timo to prepare
for tho contest: to comnare notes, to dis
cuss methods of procoeduroj to formulate
plans nnd arrange our forces. This
woik of preparation must be done by
dairymen. If we don't do it, it will only
bo half dono or neglected entirely. IIciko
I tuv each State should send one or more
dairymen as representatives to tho next
Congress. Already the political parties
of tins State are preparing for the coming
election which is likely to take place
boforo our next tegular quarterly meet
ing, Tho enactments of our lant State
Legislature in favor of tho dairy interest
has preventod bogus factorcs becoming
established hi our inidot; and tho un
ceasing vigilance of our dairy Com
missioner bus prevented the importation
of bogus products. Now, dairymen, you
stand upon eolid ground; your industry
is wcli protected in this State und you
have un improved outlook for the future;
your success will depend upon your own
individual exertions at homo und your
vigilance and lo-ojwrntionin combatting
the ovils that threaten us from n dis
tance, all of which is respectfully submitted.
NO. 8.
BEE MOTES FOR APRIL.
I1Y E. Y. CHASE.
Racei 6r Bcos.
Whou enumerating tho causes of
deterioration of productivo capacity of
stocks, thuro is nu important causo that
I failed to mention, viz : Tho effect of
constant breeding in-nnd-in. llaisors of
fowls nnd domestic animals, nil know
tho necessity of frequently infusing now
blood, to nttnln nnd preserve the highest
degree of perfection of form, with the
highest degreo of vitality nnd consequent
grcntest productivo capacity. Hoos nro
no excoption to tho rule. Iiy keeping
them for many yenrs in tho samo yard,
they become loo cloaoly related, nnd
mating with each othoryoar nftcr yenr,
gradually becomo loss vigorous, nnd
consequently loss profitable; henco nn
occasional change of colonics from ono
locality to another is highly boucficnl.
Some breeders who do not believe in tho
superiority of Italians ovor tho common
or German bee, attribute all tho benefit ob
tained by their introduction, simply to
tho revivifying quality of tho now blood
infused into old stocks that havo do
gonemtod through years of in-brooding.
This matter of in-brcoding is ono of
tho first importance and should hnvo
our earnest attention, for it is a fact that
thoro is just as much difference in stocks
of bees, or porhaps I should say of
quoous, which dotormlno tho quality of
each colony, ns there is botweon iudi
vldunls of any othor stocks. Ho who
koops half n dozen stands of ovon com
mon black bees, knows how much moro
product! vojtomu of his colonies nro than
others, kept in tho samo yard. The
reason is becauso tho suporior vitality
and prolificnosss of somo of the qucons
over others. So managing that nil now
Htocks shall bo tho progeny of only tho
best qucouH, this will very miioli en
hance the vnluo of nil. It should bo
undo an invariable rule to miporccdo
1 lie quoon or romovo ovory colony, that
during a fair season, does not yield 11
considerable surplus to its ownor ovor
nud ntMiva its own needs. It damagos
the ritft by reproducing and perpetuat
ing its own defects. Careful solcotlou,
und increase only from the best makes
possible a yard filled with colouios, nil
of which give larg't returns. Another
tiling, very much larger and moro
i' irons bees nro those bred in now
comb ; eVerv timo a young boo emerges
tnnii its cell, it leavcH bohind n thin
cou'xm. which permanently remains, and
in very old combs the culiborof tho colls
Inn bix'oni') so much diminished by tho
remains left by numerous and successive
generations that bees born in them are
smaller and loss porfoctly developed, not
not uufrcquoutly deformed, and of
course not vigorous workers. Such
comb is o(tn abandoned by the bees,
their instinct teaching them its worth
lessucss. Somo of tho best hoc-men say, that for
this reason it pays to renew tho combs
ovory year or two, by taking away old
combs nud subHititutiug now sheets of
foundation. It is woundurful how soon
they draw out cells on a- fresh shoot
of foundation and till thorn with eggs ;
this they will do in four days when tho
card is placed in tho middle of tho brood
nest, as I frequently verified last sonsou,
when engaged in queen rearing. I' or
this purposo I consider foundation
much superior to empty combs ; if tho
latter is used, when honey is coming in
fast, tho bees will fill its colls witli honey
before tho imocn has time to deposit
eggs while with foundation, us colls have
to ho built out first, she will lay her eggs
before they nro dcop enough to hold
honey.
Probably I have said enough to show
the importauco of care in selecting nnd
propagating only tho bet. l'roKir meth
ods of working will be considered another
time, also tho merits of different rnccs.
It is not u moro fancy or fashion that
causes us to like tho now races, there is
no question but that fiuo blooded bcos
excel common bees in a degreo fully ns
high ns that of any kind of Uomostio
nuimai, just as a lino Berkshire pig
excels common stock, or n thoroughbred
Arabian horso oxcols a calico mustang
of the pralricr.
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