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About Willamette farmer. (Salem, Or.) 1869-1887 | View Entire Issue (Nov. 23, 1883)
p- J r I r V; VOL. XV. THE BISTORT OF TBS INTRODUCTION OF BHEEP INTO OREGON. By a letter from a friend at Dulles City, our attention has been called to statements recently appearing in the Wasco San, purporting lo be the history -of the first bringing of shqpp across the plains to Oregon, in 1853, by B. B. ..Thompson. That is a strange statement IVfito make at tins time and, our mend knowing it to bo incorrect, dosires ns to give the facts which wo gladly do by ex tracting nearly entire, the historical -portion of the premium essay on sheep read before the Oregon State Agricultural Society in 1803 by John Minto, who himself "crossed the plains" in 1811 (the year that the first sheep were brought across) and who has himself kept sheep in Oregon since 1819, whose information was made up from personal knowledge and verbal informarion by those who had personal knowledge. "Previous to 1837, all tho cattle in Oregon were held by the Hudson's Bay Company, who, it is believed, brought their first stock from California, and refused to sell any to the Canadians and Americans who were settled in the coun try at that time. In the summer of that year, an arrangement, was entered into by Dr. Jason Lee, superintendent of the M. E. Mission, and'E'wing Young and T. J. Hubbard, accordiug io which the two latter were to make their4 way to California by land, and purchase cattle. While they were preparing for the trip, Mr. Slacum, an agent of the IT. S. Government, on a flying visit to the Pa cific to look after American interests, took Oregon'on his way from the Sand wieh'Jslandsto California ,and.metDr from him the condition of 'the settlers in their relations to the Hudson's Bay Com pany, and their proposed plan of getting cattle of ,heir own (what they had were held as loans from the Company), gener ously offered to take the party down the coast with him on his vessel. He came up into tho Willamette Valley, and a meeting of the settlers was called. They accepted his kind offer, to whiflbThe added the loan of some money The. party went, and met there with an Amer ican settler by the name phLease, who owned a considerable flock of sheep, part of which, from tho representations of Messrs. Young & Hubbard,' ho con cluded to drive to Oregon, and did, sell ing the most of them to members of the Hudson's Bay Company and to Bishop Blanchet of the Catholic Mission. From that time forward the settlements re ceived additional lots of sheep and tattle. In 1812, between throo and four hundred head of sheep were brought from California. In 1844, tho first lot of sheep were brought across the plains irom Missouri by Mr. Joshua Shaw and Mr. A. O.K. Shaw (now of Portland). They camo tuccessfully," and increased rapidly, and gave their owners profit as well as honor for their enfanMK. In 1817. a Mr. Fields bronchi iWi&ol su perior sheep across the plains. And he dying' soon after his arrival here, his sheep were sold in small lots, which laid the foundation of many Of the best flocks now in Marion and adioimncr counties. In 1848, Mr. Joseph Watt brought three uunurea ana uiuxy ueuu tiuruw urtug insr with him at the some time a wool carding maclu'ne, the first brought to the country. To Mr. Watt is also due the credit of being among the first to engage in the enterprise which established the woolen factory at Salem, the first of its kind on too racino coast, ana wmen owes iU birth mainly-to those engaged in the development of! sheep husbandry in Oregon. --1 " The character of the sheep first brought serosa the plains was generally that of a .strong neaium-sund sheep, bearing a .beaw. middle-trrade wool, suitable for .the home manufacture of tbe settlers: and were much preferred to the Califoi4 ia sheep already here, and rams of the lonoerwere naea -lorwe improvement f thevtetter.; Mr.. Watt brought five ?aa aad two ewes of the Bason Meri no, awl six high grade Spanish Merit) ewes, la IBS. Hiram Braitn Drought gr:eKMs some rul-Uooded Bpanieti am- i.co eaeep, lor u purpose ox engaging in the'raieint: of line .wool, but becoming dweooragea with the prospect, or aisgBM- ht edwitb tbe general apathy ot tbe people '.f, asthe subject of, what he thought a ' mat feature interest, he aolua sheep. - mtmmwa wwhkiibi j ot motm "aCftttfanUs, sheep begM to ksdriwa Mak to ttwt country to OiefOB. she Hw mHm rid of much of the Oahier- k ahaep yet' remaining ualaeprMei. mum. ur.TotatM. aa w m a Hndae Bay Oohmw. dew he Or-1 or aewaghec mflMiil 'p- eaiae a eaMh i wiHwe a i tttmk Wi tfWi Wii ij mm-,himw-,0,HmJi9. era thee V - ' flornjTiwaf siderable quantity of sheep (about fifteen hundred head, I think). They were, generally speaking, a poor lot of sheep ; grades, some high, but mostly low, of bucks imported from Britain, coupled with California ewes, some South Down, some Merino, and some few Leicester. The sheep seemed to have been badly kcbt.and nearly every one who purchased of them bought the scab with them the first seen of that disease in Oregon. Bv snecial purchase, several parties bo- cme owners of small lots of pure, or nearly pure, bouth Downs and Merinoa, but differing so much from sheep of tho samo breeds subsequently introduced from the Atlantic States that they were generallyidesignatcd as H. B., South Down, or Merino. In 1857, J. H. Williams, U. S. Consul at Sydney, New South Wales, purchased two hundred and eighty thorough-bred Merino sheep, for shipment to Califor nia, from J. W, Macarther, son of Uapt. John Macarther, the pioneer Merino breeder of Australia. On the arrival of the sheep at San Francico, part of them were purchased by Martin Jesse (then of Yamhill county), andbrought to Ore gon, which laid the foundation for what is now called here the Australian Meri no. In 1859, R. 0. Geer, of Silverton, Marion county, introduced the Soutli Downs from the Atlantio States. In i860, Messrs. Jones & Rockwell intro duced the French and Spanish Merino sheep from the (State of Vermont into Oregon. ' Later in the same year, Messrs. Jewett & Lane, the former of Vermont, followed suit with a number of sheep, part of which were pure French Menno, and part of which those interested sub sequently learned were grade Bheep taken from the nock of Col. Hollister, of California. The scab nlso made its 'ap pearance in the. flocks of several of those who purchased the'Jewett & LanB'sheep Donald MLeod, pi Amity, Yamhill county, brought 'ono hundred and fifty . .. w . .. thorough-bred Spanish Merinos Irom Vermont across the plains. More re cently, there has been brought into this country from the flock of J. D. Patter son, of California, French Merinos, by Messrs. Luolling & Mills, of Washington county; and from time to time, during the last five years there have boensinplo anunals of popular, English bueds brought to the country, ns tho Xow Ox fordshire and Hampshire Down, by Mr. John CoggswelL of Lane county, and the Cotswold, by Benjamin Stark, of Portland, so that now the means of im proving his flocks up to the highest standard of excellence is , within reach of every sheep "raiser in Oregon who wishes to so improve." Onion Farms. Curious as it seems the weed which is the best of the cultivated fields is the fern the same beautiful leaf which is gathered at the East for decoration. They show their graceful forms imgreat profusion in potato patches, and over shadow the kitchen gardens. The meadows are green with them. They stand thick along the village streets, and invade the suburbs of the -cities, and persist in appearing in the Central Parks. They cive an aesthetic look to the whole country, which might keep Oscar Wilde and his Eastern disciples serenely contented. But citizens here would no more use ferns for decoration thau Eastern farmers would bang up pigweed or parsley in their parlors. We clip the abovo from the Grange Bulletin, published at Cincinnatti, Ohio. No doubt the luxuriant growth of fern would attract the attention of strangers but if tbe writer of the above had ridden miles and miles, as he "might do, among the fern where it' stood as high as his head while on his pony, ho-might be still more surprised. We have often mea sured twelve feet on a stalk of fern from root to tip of leaf. materia CaMac. A correspondent writes: If a man want to bare cabbage all winter, let him pull them up now, and plant them close together in a corner ot his garden. Cover the roots and stalks well with good soil, and. put a two-foot layer of straw or hay over tbe whole, to keep f row freez ing. As you aeed aahhage threagh the winter, uncover aad tHof i' head; leaving the stalk iathe gnwarffand eoveruur it w mw. In I early spring mr wBI at once uncover tbe steaks. They wli VBVWvf WMft WeHf rj 4bpWWW BW t "M ' MMin Hip r , , -,' . 'Ui.f . " ' i. Mj. ',. sismswa mmmm. mm iiwii w SALEM, OREGON, FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 4?m&0aen,. Notts tu tnt Waytlda. Stafford, Or., Nov. 18, 1883. Editor Willamette Farmer: , After leaving Lane county, November 1st, I met the people of Molalla, Clacka mas county, and urged upon them the importance of organizing a Orange, in order to co-operate with other sections of our country. . ,. , Was in Powell's Valley on the 7th and at Washougal, W. T., on the 10th. I find the Grange sentiment im proving, and have laid out work for noxt month in these localities. We are shipping butter from the East, while our Oregon farmers are growing poor at raising wheat Mr. David, of Shepard, in Clarke Co., W. T., informed me whilo at his place, that he sold last year $6,000 worth of butter. He milked fifty cows in the summer and the same in winter. He has a' fine dairy, and as stated in my address at the fair ir Lane County, if we would co-operate and start crean.- erics, make more butter, cheese, beef and pork, thereby having a mixed hue bandry, X think we should be benefited j in which rase.we should require an agent in Portland, to whom we could ship our products, and who would make the various purchases required. For example: If all the counties were as .well organized as Linn, and at this time ot toe year tney would maico out a list of how ,many and the kind of har vesters,, threshers,- wagons," etcejujh IJFT l2EEE2ZL-2 "'j an., t nu iiui. u, ...tun- uirunr.. nu r.ra., trii into the' market and buy at wholesale prices, without 'a great amount of cap ital, thareby building up a system of co operation which would be remunerative to all the farmers of the State and Ter ritory, and detrimental to no other enter prise, I havo made arrangements to meet with tho Linn County Council near Albany on December 1st, where I hopo to obtain useful information for the pntrons. Fraternally, H. E. HAtES, Poultry Again. Editor WllUmette Farmer: Talking with a lady who has had much experience in raising chickens, she says that' bIio has found that there is more profit in having a medium number not over fifty hens at least For some reason that cannot be found out, it seems as if a large number in one flock did not do as well or lay as many eggs. She told of a neighbor who had a nico flock, and they paid for nil his 'groceries. So ho concluded to goito tho business largely, going about tho country buying all the hens he could get Not beintr a man of means he actually swamped himself in these hens, for instead of getting a couplo of dozen eggs a day as ho had done, he did not get a dozen eggs all winter, and was at the expense of feeding too. In the spring some sort of disease got among them and they died off fearfully. So in caso one started a chicken business it would bo necessary to keep them in separate flocks, at some distance from each other. Maht C Farmlm (aa4 Ta Baric- Editor Willamette Farmer i Is there any sufficient amount of trees in Oregon or Washington that will pro duce bark for tanning purposes? It would seem as if in such a great cattle raising ountry as there is east of the mountains that there would be thou sands of hides to be saved, also from the slaughter houses in big places. WhUe in Walla Walla we 'noticed some rather small specimens of the shumao tree, which has been considered excellent for tannins: purposes. ' To prosper,' every industry oaarht lo be represented at home, and the leather interest Is no small thing, is there any hemlock, or in sufleient quantities to engage a goou tannery. " Exquirvb. ' ,;bWare always simple remedies for many dteeaaet, but they an ao very mm jte ami heady that the mSsmt bee Utr tjelaetfc. From personal knowledge ire af thai a lane tehleepooaftri of satt, 4fcv Vex ettales la Coos county. This county is peculiarly adapteil lo tho growtli of vegetables, every variety doing splendidly with anything like care. Potatoes, cabbage, kohl rabi, caul iflower, parsnips, turnips, beets, carrots, beans, peas, onions, etc., do exception ally well. Most of these can be grown, so that they can be had fresh from the garden "the largest part of tho yenr, yielding enormous crop3. Mr. Neer, of Gravel -Ford, has just harvested 50 bush els of late rose potatoes from two peeks of seed planted. There is no nevd of tending off to California for potatoes when they con be raised here with'lcss than one-fourth the trouble. Peas and beans that were bearing nicely on the fourth of Julv, havo kept green (ill rotted by the fall 'rains in the past few days. It was from, some of theso pea vinos that we had as fine green peas last Tuesday," Oat 16, as we have seen. This is a good deal the case with all vegetables ; lettuce of last spring s sow ine, has been good up to tho loth of September, and "wna just as nice hud white as cabbage, and, without being a particle bitter, was tender as at any time through the summer. We say it in the way of encouragement, that there can be more money made in producing veg etables herei for California than by rais ing grain for our 'bread. Let someone try. Coquillo Herald. . Influence of tat, Stoajt oa the orift. and or tne oraftoMM Moo. Some contest his' influence. Very lately my friend Alphonse Karr haB cited' an example, that of a hybrid per petual roseflowerinir better when drafted WU VW4UIU1A UlUUtf UCftl VU llK7 Ulldl. .. uim-rvr Jflh-o than nn tliA .mam4 T-l my opinion that .influence is general, although not always perceptible. Let those who havo doubts make an experi ment Let them plant two wild briars, like -those used for standard roses, near ono another, graft one of them with a' tea rose, and let ono of them grow at ran dom. After throo or four years they will find that tho grafted one has scarcely grown thicker, and that the one left to itself has nearly doubled in circumfer ence ; and porhaps the grafted one has died. Who does not know that pears are grafted on the quince to obtain pyra midal forms, growth not too vigorous, and in consequence earlier fruit? Lot tboso who are not acquainted with this matter graft tho same variety of pears on a quincesstock and on a seedling pear of the same nee, and they will soon per ceive that the latter is more vigorous. I had m the severe wint r of 1871 a sad experience ; all tho pear trees in my gar den grafted on quinces wore Kiuoa oy the hard frost, while those on pear stocks survived. Why do tea roses, and partic ularly the more delicote varieties, acquire more vigor whon grafted on tho seedling briar than on their own roots? Jean Sisley, Montplasir, Lyons. "From, tne Yaqulna. Mr. A. F. Rains, under date of New port, November 11, 1883, sends ua the following : I am located on Beaver creek, on the public road leading to Newport, three quarters of a mile from the bay and two and a half miles from Yaquina City, the terminus of tho Oregon Pacific Railway. The weather for some time past has been qnito showery and mud and heavy roads have been the rule. The visiting season is now over and times rather dull, but wo are living in hope that next year the railroad will bo profrre&8inK towards completion, and everything then will be in a flourishing condition on the Yaquina. Please send my Fakmib on as formerly, to Newport. By tho way, It seems that you have no agent here, and that the Fabmir is not very extensively circu lated in this reeion. Ranchers who fail to read the Farmeb are standing in their own light I scarcely see how they afford jto do without it, for it treats on fanning, stock raising, and everything pertaining to tne farm. Tb Wesa Ml. Wood cut during the three months that precede the first of the year is much more valuable than if cut during the three months that succeed that time- Daring the latter part of autumn and the int of wiater then U little action in the sap, and therefore the wood is not Ued with k. Those who aegleei to cut their wood natal Febmary or March, ahoakt reverie k ! Jour (eel lengths where it Js cat. hut ahoM at eaceheJa k Rohm mi mw k fats) proper kagtuh 23, 1883. for firewood, not nocloctinc to pile it ud so it can be rapidly driod ly tho March and April winds. If cut in autumn, there is not the necessity for being so particular, but, it may be sawed and split any timo during tho spring, and housed at once, if the wood houso is where tho air can pass freely through it White birch cut in tho latter part of winter, becomes almost worthless if left in the woods until August. Pino cut in winter or in the early spring not only jnakes poor wood, but also poor lumber ; being filled with sap, it invites a class of de structive worms oif borers.which not only eat away tho inner bark, but eat largo numbers of holes in the solid .wood, thus destroying it for lumber, and "greatly in juring it for fire wood. Pine wood should never be loft in the woods to dry, but should bo piled on high, dry land. uiiu spin uno enougn so it win ury through heforo the first of June This mil also pi 6 vent the wood from turning biacK. .aiass. Ploughman. Blf Vegetables. A correspondent of tho Corvnllis Ga zette brings from Wasco county vegeta bles which grew near Wasco, in Wasco county. They grew upon new land without any cultiVatibn'pr irrigation and without any ra?n slno'they t were plant- ea, j.ney are oj. meieuowing varieties and weights, to-wit:'f:!'larRe red boat, 8J Ba, rutabago, 6-mes, white flat tur nips 61 Ib's, carrot finches in diameter 1J lbs, Jong white parsnips 0 inches in diameter, 2 feet 0 nefios long, 4 lbs., and several onions oidulerent vanoties measuring 4 inches in diameter, As Mr. West was informed by men in that country having Uwgo.bands of stock that nothing could grow on the cmsa ot land wherfclhisej concluded that it was a good, place to live and thorefore took up some land and in tho spring will move his family up there. Mr. West is delighted with tho country and loft tho samples of vegeta bles named, so that anyone desiring can see them. Regarding tjjat incubus under which farmers sometimes labor as well as other peoplo debt there is nothing that will hold ono back more, effectually than a mortgage. With a heavy debt hanging over his head a farmer need nover ox- 1ect to feel happy, for he knows,work as to will, ho is working for somebody else, and that tho labor, of his hands, tho sweat of his brow, the fruit of his fields and the results of his labors do not be long to him or his children, but to his creditors. The good book says "The borrower is servant to tho lender," Bndit is actually and literally true, and what ever may result the man who is in debt would do well to take tho shortest out to get out of it It would be bettor under tho circumstancos to sell off a corner of tho farm a big corner, too, if necessary, to raiso monoy to cancel outstanding indebtedness, than to hold on and suffer tho mental anxiety always attendant on pecuniary involvement Botter to own a small farm only, operate it successful ly, make monoy on it, and enjoy tho fruits ot ono's labor, than to work ono's self to death, striving to mako money to raise a mortgage or pay a debt. Wo would call tho attention of our readers to tho advertisemont of John A. Child & Co., druggists, in this issue. This is an old reliablo firm that pride themselves on doaling only in pure drugs and chemicals. Tho best only of for eign and domestic fancy goods,perfume ries and toilet goods. Orders by mail will be carefully and promptly attended to. Their place ot business is comer of Morrison and Second streets.' If Charles Pfloger who lived for some timo in this city, sick, destitute and without means,-and of whom all traces are lost, will apply to Dr. F. AL Meyer, the means will be furnished him to re turn to his sorrowing mother in Fort Wayne, Indiana. Anybody acquainted with the whereabouts of said Pfloger will confer a favor by reporting at this office, or Dr, Meyer's office, No. 24 North First street, Portland, Oregon. Original poems bars been written exermJy for tb Y oath's Comuuioa by Toart', Victor Hufo, J,' 0. WbltUtr, TbosM Bi ley AJdrioa aad Dr. CssrU MaeKay. Aa intwrtent groan of bombs aa alao U oea triUua te th aeriedlaal by tb Karl of Lyttee, wbee "LirtU" ba a f reater MM l.rity U the VuM States taaa ie KaflaM. Thai ftBAakamakiaai evakaaAa sua M)aBBaviaUaflV laaV aaa1 xsnevarjeapawi wi wararraf aaa ewwieBBr rB"it J PI B'rVM atOTMC, aw, nm " ? UlMaat, jaM rave, tumtitmm. Mti, 0srf KmvM Faa,0, A." at Kim MMr, Alseas Ihwa. TreerUa e4 freak ft, sebtea.- l"rjr-T z NO. 41. Odr FAKMEtis and pork packers are putting on the market a largo quantity of home mado bacon, lard hams", etc, and will do a great deal towards supply ing tho home demand. Our old citizens v know that such regular dealers as Logus, ' of Oregon City, D. Howard, of Salonf, and A. H. Johnson, of Portland, produce excellent meat and lard and will -pay? in higher prieo for Oregon pork thoritfor. corn fed meat and lard from Iowa. We " ' shall watch tho markets with care to.see tho result of tho extousive shipments , that come overland. If wo can grow and fatten our own pork against .Eastern' ' competition it will lie a great assistance to genoral farming. Our hopes of mixed fanning depend largely on the hog. 'He is not so nico to think of aa ho is ok the souroo of breakfast bacon mid cuts of choice ham. As a matter of commer cial importance tho pig family stand very high in the world. Anti-monopoly, as we have often said, is tho coming question, to rule tho coun try, on which partios must divide and aspirants rise or fall. Tho peoplo who , do not wish monopoly to rule must bo sure of their agents and elect represen tatives Bound on tho main ' question Public- sentiment must be sustained' by Legislatures and courts; representatives and judges, from highest to lowest must "". . Krt v nn ..(. .a ,h..1 .. Au . 1. A, -i . M ,h TV w "i oio hi uuni aa iruu MJ me popu- jr larcrecd. Uurisastorn exchanges charge 'vga tho late election in New York,-1 where' . r.HfSfi, U. ..! .l.j,.i innAAA., uMWaW mw yviiuu wojuiivj.ui J.ijy,vyy.iHiAOi r jttvti was auUified, to the Mtiltl llJgWVI.BJrm - iJm towafds,anti-raonopollsUbaog-C;M'l land, in his appointmenta 'onlHtiilsJ ' &lM of Railroad Commissioners'' wav for thn nnnnln in Vuln teach parties! that they are to of them, unless they are reliably 1 Beltoonder Stallion for tale. Any porson in need of a good stock horse will be iiitorcstod in knowing that a fino Bolfounder stallion, eight years old, is ownod by Mr. D. W. Griffin, Blalock, Wasco county, Oregon, This horse was sired by Delfounder, dam of Morgan aad ' Messenger stock, is 15 J hands high, v weight 1,100 pounds, is in good'order compact build, dark bay color and shows excellent' colts in that vicinity. Mr. Griffin is not prepared to mako tho best use of him, though ho'hasraijedand kept him for that purpose. "Granger" that is his namebreeds larger than himself. Address B, W. Griffin, BlaJock, Wasco county, Oregon, for particulars. The 1879 crop of potatoes in the terri tory, though rather liko post niorten statistics, has boon dug out by an Olym pia correspondent. The crop comprised 1,035,177 bushels, of which Island coun ty lurnuned zuz.uiu bushels, Clarke, 107,759; King, 97,000: Lewis, 73,443; Clallam, 04 885; Whatcom, 00,761 1 San Juan, 57,417; Cowlitz, 51,007 1 Pierce, 24,021, Eastern Washington is evident ly not a good potato country. Walla Walla reporting only 24,988 bushels Yakima, 20,105, and Spokane-18,(108. III I H. .1 ! !. Mill. IP . I.. 1 About DruifUt. " All (IraggUU should be bonorable g-mlt-men, and we a"re inclined to belityi tne m. j rity of them are; but there, are what is cll "black heep" in all rof.ioo, Wo came aotwe one ofthe latttr class nit long sinoe, Vhile in bit etore a cuitomer aiktd for Anaua'a Cough Svrup. A the druggub was doing it up for him heiald "I havo a preparation wbioh I oa recommend ae better taaa thli," Tne mau atid, " I will take tbt then, but my friend have ipoken so highly of Ammen'e Cough Syiup X thought I would try it." Now, the writer having used Ami i Cough Brrup, and knowing it virtue, aJto knowini tb manufacturer, aad that be put it oa thi market for tb benefit of mankind, a well ' for the aeke of gala, k kd aoiue eui rioiity to leirn why tb druxgiet preferred t aellfome itber rsa4y to it. 8o we atked, bim why it wi. Imagine bis reply I He said. "Why, I mtk Just eight cents mora oa M bottle I Mid bim tbaa I would have medaea Amawa'a." leaid Oh, tsifilt," "YM,"by, "I alwar recommvaii an it try to sail what pay m' tb largest prriHt." CoawBfat U nuennr , Let u bepe that were are dm lew use mm w n uiuy imi- Mtiaa thi eaatetner a Urn days User. ai d deelrisg to ksow if tkat kiarl of tu lueea tald, we aaestiened the oiroumetaaw tu bim, aa4aakdii tbatettteef awttUla tf. 4nu- et iiiiimia inilld to kiw (lid aha ai.y motiL. . lUe-id.'Ko. jaaaAabnetoMtalMtuf H. aad thna-if awsvi I.taea west fvMeaer 4 arageter aa4 boeabt Vbetlis ft Amaaea iatt, aFrx'Vi"f .- w lass VaiaaLAaGMil i " im idinliall V M Ma I vaa awnafv w . nr .aaaa. -v n i!vt.lSStr mHiMBMe x aMN aevee T- .- .. -- .-.- . ,1 . TJ ' U rel 'I K-.S1 j )j -i-;u .Mm 'Ma .V?lsfl ras - .-, ; . Hi -3 a 'KCitS 'JM, 1 fiU'V& - , Iri. ."& ,5 hwmi '4 m jS1 VI $ . t.4 'k " rtf ,.?5 .H! -v 1 4- K- Mo to &m f JrJP ' - I 1 - . - ' V- 4 ih- n ; ti'" r. V i r ' ''