J A VOL. XV. amg0ttile!u$. Editorial Correspondence NORTH OF SNAKE RIVER. South of Snake river is the Walla Walla regon and the country beyond there from the Blue Mountains to the river is a con tinuation of the same rich wheat belt, though greater elevation causes a decided difference in the seasons. The country is newer to agriculture as you go further i p the river and along the mountains. Gar field county, that extends cast to the Idaho line, is as new as the regions north of the Snake the famous Palousc country. There is a decided difference in looks of grain in old settled and newly farmed dis tricts of the upper country. The old set tled and farmed lands show the advantage of more thorough subduing of the soil in greater areas of fall sown grain and bet ter crop". That is moro apparent in a year of drouth than when the country is well watered by the usual May and June rains. This year there has been little or no rain through the entire Upper Cohim--bia region for two months past. This condition of climato calls outtho peculiar qualities of the soil, especially its capacity to resist drouth. That the soil of all this region has especial ability to retain mois ture is certain. Give tho lands of West orn Oregon tho same test of endurance and they will show the need of rain in dwindling crops and fading gardens to a much greater degree than east ot the mountains. Everywhere, north and south of Snake river, for a hundred miles cast and west as well as north and south I noticed gardens looking remarkably well. This year has especially tested the dualities of the so-called dry lands, away from the Blue Mountains, south of the Snake, and west of the Coeur d' Alone Mountains of Northern Idaho and in the region known as the Big Bend country. This vear rains ceased simultaniously all through the whole of Oregon, Washing ton and Northern Jilalio. mere dry lands had lower altitude and earlier sea sons: crons there were wit in earlier in the spring and therefore are further ad vanced and will make better average yield. This redounds to the credit of the dry lands, showing that they possess natural advantages that make them desirable, not withstanding tho scarcity of timber and of living water. Experience shows that water can be got by digging wells and many springs arc found when the country is moro thoroughly examined. The sup posed scarcity of water is becoming an exploded theory, in many sections, and tho construction of railroads brings down lumber, fencing and fuel at a compara tively reasonable cost to the whole coun try yet settled. Time is developing much and reducing things to a permanent basis. Tho settler no longer needs to locate close to the mountains for tho great enterprises of our day aro "bringing the mountain to Mahomet," at least tho timber that grows there is moved to tho plain. The early settlements were near Snako river and that portion of the Palouso country along tho river, above Almota, is considerably settled and made productive. Along Snake river, in the great canyon made by it, are some arable spots in bends of the river that produce excellent,, fruit. Mr. H. H. Spaulding, son of tho old mis sionary to the Nez Forces, is settled at Al mota and has a thriving orchard close to the river, on a fertile nook left by its wind ings. That is a beautiful sight, compared with the sterile shores and the outcrop ping ledges of tho high walls that tho river has excavated. Following a ravine and using a grado made at its head wo found our way out of Snake river canyon to the Palouso plains. Down on the river, where fertile spots can bo found, and on tho benches of tho high walls that enclose it, can bo grown fruits and vegetables of even- kind, that cannot be grown on the uplands. The soil is quick, tho springs early and the winters less severe along the river. The climato is entirely' different. The people of the Palouse country are much pleased at tho prospect of having the Palouso branch railroad completed to Colfax and Moscow this season and have put in greater area of crops on tliat ac count The productions of this region, however, will not nearly equal that of tho counties South of Snako river. They also have a far greater proportion of spring wheat, and the yield per aero will not equal tliat of fanners south of tho river. Towards Lewiston. fas wo gather by letter from Mr. A. F. Parker, of tlu Lrfswiston Vaih w)n haii l.itplv been over the farm ing lands of Northern Idaho,) fall wheat I is a good crop everywhere and spring I whent will in some localities do fairly. He our assurance that, if farmers will put in fall wheat properly they will have sure crops. Wherever fall wheat was foun on tho whole journey, except in some lo calities near Snake river where tho snow blew off and wheat froze out, crops are good. That whole region has as near a certainty as this world admits of if farm ers will procure the hardiest winter wheat and sow in tho fall ; some of tho best fields wo saw were sown very late in the fall and did not germinate until the snow went oil, ordid not make sulhcientgrowth to appear above tho ground. Those fields, and others sown very early, procure the best yield. It may be a solution of tho question, (where fall sown wheat is liable to winter-kill,) to sow so late that freezing cannot do harm and yet the grain can come up as soon as the snow goes off. Moscow, Palouse City and Farmington are near the Idaho line, one side or the other, and near tho mountains. The sea son there was backward but grain looks well and may come out fairly if tho weather is not excessively hot with hot winds. A little rain will do that country great good. It was a satisfaction to re alize tliat wherever fall wheat stands a good crop is promised ; also that bailey, oats and timothy all arc a first rate crop inmost parts and gaidens eve where look well. Everywhere Twent I was as sured by farmers that they would put in fall wheat hereafter. I found no one dis couraged on account of the season though many more disappointed in not realizing tho greater yield sometimes given by spring sown wheat say 33 to 45 bushels. The rule as to harvest prospects through tho wholo Palouse, Spokane and Big Bend regions may bo given as follows : Tho small area of fall sown wheat will yield 25 bushels and upwards 25 bushels is a safe average. Early sown spring wheat may average 20 bushels in some districts and is expected to average 18 in all. I.ato sown spring wheat will realize but little, say 8 to 12 bushels, and more in some for ward localities. From Colfax to Farming ton crops aro poor. Around Steptoe butto tho crops are fair, as that is a superior sec tion of country- North, fiom there to the railroad tho acreage is light m wheat Tho country is newly settled and trans portation not convenient. Alone Hancman creek the crops aro good, that is to say they are excellent for tho chance they havo had. homo pieces of fall wheat in this section are remark able. Ono of two hundeed acres on Cab bage Flat is estimated to yield 45 bushels to the acre. Near Spangle, on the road toward Cheney, a piece of fall sown grain is equally good, though put in indiffer ently well late in the fall on sod-land plowed Bhabbily the June previous. It is unfortunate that moro fall grain was not sown. Rock Creek valley is an extensive and very fertile section east of Hang man creek to tho Idaho line, with prob ably 400 settlers who have in a large area of wheat. Quito a fair proportion is fall sowing and early spring will yield largely. Take tho country south of the latitude of Farmington and it should ex port 25,000 to 30,000 tons of wheat, or from 800,000 to l,UOU,UOU bushels, and tliat north of that placo should send 10, 000 to 12,000 tons to the railroad towns on the Northern Pacific. A good portion of all this grain will lie ground at the local mills and shipped as flour. North of the railroad is an extensive region that will yield as good an avcrago as the country south, but it is new and may be expected to use and consume all its products. Tho Bic Bend country is rapidly nettling up and farms are new, but tho yield of crops is fully up to aver age. Several pooplo tell mo that now ground west of Spraguc makes a showing of crops oven better than lands nearer tho mountains. North of Spraguo to tho Spokane river, in the Cottonwood dis trict, crops are very good considering, Some Californians who settled there, and on Loul creek and Coal creek that, run south to Crab creek, havo followed their custom of fall sowing wheat and have ex cellent crops to show on summer-fallowed sod. That section is earlier than nearer tho Couer d'AIeno mountains and this year's experience is favorable to theso so called dry lands. Wherever I went the finers who had experience of the coun try were no-wiso discouraged ; new com ers see the success that has attended set tlers of older date and realize that iiossi bilities aro all in their favor. I met at Cheney a subscriber to the Farmer who was disjioec-d to pull down tho comers of his mouth a little. He expected half a crop of wheat but all'thcr crops were fair. When interrogated he sjil his wheat would go twenty bushel to the acre. I asked him , "In what coun ty except this would 20 bushels of wheat nass for half a cropf I met there a far mer who was showing samples of his grain ; though his style of speech did not inspire confidence his facts were plain enough to deserve consideration. He had PORTLAND, OREGON, a bunch of white winter wheat, well headed and good length, sown in No vember, that ho expected would go 30 bushels. He showed a stool of 30 heads of Australian club, almost ripe, that he said went 50 bushels last year and he thought was better this year sowed in April. lie had two samples of Little Club that he expected would yield 20 bushel, sown in May about the middle. I asked him if ho plowed deep or not, and he answered that he did not plow at all, but harrowed in the same gram tliat grew last year on the same stubble. That is what some call farming and that was tho alleged results of such mockery of farming in a very drouthy year. The noticeablo fact concerning his club wheat was that the ground had no rain after it was planted. That is a remarkable statement to make but it is certainly true that this upper country soil has wondciful capacity to re sist dryness. At Colfax I saw Dr. Miller, who corresponds with tho Dop.iitmcnt of Agriculture. Ho says he was employed to view and report on lands in Whitman county by Eastern men who wanted in formation before investing in the N. J railroad, and did go over every township from the Columbia to the Palouse liver, sending 50 specimens of soil to the Smith sonian Institution for analysis. These samples were taken from lands 80 miles apart. Tho reports of the analysis, ho says, classes all tho samples as having tho same general characteristics, but samples from the dry region of hitman countv west of tho railroad, were reported as pos sessing greater power to endure absence of moisture, and for production of wheat. So it appears that nature lies adapted the soil to the circumstances. Thocool nights and heavy dews prevailing through this region do-much to preserve tho crops by retaining moisture in the soil. Crops havo been known to mature and make good yield where no rain fell from date of plant ng. Wo drove up, one evening, to a farm house near Medical lake, north of Chcnoy, ten miles, to water tho team and inquired of the lady about the crops. Sho said the spring wheat was light, would yield 20 bushels perhaps, and remarked that the ground was very moist for all the dry weather. Her husband was plowing corn tho day before and found tho dirt so wet that when he took it in his hand it would adhere by its own moisture. Such is the case everywhere and it in sures tho maturing of crops where they would foil in other countries. Ritzville is in tho dry lands suio enough. I was told by a gentleman who had recently ridden through that locality that homo fifty settlers had made homes there,, and where they farmed well they havo good wheat and good crops gener ally, this year. Coming down from Cheney to Wallula by rail, I stopped over all day to take the train to Walla Walla, and improved the opportunity to learn something about the surrounding country. Of all tho inhos pitable places in existence Wallula can enter for a premium. Tho Walla Walla river comes down through sand and sage brush of tho most desolate nature, and lends a fringo of willows to the landscape. Near by, on tho south, is a high ridge, whoo breaks aro forbidding in tho ex treme; away from tho river the desert aspect stretches as far as vision can reach. Tho Columbia separates this from a bluff shore on tho north that represents no aspect of civilization. Tho fact that it is a railroad junction induced the com panies to erect a hotel here, and there is besides a restaurant, a store and a whisky shop. That aliout describes civilization at Wallula. I chose tho storekeeper for my informant, and found Mr. Amos Cum niings a very pleasant gentleman willing and able to give information. Ho has a growing trade with ncighlioring farmers! Where were tho fanners? I asked. The great ridgo on tho south proved to lie a continuation of tho same that I descended somo weeks liofore, when returning from Pendleton. Tho uplands of Umatilla crown this ridge and reach forty miles away. Only two miles from the station were farms, and a brother of Mr. dim ming' has an excellent farm a little fur thert off. There is, it seems an ex tensivo farming region within easy reach of Wallula in that direction ; five miles northeast, in Walla Walla county, were new settlers, who had fair crops. It seems that tho dcert aspect follows up tho Co lumbia and the Walla Walla rivers and changes to a good farming country three or four miles away; Then again there is a new settlement across in Klickitat county, north of tho Columbia, a wide region that was overlooked until last year, but already shows good crops to prove its value. Within three rnileo of tho Columbia good soil commences, and for a length of sixty and breadth of fifteen to eighteen miles u a good agricultural re cion that is almost entirely vacant to day, while settlers are pressing on hun dreds of miles further away from marki t to find homes. This u as strange as it i I FRIDAY, JULY true. There is no more deceiving country in the world than these river canyons and the desert shores of these rivers. You seem to be in a region without possibili ties of sustaining life, while the summits of the surrounding bights afford good farming lands. From Mr. Babcr, of Junction City, who was coming down tho Columbia and had driven out in Northern Wasco and Uma tilla counties, I learned that crops on Hock creek are very fine, just above its junc tion with tho John Day river. Farmers there say it is the best crop they havo ever raised. Xc.-ir thn inmith-of the John D.iv and in the prairio region between that stream and the Des Chuttes the country is being settled and crops aro fair. The poorest reports I had were from Klickitat valley, but over towards Yakima crops gave better promise. Tnkn iliowlinlo nniier country for 1883 and wheat will equal in yield any State in tho Union, and if winter wheat had been nut in the exnort uirnlus would avcraire any estsmate that has been made. Take Umatilla and Walla Walla counties as a samplo of possibilities, and if the rest of Eastern Washington could do as well the surplus would be over 200,000 tons. As it is, Umatilla county will be apt to aston ish the world. I believe it is safo to put the total export surplus of all Eastern Oregon and Washington at between four and five millions of bushels, or between 125,000 and 150,000 tons. T wont nn tninsnpfit. the wheat fields of the Inland Empire just before harvest. T I .1.- ! !... .!. ....mn. ......3 1 wasoi mo opinion unit unit iuiuh una suffering severely, and felt something like going to a funeral. I come back with in creased confidence in the capabilities and resources of all the wide interior and rc alize what many a farmer and merchant T ninr. bus nxnressed that when they learn how to farm properly and sow tho right wheat at the right time, uioy mixi never fear danger from drouth. As tho foniitrv becomes older and the land is better subdued crops will increase. Corn can bo grown to proht m ncauy an ins tricts, and made to answer double duty as a summer-fallow, by raising corn and pre paring tho ground very thoroughly to produce wheat. Barley and oats can bo successfully grown and timothy hay yields lmavy returns in all counties above Walla Walla. Better gardens cannot easily bo made than I met everywhere. Fanning throughout that region can bo vnriral n in nrnns mill IllodllCtS lllld HCod not be dependent on tho success of any one staple. S. A. Ci-akki:. Fdltnrlil Correspondence THE PALOUSE. Colkax, W. T., July 0, 1883. It is a rather fearful trip to take in midsummer, this journeying through the Upper Country beneath tho hot sun and over tho dusty roads It is more than I had bargained for, though tho informa tion to bo gained now is worth more than at any other season. My last was from Pomeroy. I saw considerable of Garfield county after leaving that place. Every where winter wheat was looking well, though the proportion grew less as wo came fartner north and east, Every where that I stopped to converse with farmers they all agreed that they could not ofibrd to take chances on spring sow ing of wheat, and that fall grain was cer tain to vield twenty-five to thirty bushels such a year as this, or 1882, if well put in. Improved farming methods is all that is needed to make this Upper coun try certainly productive. Within a year many settlers have taken claims south of Alpowai canyon and west of Lewiston, along Snako river, but they aro not yet Income producers. Also, this last siiring many new settlers came into tho Lower Ueadman country, north of Pomeroy, and Garfield county is pretty well taken and has 11,500 popula tion. Probably small tracts of land aro vacant and somo land has lcen "smug gled," no doubt, but it will not , easy to find uood locations hereafter south of Snake river, without a man has patience and takes time to hunt land up. There aro yet largo tracts of vacant land in Walla Walla county, and some near thu river in loth Columbia and Garfield coun ties, esjjccially on the east side of the last. Northern Idaho will sometime ln-como i-rrv nroduetiie. Tho Nez Perces have too much laud they do not use, and at least half their reservation should Irfi liouL'ht of them. When that is done and tho Camas Prairio, south of Ixmli-ton, becomes productive, and the reel of tlio county south oi me wear water is nennani'iitly settled and well farmed, tho shipments from that region will bo larger. This year mey may in 20, 1883. considerable, notwithstanding thu dry season and the newness of things, but I could get no intelligent idea of tho area in grain nor tho probable surplus. North of the Clearwater, also in Nez Perco county, Idaho, there is moro ani mation, Tho Potlatch country has been settled long enough to send a considera ble surplus to market, and the Geness?o country will produce something for c.t port, as also the region around tho head of Union Flat, which is extensively farmed. The troublo is that all that re gion should havo had fall sowing o wheat, which would insure twenty-hvo to thirty bushels of grain, whereas it has been almost entirely spring sown, and too often sown lato in the spring, so is de pendent on showers to come, without rain all the region abovo Dayton and north of the Snako will show a light turn off of spring sown wheat. The common estimate has been fifteen bushels for spring sown and twenty for fall sown. Much spring wheat will be cut for hay or give ten to twelve bushels. That sown early in the spring may go eighteen and even twenty in some cases. At Wa Wa Wa I met my old friend E. J. Northcutt, formerly of Salem, now a successful and hard-working farmer. Ho has no fall wheat; says the early spring sowing is good and late sown light ; ex pects to harvest twenty bushels to tho acre; thingsaro somo better than in 1882 when eighteen bushels. Ho is near Snake river, and his winter wheat kills out when tho snow blows off tho points. Seasons arc earlier there than at Moscow. Ho calls twenty bushels a fair halfcrop; has been there six years, and considers it the best country ho ever lived in, and has dono woll thoro. Ho bus sivon uii li lull ing fuel from llio mountains and buys coal at $15.50 a ton, and two tons carries him through tho winter. From Lcwiston to Farmington tho spring is lato in coming and tho soil is of a heavier character. There is some win ter wheat along there, especially near Moscow, where tho proportions are one third each, fall sowing, early and lato spring sowing. Thoy claim for tbcHO relatively thirty for fall ; twenty for early spring; fiften for lato spring. Towards Farmington there is a greater propoition of lato spring grain, and from Colfax to Farmington I saw tho poorest shov for crops met with on the road. All north of Snake river wheat looks well, yet there is no "burning" to materially harm it. A little rain will help all grain, and doublo the yield of spring sown, especially lato spring wheat. Over all tho country from Umatilla to Spokano bailey and oats aro a good crop, corn lookH well and gardens seem in fine condition. At Almota I mot Mr. L. M. Hinger, who does an immense business with farm ers on both sides of tho river. He had lately traveled over the farming region between Moscow and Colfax and the river, and said that while farmers com plain of tho dry season somowhat thoy aro not discouraged; neither are new comers disheartened. Thoy seo tho genu ine prosperity of thoso who havo been thero only a few years, and realize that thoy havo only to settle down to it to do as well and havo many advantages over tho early settlerH, who had no reliable market, had very high transportation and had to pay enormously for merchandise and supplies. Now, wheat sells nearly as high all through the Upper Country as in the Willamette. Mr. Hinger has account with over 300 farmers, and says thoy aro all prosjiorous moderately so at least. I met many anil found thom cheerful. Many are hero from California, and they say dry seasons here liear no comparison to what they knew there. Mr. Hinger thinks tho country from Colfax to Snake river as one-fourth fall wheat, one-half early spring and one fourth lato sowing of spring wheat. His estimate is- Fall sown wheat, twenty five bushels er acre; early spring, fif teen bushels ix;r acre; late, eight to ten bushels per aero. Ho compared prosjiects with '82 and thinks tho average yield o' spring sowing will lw better; and Inst year thero was littlo or no fall sown wheat. He considers the acreage almost doublo that of any former year. w, A. Ul-AICKK. A Dwelling Burned. Corroswoon, W.T.,July 5, 1883. K Htor Wi.lamette Farmer: A story and half house, owned by J. C, Howen, and occupied by tho family, five miles north of Cottonwood, was burned on tho night of tho 2d hist. Tho family regret tho loss of a library ol nearly sw volumes, pictures and very many old relics more than tho destruction of proj- erty. Many things coum nnvo nuuii saved had it not been that a fifteen ioiiihI kcir of blastmir powder was in tho house at the time, rendering it dangerous to nj- proac h the burning building. i)m near $500. N. O. T. NO. 2$, QUESTIONS ASKED AND ANSWERED. Cottonwood, W. T., June 12. Editor Willamette Farmer: Will you pfenso answer tho following; queries through tho Farmer: What is your opinion of Mules "Perfection" Rid ing Saw- and tho Monarch Lightning Saw, advertised in tho FAinfF.it, aro thoy humbugs or not?" Is Whito Russian oats superior to tho common varieties for cultivation? Which would you ad vise setting out, ono or two year old ajv pie trees? Answer Regarding tho ad vertisement of thoso saws wo would state : We endeavor fo-nceopt advertise ments from reliablo dealers. Wo haVd seen specimens of such class of saws and consider them a good thing. White Russian oats are safe seed to plant", as they stand all kinds of weather bettor than the common varieties. Our advice in planting trees is that either onoof two year old trees aro preferable to four or fivo year old trees by many odds. Tho younger tho trees tho cheaper thoy are and this more liable you aro to gofc. a thrifty growing troo started. Assessment and Taxation. SroTTsmmo-, Or., July 10, 1883. E'litor .Willamotto Farmer: I noticed you copying letters about' assessments, and noted with ploasuro your kind comments. Now it is not right for ono jrerson to get out of taxation, to wit r Tho assessor starts out in March-; ho asks farmers : "How you any cattle year old and upwards?" anil then say, "Yes; so many a year old and upwards, and tho bulnnoo ivro not over-six or oiglit months old."- Tho samoin regard to hogs six months old and upwards; part are only three or four months old. Woll, then tho assessor assesses around until Au gust, and anothor farmer has thq same ago stock as tho ono in March, and ho cannot say they aro not old enough. Now overybody ought to- bo assessed on a certain day and questioned as follows: "What was your property on tho first of May?" Then it would bo moro equal. With kind regards,! remain your friend, Tames A. Htkut.ino, Assessor of Douglas county. Vermin on Fowls. Cottonwood, W.T., Juno 30, 1883. Kditor Willamette Farmer; I havo found the seeds of common larkspur bruised and made into a decoc tion bv boim; the most effective as a remedy for lice, killing nits and giving llliniCUllllf reiiei. v.in.mun mini un nun ilm union i.flni-t T would recommend fowl raisers to gather the seeds for this purposo as old ladies iwcil "yarns in old times for medicine. Mrh. Howk.v. Notr. Tho abovo is no doubt death to lice, but wo should prefer seeing tho larkstmr itself killed out, as it is ox- tremely poisonous to cattle. Tho plant comes early, and cattle aro so hungry for something gieen that thoy will oat it if it is aliout. Wo saw a eouploof cows ilio in gi nit agony from eating it. Fine Samples. C. H. Mason, who resides at tho head of Relief Flat, has seventyfivo acres of grain sowed on summer fallow last year, which now stands about four feet and a half high, and which will average from id in. n't tniiiiiniM to thn acre. .Samples of this giain aro on exhibition at tho vi.intt.. i.ii'ikk Mr. Mhhoii has on ad joining ground wheat sown List fall on land plowed in tholiill.thoyieiuoi which will bo about thirty bushels to tho acre. Spring wheat on same clas-s of land will ..:,.t. i r-,.,.. on in or, imslictri to tho aero. ThiHOX.orimentofMr. Mason establishes, that wheat sown early in tho full on land, which has been summer fallowed, will give by far the best yield ot grain, atr. W.iunt. I,m nlin left nt this oflleo till) best specimens of herd grass wo havo seen in this country. Colfax videue. nf r.nr.l " unlit V)r. Parr to Krskino. whose conversation had delighted him, "should you dio first I mean to wrl( your epitaph." "Dr. Parr," was tho re ply, "it is a temptation to commit sui cide." London Society. Josn Bllllns nearu tivui Niwr-oiiT, K. I., Auk. 11, 1880. n-- .' r atn liort trvinu to brt&the in allthe iilt air of tho ocd, and hiving I ...r. . fn- .ntra than & vtr wit II & r. uocil a suuvinr i"i -- - - ; -'- - " fraotory liver, I wm induced to mix Hun Hit ters with the sea gaie, ami navo iuuiiu m tincture a aloriout result. I have i .1.. 1.1..1 l.w ttin tlittnm ami AM lieen Kicaujr iiwii-v. j ... .....,.-, not atrai J to aay so. Yours without a trog gC Jokii Hillings. for one dime Ket a psckaCd of D'atoonJ Dve at the druggist's. They color aoylhum the slinplilt and most dttiraule colors i