fwwifW'P
VOL. XIV.
PORTLAND, OREGON, FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 24, 1882.
NO. 41.
orrc0tti1cnc
Hop Growing.
Bceka Vista, Or., Nov. 16, 1882.
Editor Willamette Farmer :
If you will permit me space in your paper
I will answer inquiries from many wanting in
formation in regard to the hop business.
First, kind of soil And situation required :
You must havo good rich soil sandy loam is
preferable, but any soil rich enough to raise
good corn or potatoes, without any clay
nearer than three feet from the surface will
produce good hops if the soil is dry; but the
richer the soil the better; but do not flatter
yourself jou can raise good hops on your old,
worn out fields, for yo i will be losing your
labor if yuu do. Situation : Your hop yards
should be sheltered from the wind as much as
possible, and yet not shaded too much from
timber so as to prevent the sun from shining
all davunon the vines. Kich river bottom
land, either sandy or loam, where it does or
does not overflow, is good for hops if the soil
is rich an.l does not wash too much from the
current of an overflow. Time to set out roots :
We think the best tinn is in the month of
February or .March, although some prefer to
let them out in the fall of the year. Before
letting oar roots plow your ground good and
deep a foot deep if you can. After tho
roughly pulverizing, clod mash, then lay your
ground off eight feet each way, so that your
hills will be just eight feet apart. Each hop
et should be about eight inches long, and
contain two sets of eyes. After laying off your
ground in this minner, in each hill plant two
sets, and from four to six inches apart in the
hills; dig a bole about four inches deep, and
alter placing the sets in, cover with about
four inches of dirt. Hop sets are slow about
" coining through the ground, and it may be as
late aa the first of May before your vines bs
gin to shoot through the ground. After the
flrst year they will come through the ground
about the first of March. Many do not pole
the first year, but you may raise, by tending
well, from three to four hnndred pounds per
acre the first season. But whether you pole
or not the first year, bo sure to keep them
clean and the ground loose and mellow. Hop
poles should be from twelve to sixteen fett
long, about two and a half inches through at
the large end, with the knots closely trimmed,
s that the vine3 can easily be stripped from
the pole. The male hops, I had almost for
gotten to say, should bo set in every tenth
row, and every tenth hill in that row. The
remainder of tho row is act with the feraalo
hop, which alone bears. The male hop only
impregnates the other vines by the polon
blowing through the yard. The holes for the
poles are ma.de with an iron spnd, about four
feep long, with a knob on the upper end, the
lower end sharp pointed, with a gradual swell
about ono foot from the lower end to the
thickness 'of about three inches. The hole
hould bo eighteen inches deep, then, after
sharpening the polls, job them down into the
holes. The poles should be about tight inches
part at the ground, and about eighteen inches
apart at the top ends; this is to prevent too
thick a cluster. Two poles to the hill is sum
cient. It is always better to set your poles
before the vine comes through the ground in
the spring. Train the vines after they are
about.a foot long; rap them arourd the pole
with the sun, as they will net go opposite to
the revolution of the sun, then tie them with
good yarn or coarse burlap lavels, not with
thread or small twine, as this will cut the
vine; tie only a half, knot, so that as the vine
grows the string will give; train in the heat
of the day, and not on a oold or rainy day, as
tho vines are then brittle a?d wjll easily
- break. Train two vines to each pole, pulling
--or breaking the others off, and do not allow
any more to grow during the season. After
the vine has grown almost to the top of the
pole it will send out suckers; these limbs must
be cut off four or fire feet from the ground, as
they sap the strength from the vine. Culti
vate as you would corn; keep free of weeds,
ground loose and mellow, surface as level as
you can. On good soil, if you follow this
method, you can raise from twelve hundred
to two t jousand pounds to the acre. In my
next I will give method of picking; kind of
boxes used; method of drying; and the best
method of constructing dry house. The coat
of bop seta is from five to six dollars per
thousand, boxed ready for shipment, and it
will take about fifteen hundred sets to the
acre. B. F, Wills.
ne Tax Question PUcmssfi
Four. CoPHTr, Or., Not. 20, 1882.
Kditor Wilhmette Farmer:
As you are generally very fair toward those
who may happen to differ with you on any
abject, will you allow tho undersigned to
riticiie acme remark made in the Fabmxh.
of November 17th on the new "Tax Law.'
Wo will pass over and say nothing o' tho
huge cry and lamentation set up last week by
some Portland papers in regard to this very
law of taxation, as the farmers of this valley
well understand the aim and object of that
paper, but tho day of its influence is past
among tho farming community, but we, ns a
friend of the Farmed, had hoped that its ed
itor would at ltat say nothing until the law
was tried in the ou-rts of this State. But
now, yon, too, state that the "law is-inopera-tivo
as regards money loaned in this St ite
from Scotland, and that such loans are gov
erned by the laws of England." "That com
pany (the Scotch) cannot be made to pay
taxes on such loans, neither is it regulated by
sub usury law, etc." Great Scotland 1 deliver
us ! I see we shall have to fight the battles of
the revolution over, as our forefathers left a
sap down, and wo didn't gain our independ
ence from Scotland, as we cannot tax their
money, though invested in real estate. Gocd
heavens t what a blunder we made of it when
we set up for ourselves. If that be so, Mr.
E litor, are we not in great danger of having
all of the money invested hero t come from
Scotland? What chanco would an American
stand here to lend money and pay taxes on
the same when, as you say, Mr. Editor,
Scotch money cannot be taxed here. But
we boldly deny the premises, as there is
nothing exempt from taxation except public
property in tho United States. What is
money, if not the very best of property? a
property thst is recognized and accepted
among all civilized nations The second sen
tence in that article hits the truth from be
ginning to end. You seem to think, Mr.
Editor, that taxing money at its face is vir
tually double taxation, because real estate is
not assessed over half its value. Well, I am
informed that the Scotch Company nly lends
money on bait the value oi tne rai esiaie,
secured by mortgage, and, as you state that
the borrower will have to make up the taxes,
so I can't see where the .wrong conies in, as
he only pays on one half of the value nf the
real estate. But in our estimation the weak
est argument of all is this : Money loaned
represents land generally, and as it is bo
easy to conceal it, or to find some way to
evade taxes on it, tho effort to tax it pro
duces fraud, demoralization and corruption
Why do Porthndera ketp their stores and
shops open after nightfall, as it is so easy
to steal and conceal and evade the police,
especially your liquor shops cause much de
moralization and corruption, why not order
them to shut up at sundown f As I under
stand it, "the law was made for the evil
doer, but not 'or the righteous man," it pro
tects him in his rights. The wholo argu
ment seems to hinge on this : What is
money f If property it mnst be taxed
wherever found, if not property, w.e should
not attempt to tax it. As to tbo present
law, we have not seen it, only what we have
heard from its coofessed enemies, it may
need ameliorating, but its main feature, vice
taxing all property wherever found in the
State, will hereafter stand forever on the
Statute Book, for it is based on justice, and
the people will see to it, that it is exe
cuted. Nobody desires to drive money from
the State, but if money cannot bear taxing
like auv other property, then let it slide
and we will try to pet along without Scot
land. Tax Paver.
farmers and fruit growers of Oregon and
Washington hope soon to have railroad con
nection with the mining and wheat growing
region east of us, and to find a good market
for our fruits all tho way to St. Paul. These
markets will call especially for apples and
pears of the late fall and wiuter varieties In
planting pears for profit there should bo such
a variety of kinds as will inclu le tho best
kinds for each season, from the earliest to tne
latest'; but tl planting to supply distant mar
kets, there should be but little of the very
early kinds, as they ripen fast and decay
soon. For such maktts tho Bartlett, C'app's
Favi'rite, Flemish Beauty, Beurre d'Arjon,
Winter Nellis abd Beurre d'Easter will be
found reliable and profitable. I would give
these varieties rank as follows : First, Beurre
d'Arjon; second, Winter Nellis and Beurre
d'Easter; third, Barllctt; fourth, Clapp's
Favo ite and Fit mish Beauty, I place Beurre
d'Arjon first because the tree is very hardy,
well shaped and of vigorous growth; the fruit
is htndsome, of good size and d-licious flavor,
also a good keeper, its season being from Oc
tober to Januiry. All things considered, it
is without a peer among our pears. Yours
truly, ,F. C. Yeomans.
THE SHEEP INDUSTRY.
BOW BOMS
CAN AND SOME
RAISE SHEEP.
CANNOT
Great Profit on Moderate Capital Bneep
waiKs in Oregon, wasningiou ana nuu-
tann High Price or Heat and Its
Effect Upon Sheep Husbandry.
Lane- County Pomona Orange.
Irving, Or., Nov. 20, 1882. .
Editor Willamette Farmer :
Line County Pomona Grange will meet
with Grand Prairie Grange in their hall,
two miles west of Irvine, on the second
Saturday in December. Patrons from a dis
tance invited. Basket dinner.
A. J. Jennings, Secretary.
Factories Heeded.
Planting- Pears for Ptoflt'
Nov. 10, 18S2.
Wasuocgal, W. T.
Editor Willamette Farmer :
I have read with much interest your article
on "Fruit Growing in Oregon Opinions of a
California Expert;" and I noticed that, in
common with most of the California fruit
groweri, Mr. Haydeo has the Bartlett fever,
and feaiing that some may take the advice he
gives, and follow the California exsmple, I
would give a few words of warning. Ten
years ago, in the peach-growing section of
New York there was found to be a considera
ble larger profit in raising Crawford's Early
than any other variety of peach. This led to
a demand for trees of that variety which the
rrmserymen could not supply for scvtr.il
years, although they increased their st"ck
each year. It alto led to an over supply bf
the fruit, so that they were a drug in the
market, and from being the roost profitable it
became the least so. This bit of fruit hutory
is being repeated in California to-day, only it
U another fruit Last year there were not
enough Bartlett trees; from the size of a
witch, np to the use of a ipade handle, in
California, Oregon and Waahington, to sup
ply the California demand, and I fully believe
that the result of this boom will be thst, ten
years hence, the Bartlett will prove to be one
of the least profitable of pear. The Bartlet
ranki first for canning, and will, perhaps,
always find a demand at low prices, but we
The following taken from the Seattle Pott
Int'Uirjencer is so appliable to this city, that
we endorse every word of it and hope its sug
gestions will not fali listless on the public ear;
Factories are quite as much needed here as
railroads, and more. Railroads will bring
people into the country, but if there is noth
ing for them to do they will go away again.
Factories will give them that something to do.
A few of the industries needed here w ill be
found in the paragraphs following:
A match factory has paid in Victoria for
several years past, and one or two in Portland
also. Why will not one pay in Sjattle? W
have the boit of wood for tho purpose, and a
demand at homo for matches almost sufficient
to keep a factory going without citside orders.
A. wood pulp mill for the making of paper.
The wood is going to waste all around us in
in quantity sufficient to make all the paper
used on the Pacific slope. Pulp paper mills
are springing into existence all through the
wooded regions of the East, and ere many
years there will be a dozen on Puget Sound.
Who will build the first!
A boot and shoe factory is imperatively re
quired. The 60,000 inhabitants of Western
Washington weir out (50,000 worth of shoe
leather per month, 140,000 of which go to
California and eastern manufacturers. The
representative of a leading San Fiancaico boot
an I shoe house who did the Sound up list
month, showed the writer his order book.
During his last visit he took orders to tho
' amount of $33,000. To compete successfully
a factory here should havo nearly or quite a
hundred thousand dollars invested in machin
ery, stock, etc. A hundred or more op. ra
ti vts would be employed, anl an addition
mode tj the town at once of at least a thous
and inhabitants.
It is really singular that a tub and buiket
factory lias not been set up iu this wcodeu
country before. That aiticles of this descrip
tion should come all the way from the east, is
shameful, as may also bo said of other wooden
ware, as bowls, washboard', handles, etc
We may also include brooms.
We have repeatedly, in previous issues, di
lated upon the business and profits that await
the future makers of beet sugar. No region
under the sun is better adapted to the cultiva
tion of sugar beets and the making of sugar
than this, and a second Claus Sprlckles for
tuns awaits the capitalists who will prop-rly
undertake the business
Sevtral of the enterprises above referred to
are within easy reach of our. own citizens, in
dividually and unaided. Others will require
united effort, and still ethers need the help of
outside capital. We can get some of them
with little effort, and, by persistent trying,
we can get them all. Let us try.
We had friend say to us a few days ago:
"I never do anything for a cold; just wear it
off" That is exceedingly dangerous; one
m ght do that 19 times and the 2Utb time the
cold would settle en tho luns.1 and lead to
consumption, and thus cut line's life short
many j ears. Is it not better, and more sensi
ble, to go to your druggist and get a bottle of
Ammen's Cough Syrup, than run any risk at
alL
SHEEP HCSUANbRV IJtr-ORTAM EVERYWHERE.
Wo have recently taken a fresh impulse to
become partial concerning a very important
iodustry, that represents a great amount of
capital invested and pays a larger per cent, of
profit on the investment, than is earned by
any r-ther staple produot known in this region
if not in the wide world. We propose to re
late two days experience with sheep growers,
and in the outset give notice that wo shall sur
prise conservative minds by statements t'-at
astonished us when we heard them, but we
find them srundly supported by testimony of
manvcood mtn. and as we know the men well
in many instances, wo accept their statements
as reliable, and give them to tho world.
Shoep husbandry grows in importance in
every section of this country. The wheat
farmer learns that he needs sheep in the Will
amette valley to glean his suinrntr-faljow, to
utilize his waste land, to supply meat, and
when he has made the most use that is possi
ble of them as scavenger, he finda that his
band of sheep have proved the most profitable
and lea.t troublesome item of farm stock.
They also find that they do not keep nearly
as many sheep as they ought. It is Bife to
say that Western Oregon doeB not Buppoit
over one half as many sheep as coul'l protita
Wy be kept, and that the loss of possibleprofit
is a great item. Wheat fields that grow too
rank because they were not pastured nt the
proper time, afford an example in the loss ac
count. S1IKEP BREEDERS OF WESTERN OREOON.
Thero are many wheat grpwere who keep
sheep in such a way that they deteriorate,
thouph still profitable; but they get the use of
them in weeding their fields at tho expense of
half starving tho poor sheep. Thoro aro some
who take gord caro of their small flocks and
see them improvo for so doing, and get good
pay from them. We have shown that there
is more profit iu keeping sheep on well im
proved pastures than in growing wheat. In
Western Oregon we have tomo men who are
noted breeders; such men as Minto, Guthrie,
Cros, Davidson and F. R. Smith. Several
good bretders live in Linn county. There aro
good breeders in Yamhill and Washington,
and a fair share live in the, Umpqua valley.
Those generally itick close to Merinos, the
Spanish and French being most popular, and
some show good American Merinos. Some
breeders are interested in Lciccsters, Cotwolds
and New Oxfordshire!, while of bte Mr. G.
W. Hunt, of Sublimity, is importing Shrop
shires. The high grade Merino has been the
favorite, but meat is now so scarce that good
mutton is far more of an object than heretofore
and must henceforth dispute the palm with
good fleeces.
While quite a number are breeders of thor
oughbred sheep thero are also some who keep
rood sized bands. S. W. R. Jones of Gerva-
is, has probably 2000 sheep. He has made a
great put of his furtuno by that means, hav
ing a mount lin rango as well as I'rcnch prai
rio pastures. M. Wilkins and sons, and oth
ers in Lane county, lift p mny sheep besides
cattle and horses. Wilkins has COO to 800
New Oxfordshire!, and c uaideta them far
better wool producers than Cotswolds; they
are as heavy in carcais and as good in quality
of flesh. While a Merino wether weighs CO
pounds New Oxfordshire of his Ian I averages
100 lbs. As they sell by weight they are
profitable; as they arc hardier than Merinos
they have a decided superiority. J hey pro
ducc combing wool that is ten per cent, value
above common. The hatdiueaa of these sheep
can be seen from the fact that they have nev
er sheltered or fed tlinn iu any winter, nor
have ever met with heavy loss. These sheep
run on the foot hills of the Cascades and ou
rich bottom land. They have pasture made
up cf nstive grass chiefly, into which timothy,
orchard grass, etc., have largely taken hold.
As the pasture is not overstocked, the
grass improve! rather than deteriorates,
SHEEP IN 800T1IEKN ANII COAST COCKTLEH.
One of the most successful sheep men in
Western Oregon is D. M. Guthrie, near Dal
las, in PolkVounty. He not only grows Cue
sheep for breeding purposes, but has quite a
bind of them, common stock well graded up
from which he derives a gocd profit iu wool
and mutton. His Cotswolds and New Ox
fordshires come into market a extra choice
wethers. These are the wool groweri of im
portance in this section, though they do not
often keep sheep by the thousand as they do
ait of the Cascades.
Douglas county, which includes Umpqua
TiUev. is a famous shetp region, though its
Here, in tho Willamette, tho nVlve grasses
are nearly run out, but sheep pay large inter
est on cultivated grasses, and mixed grain
makes excellent pasture. The hills of Ump
qua produce a short grass that dries up early;
sheep thrivo in early spring and do well hen
caily fall rains start the grass, but summer
pasture is very dry. They should scatter dif
ferent grass Beeds including small white cloer
and rib grass over those hills, and if they take
in thero as they do elsewhere, those hills will
soin carry much more stock than naw, and do
it better. The sheep business in Umpqua has
made rich men of many, like Thomas Smith,
D. W. Stearns, the Sntherlin'a and many oth
ers '"o cinnot name; Umpqua wool has no su
perior and few equals on this coast. Sheep
and wool arc tlio gn a.t staples of Umpqua val
ley, and will bo more and more appreciated
when they learn thst improved grasses will
givo tlouuie returns in ueiier sneep sua neav
ier fleeces
There are some flocks of sheep in Rogue
river val'ey, where the climate is favorable,
but sheep do not yet occupy the wide pastures
of Middle-Southern Oregon. There aro sheep
in some districts of the coast mountuos, to
wards the ocean, along tho south coast, but
thero tho chief dependence is cattle, and tho
climate is a safo one for cattle raising on a
large scale. Sheep are found along the coast
all the way to the Straits of Fuca. They, do
wellonShoalwaterBiy. Can be found on
Clatsop, and at Til'amook, in -tho islands of
Puget Sound, as well "as on tho mainland;
through the wooded region along the Colum
bia they help pay the taxes. It would be in
teresting to trace their history through all
this region, and we may sometime do so, 'but
now we will go to the wider and more 'exclu
sive domain which is found in Eastern Oregon
where broad plains and wide spreading moun
tains give them rich pastur.-all the year round, j
EAST OF THE CASCADES. .
For some years past sheep walks have been
encroaching on cattle ranges, and gradually
stock men havo been becoming sheep men.
The assertion that sheep pay twice as much
profit as cattle and horses is no doubt true,
even while it is truo thot, for a term of ten
years, cither cattle or horses, well cared for,
v. ill yield a full hundred per cent profit per
annum on the investment, besides paying all
expenses. Tho stock business is simply im-
ncnBe, that is, when well carnod on. imt
we may as wtll pr miso that while as a stock
man lately said one mau may understand
horses, an 1 another may be good and success
ful with cattle, it is seldom any one man is
well ablo to run sheep, horses and cattle all
at tho samo time. Sheop men aro not so com
mon as they might be, as has been provid by
the want of success of many who have at
tempted it. To hear those who have suc
ceeded state their case, it seems easy enough
to manage the business.
HORSES ON EASTERN PASTURES
Beforo commencing on sheep we will look
at horse raising, which are the easiest of all
stock to keep. Turn your band of horses out,
ou any good range, even in tho Eistern coun
ties when snow laid for ninety da s last win
ter, and you nted only lock them up once in
a-whilo and thoy wiUtake care of themselves.
If tho snow is deep they paw it away to get
at the standing bunch grass and keep in fair
order on it. They can paw for a living, when
split-hoof cattle will starve to dtath. Tht.ro
are great herds of horses in Northeastern
ago wo wrote up thecajllu business in Southern
Wasco and Grant and Biker counties, so it is
not necessary to rtpeal. suffice it to say that
while cattlo are high priced and far more
profitable than ever beforj in Oregon history,
thoy still lack much of bou-g as profitable as
the nimble-footed sheep, whoso l.oof is handed
down in a Spanish proverb as shod with
silence. Before wo leave tho horse, wo will
say that he thrives on tho big bunch grass.
He gains strength and bone and inutile from
lecdmg on the rolling plains. This grass is of
several varieties, with similar characteristic!.
Iist week, when riding and walking over the
high, graaay ridge close to the Columbia, near
its junction with the Join Day riier, we
closely inspected tho standing bunch grass.
It had ni t been pastured but stood as it grew,
its seed fallen off: stalk and leaf w ere withered
and dried up and apparently mouldy, but that
was only in appearance; despite appearances,
this grass was neither mouldy nnr damaged;
it had dried up but savtd aH its nutritious
qualities; had cured a! hay cures, and is valu
able as feed when other grasses have no value,
or very little value at all. This makes the
bunch grass very important as winter feed.
When snow is on the ground tho horse will
dig down to it and make a good Hying. Even
tho sheep will scrape the snow away to get
down to its stem.
Washington, whera they havo tew cattle ami
not many sheep. Stock died so in 1880-1
that cattle are very scarce in that section, but
horses are more plenty and more ccitain us
profit. Horses aro numerous inallpaitsof
Eastern Oregon and Washington; some bands
are of the Indian, or Cayuso stock, that by
gradual improvement pay well to tho owners;
others are American marts of a low grade,
while bands of horses of different degrees of
nature can bo found until you come to good
carriage stock and high grade! from thorough
bred ancestors. Of late, horse men arc turn
ing their attention more to securing improve
ment in the direction of trotting stock, so as
to bring some good roadsters to market.
Style and foYin and acti"ii with speed, and
fair size is what they strive for. Many old.
mares can be found on the bunch grass range
that have never had halter or bridle ou, but
have raised brg families,
CATTLE, STOCK AMI BEE.
Cattle were sold off of Northern ranges and
went East at low prices in 1880 and 1881, but
great bands of them still range the hills and
plaini of Middle and Eastern and Southern
Oregon. Those regions are remote from the
ways of the worldat least from tho railways
and waterways and not being available fir
agriculture, are utilized by herdsmen, who
literally own the cattle ou thousand hills.
Beef is beef, now-a-days, and csttle are up in
the world at prices that make the cattle kings
grasses seem to hive deteriorated of lateyears. I very proud of their prmWou. Not very long
THE QRAHSKS SHEEP LIKE.
But the Bhcep docs net like any coarse, long
grass. It prefers the shorter, sweeter growths
and needs variety. Ho helps himself to
weeds; he browses, when ho cau, and nibbles
closo the shortest grass that grows, actually
keeping fat when herbage is scarcely visible,
when he would do poorly if ho had to 'wade
through tall grass that was over hii back.
We had bo often heard mon who live close to
the Blue Mountains Bay there was no sheep
grass neir the Columbia river, that we took
pain to examine and saw that all among the
scattering bunch grass there is a smaller
growth, known as sheep grass, on which
sheep thrive, while Iaigcr stock devour the
other grass. Nature has dealt kindly with
that region aud before we clcs) it wnl be evi
dent that many havo held a mistaken idea in
supposing that bunch grass will wear out and
leave no successor; that eventually the rnnges
will bo barren and worthless. It is not in
that w.iy kindly Natuio protects tho world,
for from its vust labaratory it continually
evolves hidden things; plant follows plant iu
cnlfcss succession, though wo cannot say fr in
whenco thoy corny.
UMATII LA AND 11LUE MOUNTAIN RANdES.
The greatest sheep range in Eastern Oregon
is found in West.-rn Umatilla county, along
the base of tho Blue Mountains, and all
through these mountains. John Q. Wilson,-
formerly a res'dent of 1ikm, and of late years
in Eastern Oregon, where he has been stock
raising fir twenty yean, now has a sheep
range cast of Hcppncr, and the other day
gave us interesting particulars of hii methods
and succo a. Last spring ho had 1,850 ewei,
that brought him 1,700 Iambi. It was a for
tunate year, as he did not feed at all during
the winter, and the wool yield was good. The
grass caino early iu the spring, lambing time
was April, and lambs and ewes did well.
Shearing caino iu May, and alter paying for
shearing and transporting to market, where
he sola at 21 cents, ho realized a full average
of 81 50 per head from his wool, which gave
him plenty of moans to handle himsolf. After
shearing, the olie'jp were driven into the
mountains, Sheep eat the small grasses that
come up v;ry thickly through all thu foot
hills; when these dry up, us happens early iu
the summer, the mountains arc near by, aud
afford green grasses and temptiuir browso all
sumimr, Mr. Wilson says you must put flesh
on your sheep in Juno and July to make n
aucccss of it; so, when tlio foothill grasses be
gin to dry he divides his sheep iu bjnds of
1,800, putting .an experienced herder with a
band of that number, and they start by easy
stages, driving a few miles every day, until
they get to their customary range. There is a
sort of pre-einptors right recognized iu these
inatters. Tbo mountain rat ge as yet is free,
hut the oldest use creates a right that stock
meu re-coguiie and do not iuterfere with.
Each resumes, year after year, the range oc
cupied before. 'Ihe last comer moves on be
youd with his sheep, to find unoccupied terri
tory. Mr. Wilson says some men drive their
sheep ono hundred milei into the mountains
to find new pasture; another sheep owner tells
ut that of late they go until .they almost meet
the bands that come from the other side of the
mountains. 'The Blue Monntaina occupy a
great territory and spread out ranges in all
directions. They are not so abrupt as th
Cascades; have little or no underbrush, and
among the op:u pine forest graasd every
where. There is alio abundant water from
springs and small rilU.so that sheep luxuriate
(Coutliiuest on fourth page.)
HI
!