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Sf1-". -sV 'ays "
WILLAMETTE FARMER: PORTLAND, OREGON, JANUARY 13, 182
thx wnraMKAw iahd.
Chrlitatn Advocate.
eenerally known that the editor of
iper spentmsny years east ot tho Cascade
tauts ho ia almost weekly in receipt oi
of inquiry about all the country in
Oregon and Washington, and West-
and Northern Idaho. We have Been a
many elaborate and learned articles
by thoso who haro simply trarelea
the country, or by professed scientists,
i, while haying tmth in them, would do-
and ininre more than they would bonent.
aar this ont of the experience of eleven
ooatinuons residence there, ana alter
made the country in its geography and
iaitnitriil and nroduotive adaptations a
1 study. The oountry cannot be intel
tty estimated any other way. Another
toulty is the describing a part for the whole
Ire oountry, when there is no equal extent
nntry that wc hare ever seen where there
ash a diversity of soil, natural produc
ts, and even of climate as there. One part
ilace cannot represent any other. 'ejp
,t wo would call the "bunch grass conn-
i" is that lying between tho Cascade and
mountain ranges, a distance east and
of 180 miles in round numbers, and from
Coeur d'Aleno mountains to the high
that run from tho Blue mountains
ard, about a hundred miles south of the
ombia riror, a distance north and south of
i less than 260 miles. There are tracts
Bin these limits that may be called "sape
isa land." as a large part of the Yakima
KUey and the Lower Snake river valley; but,
general, with these excopttons, it is oovercd
th a comparatively clean growth of bunch
This country is in general two inclined
Holes, one sloping downward from the north'
id the othor from the south, and the Colum-
a river lorming tno line 01 ineir nieuuug.
Keee tables are not plains but hilly slopes
fit by streams and ravines, but with a gener-
inclination as stated. Tho whole of it, with
to exception of the Yakima valley, has also a
Bostward inclination to conform it to tfce flow
the Columbia river which has a rapid cur-
rat, and is the only drainage of that vast re-
on.
We have called this the "bunch grass coun-
;" but it needs to be stated that bunch
grass is not always the same thing, and does
Cot always indicate the same qualities or pro
ductiveness of soil. In traveling over the
country in late April, May and June and ear'
fy July which are the only suitable months
lor an intelligent examination of it the ob
servant traveler will note tracts where the
bunch grass is, if not large and rank, clean
nd thrifty and grocn, and rising thickly from
ne to two feet abovo the bunches well loaded
cads of seed bowing Gracefully before the
ze. Every rod of such land is good
in land, and will grow fruit troes and vend
ibles. In all such regions "chick grass" will
found growing rankly in the tramped spots
along the road, and generally blue Lupins and
other flowers will make the Juno morning
beautiful aud fragrant. If a man wants land
and is suited otherwise, he can ''pre-empt"
this spot in perfect safety. But if he doesn't
atop right hore, let him tako a quart or so of
this soil along to compare it with some he will
find by and by.
On other tracts be will find bunch grass,
but smaller, whiter, fewer and less heavily
loadod seed stocks, or hardly any at all ; the
grass yellowing early in Juno; the flora lim
ited and low and yellow predominating. This
tract is perhaps indeed, is likely toJo bet
ter faced than tho other. It is nearer the
great river, nearer the railroad which follows
the great river. Its altitude is lower. Com
pare this soil with that brought from the
other place. The first is brown, loamy, fria
ble, yet quite adhesive. There is evidently in
h a urge percent, of dissolved lava and other
rooks. This is whitish, with little adhesive
uoss; crurablingln the baud instead of adher
ing in a mass when pressed. There is a large
per eont. of only partially decayed vegetable
fibre in it, sometimes largely intermixed with
sharp flinty sand, and again with a dry, whit
ish, alkaline earth. Still the difference in the
appearance of soil and productions from the
other place is not so strongly marked that a
careless traveler, glancing over it, would say
it was at least fifty percent, lees valuable for
farming purposes; nevertheless such is the
faot. Beautiful and convenient as the place ia
you had better pot "take a claim" here.
We have intimated that this last described
tract of country is that nearest tho river.
Still even this must be qualified. Altitude
has much to do with the quality of the bunch
grass land. Fur forty or fifty miles eastward
of The Dalles, the land keeps its semi moun
tain altitude, and there is no valley only a
gorge to the Columbia. Above that, the
hills sink away on both sides of the river, but
more observably' on the south ; the depression
continuing across the Lower Willow creek,
Umatilla and Walla Walla valleys, and far up
and across the Snake river, and includes a
vast space of country between the Snake and
Columbia rivers. The rule for the selection of
lands for farming purposes in all this region is
"go higher." Ss, when the hills that extend
downward toward the river from the distant
wooded mountain tops keep well their altitude
until they abut fair against the gorge of the
stream; as in f bo forty miles above The Dalles;
farming isf 'comparatively safe, bat other
wheres it is comparatively unsafe.
Of course, bearing out on every fact of resi
dtnee and industry, the question of climate
mast be considered.' To know the climate of
that region it must be lived iu; summered and
wintered in'for years. We ha e seen oracular
descriptions of the climate of the great Colum
bia valley made by travelers, newspaper oor
respondents, men of letter, that were so par
tial and limited as' to be ntterly untiua in fact.
The observations of roost who write have been
only along the lines of steamboat and railroad
travel, and in the Summer, when and where
only a certain range of climatio conditions
will be experienced. Possibly the day or days
they traveled, the wind swept up tho river
gorge, the driving sands filled the air, while
vnt the ann blazed out of a cloudless skr.
This was then heir type of the climate. 'Or,'
the atmosphere was almost pulseless, the suu
blazed swelteringly.upoq the river sands, and
this became their type, " Both false. Go out
yonder towards those "mountains twenty or
fifty miles away, and you are in a different
world. A cloudless sky is over yon. A soft
sunlight melts away into a dreamy haze that
seems to flow in waves ovr the hillsides. As
you near the timbered altitudes and look,
backward over the gorge of the Columbia
twentv miles awiy. n shimmering, lutlpiutinz
niaes cf hooted atmosphere show t here your '
traveler ia studying the climate of tho bunch
grass country. He will probably write a let
ter to a newspaper of his Sahara of heat and
sand drifts, and make it apply to vast regions
that it no more describes than it does a lunar
landsoape. This language is particularly ap
plicable to a scope of country sloping north
ward and westward from the ridges of the
Bine mountains, sweeping iu a semi-circular
form from John Day's valley on the west
across the Snake river, and reaching well
round to the Columbia, at the mouth of tho
Spokan, a countty of nt far from three hun
dred miles in length and averaging not less
than fiflv miles in width. This is pre-eminent
ly the "bunch grass conntry" and includes the
great Umatilla, Walla Walla, Columbia, Oar
field, Whitman and Spokan grain belts; with
out question the best wheat region of Amer
ica, and blessed with a climate as well adapted
to insure a uniform and ample yield ol farm
productions as any other. To some other
portions and conditions of tho great interior
we shall give subsequent attention.
BOtOBUH MairUTACTUlE IN OJIKCOH.
The following correspondence taken from
tho Jacksonville Sentinel, published in South
ern Oregon, shows the interest tbat is being
manifested in the development of sorghum
culture here, and may, perhaps, elicit further
information from growers. The Land Depart
ment of the Oregon and California railroad, at
Portland, will be glad to receive any reliable
details, and if they are satisfactory, there will
be no difficulty in securing capital with whioh
to push this industry!
Portland, Or,, Nov. 17th, 1881.
J. B. Wrisley, Esq., Jacksonville.
Dear Sib: The sample of sorghum syrup
you kindly sent reached, and quality very
gratifying the more, as yeu say that it is not
of tho very best.
If not civinc too much trouble, I would
thank you for an answer to the following
questions:
What was the average gross weight of the
cane pr acre, and how many gallons of syrup
did you make out of it! I mean also per acre
or how many gallon i of syrup-does one ton
of cane yield?
Can you and do you feel inclined to give an
idoa as to the cost of a gallon of syrup, exclui
sive of keg or tin; the Washington report
quotes 16 to 17 cents, but I should think that
it would cost more here?
I make similar inquiries from parties east of
the mountains, and should like to compare the
reports. Very respectfully,
F.G. Ewald.
Jacksonville, Or., Nov. 26th, 1881.
F. O. Ewald, Esq. : Yours of the 17th re
ceived. I would say
that it co-its no moro to raise an acre of cane
than of corn, and will only give the cost of
manufacturing. Ed. note (an acre of corn
costs about $10 here, and no of sorghum may
cost about $12.)
1st. Question "Average gross weight per
acie?" Cannot tell; never weighed any.
2d. Queetion "How many gallons did you
makeper acre?"
Mace up three-quarters of an acre fcr Mr.
Hanley, which yielded 212 gallons; half an
acre for P. Dunn (whose farm adjoins that of
Judgo Tolman,) which yielded 120 gallons.
We received, in small lots, a few loads at a
time from little patches all over the valley,
and hence cannot give any accurate statement
as to yield, but feel justified in saying that
with proper cultivation the averago yield per
acre here is 200 gallons.
3d. Question "Can you give me an idea of
the cost of a gallon of syrup?"
We use a two-horse "Victor" mill and a
"No. 5 Cook" evaporator : could make twice
the amount of syrup with the same number of
nanas n we naa a mm ot twice tne capacity.
We make from 60 to 100 gallons per day with
bands, as follows; Expert to attend evapora
tor, $2; one hand to fire, etc., $1; one hand to
defecate juice, $1 ; one hand to feed mill, $1 ;
boy to hand cane aud remove begasse, 50c;
boy to drive horses, 50c ; 1 cord of wood, $3 ;
incidentals in defecating, about 10c per day.
The furnace should be eo arranged as to burn
the "begasso," as it is better than wood and
preferred in the East. This season has de
monstrated beyond a doubt that Rogue River
valley cannot be equalled in raising sorehum,
We have manufactured syrup of cane from all
parts ol tne valley, twenty miles each way
from the mill, and from all parts wo have
tound some extremely rich 4 (rations ol
juice making a gallon (of 12 lbs) of syrup. The
caue possesses an amount ot sacnanne matter,
not equalled by any cane heard of in the East
ern States. It needs only a well arranged es
tablishment, according to a good method or
system, to supply the State with its syrup.
Hoping this may be a satisfactory reply to
your questions, and assuring you oi my pleas
ure in furnishing any information you may
desire in relation to this industry,
I am, very respectfully,
Joiiy B. Wkwlev.
Weather Report for December, 1881.
During December, 1881, there wore lSdays
on which rain fell, and an aggregate of 3.40
inches of water; two clear days and eleven
cloudy days other than those on which rain
fell.
The mean temperature for the month was
42.16 deg.
Highest daily mean toinperature for the
month, 53 deg. on the 22d.
.Lowest daily mean temperature, -"J deg. qn
the 2d.
Mean temperature for- the month at '.
o'clock r. M., 45.5S deg.
Highest temperature for the month, 57 deg,
at 2 r. m. on the 22d.
Lowest temperature, 25 deg. at 7 A. M. on
the 2d and 3.'.
Frosts occurred on tho 1st, 2d, 3d, 4tb,
24th, 25th, 27th and 28th.
The prevailing winds for the month were
from the north during 7 days, southwest 21
days, south 2 days, northwest 1 day.
During December, 18S0, there were 18 days
during which rain fell, and 11.50 in. of water;
1 clear day and ,12 cloudy days. ,
Mean temperature for.the mouth, 31.22 deg.
Highest daily mean temperature for the
month, 53 deg. on the 2Ckk.
Lowest daily mean temperature for the
month, 23 deg. on the 3d. . .- ,
T. Piano,,
Eola, Jan. 2, 1882. A t
uw
The Beit ResiUnf,
Every family that desires to provide for its
young people wholesome andinstructave read
ing matter should send fcr specimen copies of
the Youth's Companion. Its columns give
more than two hundred stories, yearly, by
the most notfed authors, letides one thousand
articles on topics of interest, aneciotis,
sketches of travel, pooma, puzzle, incidents,
humorous Aim pameitc. it come every vrceK,
is hmdromely illustrated, and is emphatically
a piper for the wbo!e fmdy.
GENERAL MEWS. i ..
Grant County Xetce: Iteoently parties,
hunting on the desert west of the Bear Creek
buttcs, discovered a natural cariosity in the
shape of what might he called a miniature air
volcano. It is situated on a small hill or knot,
and from crevices in tho rocks the air rushes
out with considerable noise which can be
beard for some distance around. The air is
exceedingly cold, and must como from some
cavern underneath, having an opening far
away from the point where it issues forth. It
is indeed a strange feature of that very strange
country.
Goldendalo Octette: In our iournevines last
Summer, we visited and made mention ot the
fine fruit orchard of John Martin, on Rock
Creek. Among other things were some thrifty
and fruitful almond tress, and now Mr. Mar
tin sends ns a package of fully ripened and
well developed almoads, with precisely the
same appearance and flavor as the imported
artiile. Within five years Klickitat will prove
herself capablo of many things even now
hooted at. We have all the necessary natural
elements and enough men of energy and enter
prise to take the lead. A good day will be for
Klickitat 'when all the slow going, good for
nothing ranchers are srowded bsyoud its bor
ders. Grant County New: Mr. A. Robins, of
Ochoco, who is an extensive stock owner in
tho Malheur country, has just returned from
that section bringing very discouraging news.
Mr. Robins reports the weather mora severe
than was ever known: the snow, when he left,
hat! laid on the around to the depth of twelve
inches for about a month, farther east the
snow was still deeper, and news had reached
there of the death of six men by freezing. Mr.
R. states that should another fall of snow oc
cur and the cold weather continue, nearly all
the stock on the Malheur ranges will perish.
The stock men of this vicinity can, iudeed,
congratulate themsolves upon their fortunate
escape thus far.
Goldendale Gazette: This Winter is in
grand contrast with last. Then it was all
enow, now it is all mud; then it was rather
cold, now it is almost warm as Spring; then
the stock was starving and dying, now they
are rolling in luxury.
Correspondence of Mountaineer: The situa
tion from which I write is between Five Mile
oreek and Dry Hollow. The first claim in this
neighborhood was taken up by r. Umey, May
4, 1880. He has about 50 acres under fence;
has 10 acres cleared; broken and sown to
white oats and Winter wheat. A piece of
ground sown to timothy grass has done well.
Seven acres oi mover ana auana nave oeen
sown on Spring breaking. Fruit trees and
strawberries, haye been set out, and a house,
16x24 feet, has been built; a barn, 14x44 feet,
with an addition, 14x14 ; a heu house, 12x14,
and a well, 4 feet deep, has been dug. Mr.
Omey and family wintered there last VVinter,
with a band of horses and cows, and is in a
thrifty condition. During tho Spring and
Summer four other families have come into
this neighborhood. All have good houses and
stables, and show evidence of being earnest,
go-ahead farmers; have got under way sowing
fields of wheat, etc. These settlers have or
ganized a school district; have a spelling
SUllUOl every tvcuucouMjr iiigMi. an Aiit. i;. luur
ney's, with 13 attending scholars.
It is announced that the Interior depart
ment at Washington has decided that Lorn
bardy jpeplar and balm and Cottonwood are
not " timber, " in the sense that tho law rela
ting to timber requires. Petitions are being
circulated to have the decision amended, so as
to protect those who have heretofore planted
these trees with the belief that they were
complying with the law.
Waitsburg Times: A visit to the depot
now would convince the most skeptical that
large commodious warehouses, in which to
store the vast amount of grain that will be
brought annually to this point, lire much
needed. It matters not what improvements in
our facilities for transporting grain may be
made in the future; a vast amount of wheat
will accumulate yearly, and be compelled to
wait its turn for shipment, and should be pro
tected from the weather. There aro hundreds
if not thousands of bushels of damaged wheat,
much of which is entirely ruined, lying scat
tered around, over the platforms at the depot
now. This state of things should not contimie,
Seattle Pott-InteUhenccr: Mr. L. Sohns
informs our reporter that while he was in San
Francisco, tho Mattulath Manufacturing Com
pany ordered a machine from the East, by
telegraph, which will make a barrel without
staves, or out of a single stave. This macliinu
will have a capacity of 2500 barrels per day.
It also will have an attachment for catting
out fruit boxes, etc. On the arrival of this
machinery in San Francisco, Mr. Mattulath
will come with it to Seattle, and remain until
it isn running order, after which the mill
will be run on full time.
Puget Sound Mail: The grain crop of this
section is about all disvoeed of, buyers having
made special efforts during the past week to
get hold of the remaining surplus on hand. It
is not all shipped yet, but its relation to the
San Francisco market is fixed and determined;
and we expect to heir of a material advance
in the grain market within a week or two, as
the market is now more under control thap at
any time for years past. Buyers have made
special effort to secure control of the entire
crop throughout the coast, and are now in
position to dictate terms to outsiders. In
other words, they have a "corner" in oats,
and we art anxious to see what they are going
to do about it. The farmers, however, re
ceived a fair price, and we don't mind if the
grain merchants reap their harvest now.
The Pendletonieople are building, a dam
545 feet long to protect the people from the
ravages of tho Umatilla river. It is composed
of a foundation of heavy stone with four
alternate layers of brush and stone above it.
At the lower extremity of the dam is a cut
through the rocky bar, 300 feet long and 30
feet wide, and in addition to these works
thero is a double line of embankment along
Court street, aggregsting 500 feet in length.
The estimated cost of the work is $1,300.
Columbian: W. W. West informs us. he
cleared the last season $1,500 on the butter of
30 cows. The calves and hogs fattenodon
the milk paid for all the help employod.
The work of plowing the Oregon Improve
ment Company s lands has been begun near
Stcptoe Butte, They are choice and ought to
be eagerly taken up by men having the advan
tage of capital.
READABLE ITEMS.
Two brothers .named Chapman scour the
State ot Maine each year for small erorgreeu
trees, and shipped 20,000 to 2'ow York this
season for Christmas.
Time's Chant-ei: Old schoolfellow "Dear
me! why, when you and I were at Eton, you
were a curly-baired boy wjth a slim figure;
and now your hair's slim and your figure
U early!"
A minister bad preached an hour; then ho
remarked "Another wide, field opens from
the subject ia another direction." Just then
an old colored saiut ejaculated, '.'Please Lord,
shut up debars!"
At the age of two yeare, according to
authority, a son i just hslf ss big as liis
father, but from that cge he develop very
rapidly, 'and at fifteen he it a good deal big.
er man than hit father tvir&vi ji'.l lc'- j.
MR. BOUGLAS'S VIEWS.
The AaMrieaa ateetrlae as Beamed fey Bins
la IM.
UTUMTINCS CORKEsPOKBRSCB.
A. rcrelble rrrseatatUn Mhe Case Hbb
taatlally New Pas Forward by
seerelarr Blaine The Clayton-
Hnlwer Treaty.
VTAsniwroK, Doc., 26, 1881.
Ed. Standard Dear Sir : I am in
recoipt of the accompaying note and in-
closuro from J. Madison Cutts, brother-
in-law of the late Stephen A. Douglass,
reviving that distinguished Sonator's
views in rotation to Central American
affaire, the Clayton-Bulwer treaty, and
the Monroe doctrine.
Mr. Douglas saw the whole field and
ought to get our Government upon the
right ground. Tho failure of the major
ity of the Senate to unite with him left
this great question to be fought over
again under the disadvantage of Secre
tary Clayton's misstep. I think our
peoplo will be interested in the clear and
statesman like yiew here given, and I
ask you to give them publication as re
quested by Mr. Cutts.
.Very truly yours,
L. F. ORoyBR.
424 TniRD Street,
Washington, Dec. 24, 1881.
My Dear Senator: I tako groat
pleasure in enclosing an article giving
Mr. Douglas's opinions upon tke Clayton-Bulwer
treaty and Monroe doctrine.
I know how earnestly and fjatriotic-
ally he was devoted to the service of his
country and as a just and proper trib
ute to his memory 1 have mado public
at this time what could he in person
renew it would bo his advice to his
country.
Mr. Douglas was greatly interested in
tho progress and development of tho
Western States and Territories and his
most devoted followers pro among our
Western people. This is certainly true
of Oregon, and I wish, if you think it
would serve any useful purpose, that
you would causo the enclosed to be re
published in an Oregon paper, as I
wish the people of the Pacific coast not
to forget his nanio and memory.
Truly your friend,
J. Madison Cutts.
Hon L. F. Grover, U. S. Senate.
It is to be understood that the fol
lowing is Mr. Douglas's exact language,
and dictated with a view of subsequent
publication. J. u. c
CENTRAL AMERICA-TUB qLAYTON AND
RULWER TREATT.
The oldest possession which Great
Britain claims in Central America is
that which is known as the "Balize Set
tlement." dividing Nicaragua and Hon
duras on the one side, and the Mexican
Stale of Yucatan on the other.
Moro than a century ago, somo Brit
ish merchants Bent out ships and cut
and loaded tbem with logwood, at tho
Balize. which at that time belonged to
Spain. In making a treaty of peace bo
tween Spain and England, a clause was
inserted continuing tho permission to
cut logwood, without conveying any
right of soil or dominion to England.
Vmler the permission g gut logwood,
England founded a settlement at the
Balize, with no fixed or definite bound
aries; and sho has enlarged and extended
it from time to time, and oisanized it
into a colony, without paying any atten
tion to the Territorial rights or bounda
ries of the adjoining States.
About the same time England pro-
tftmlud to have mado ft treaty witn a
small tribe of Indians called tiiO Mob
quitos, upou the coast of Central Amer
ica, and to havo guaranteed to the Indi
ans the protection of tho British Gov
ernment Some years ago, perhaps
twenty, the British Government Bunt an
agent to tho Mosquito coast, and found
an Indian boy part Indian and part
mulatto who was said to have been
the son of a Mosquito Indian chief and
took him over to Jamaica and had him
crowned as the king of the Mosquitos,
took him back again to his own country
and put him in nominal possession of
his alleged inheritance, but, in fact,
under the direction and control of a
British Consul on that coast This Mo
squito country was within tho chartered
limits 'of tho State of Nicaragua, and
consequently the Indian tribos, the Mo
squitos included, wero subjects of the
State of Nicaragua, and'incapabloof es
tablishing a Government independent of
that State.
j This was the condition of affairs in
Central America when the war between
the United States and Mexico was
brought to a close. It was understood,
and in fact not denied, that Great,, Bri
tain used her entire powers of diplomacy
to encourage Mexico and to defeat any
treaty of peace by which the United
States would ncquiro liny Mexican Ter
ritory, On tho day that it became
known at Vera Cruz that a treaty of
pcaco had been signed by which Califor
nia and Now Mexico wero transferred
to the United States, tho British llsot
set sail from Vera Cruz and proceeded
directly to the mouth of tho San Juan
river, in Central America, and took pos
session of tho town of San Tuan, at the
mouth of tho river, changed its namo to
Greytown and established British au
thority thetc in tho namo 'of the Mo
squito King, to be exeicised by the
British Codbu), and, in fact, converted
it into a British dependency. The
United Slates protested against this act
as being an aggression upon tlin Territo
rial rights ot ricarngUH otiu as being
,.r'c,tr-d 1 y h"Sti'o r etvca tovw I the
United States, it having for its object
to close up the only ohannel through
which the United States could establish
and maintain communication between
tho Atlantic States and our newly ac
quired possessions on the Pacific.
Tho controversy growing out of this
seizure of that transit route led to tho
Clayton and Bulwer treaty. It is proper
however, to remark, that during the
last years of Mr. Folk's Administration
he had appointed Judge Hise of Ken
tucky, Minister to the Central American
States, and that Judge Hise had nego
tiated a treaty on the part of tho United
States with tho State of Nicaragua, by
which the United States were invested
with tho exclusive right of constructing
a ship canal between tho Atlantic and
Pacific oceans, through the San Juan
river and lake Nicaragua, together with
the right of establishing towns and free
ports at each end of the canal, and of
fortifying the same and placing the
whole 'line of the canal and its banks,
from ocean to ocean, under the exclusive
protection of the United States. This
11 lso treaty was signed in Central Amer
ica while Mr. Polk was President, but
did not reach the United States until
after the inauguration of Gen. Taylor,
and after the appointment of Mr. Clap
ton as Secretary of State.
Mr. Clayton refused to accept this
treaty, and sent an agent to Central
America to have it canceled, and a new
treaty made by which the said canal
should be placed under the joint pro
lection of Great Britain and the United
States. Mr, Clayton then negotiated
with Sir Henry Bulwer the Clayton
treaty, by which his scheme of a joint
protection to the transit route was rec
ognized and a provision inserted, by
whioh Gteat Britain and the United
States pledged thoir faith, each to th'o
other, ' that neither of them would ever
colonize, annex, fortify, or exercise ex
clusive dominion over any portion of
Central America. After the terms of
thiB treaty were agreed to by Clayton
and Bulwer, Mr. Clayton reiused to sign
it until he could procure from two-thirds
of tho Senators a private pledge that
they wo'uld ratify it, which bein done,
he signed tho treaty, and sent it to the
Senate for ratification.
Mr. Douglas was the only man in the
Senato who made any active opposition
to the ratification of tho treaty. He op
posed it upon tho ground that he wanted
no partnership with Great Britain in
respect to tho transit route; that such a
partnership would bo productive of con
stant misunderstandings and disputes,
instead of being a bond of peace: and
he urged that the Senate reject tho
treaty, and call upon the Executive to
send to the bormto, the Hibo treaty,
that it might be ratified, with such
amendments as tho Senate might seo fit
to make in order that we should have
tho exclusive control over the transit route
and, might open it to the voorU on such
terms as tvere compatible with American
interests. Mr. Douglas especially op
posed the treaty, upon the ground that
ho would never enter into any compact
with Uroat lintain or any other .Euro
pean power in respect to tho American
continent, by which the faith of the na
tion should be pledged for all time to
come, never to annex or colonize such
portions of the continent us our inter
est and safety would inevitably compel
us to annex at some future day. He
did not dosire to am. ox tho country
then, but insisted that the time would
como whon we would bo compelled to
exercise jurisdiction over that transit
route. All objection, however, to the
treaty proved useless, as nearly tho
wholo Senate had been committed to it
privately, in advancp, andt when tho
votd was taken thero ?!? but oight
votes re&rdod in tlio negativA
The treaty had been no sootier rati
fied than Great Britain did claim that
her protectorate was still in existence,
recognized and acknowledged by the
United States, and sho has from that
day to this persisted in this claim to a
protectorate.
All this occured in secret session in
1800, and within the next three years I
tried often to get the Senate to remove
the injunction of secrecy so that I might
publish my viows. In 1853, three years
afterwards, the English extended their
influence and took possession of Kuatau,
Cass, in tho Senato began to get fright
ened. All that I had predicted had
como to pass. Cass made a speech de
nouncing Clayton and the treaty. This
was occurring about tho time when Clay
ton was retiring from the olDco of Sec
retary of State. Soule entered into the
discussion and iu tho course of their
speeches both ho and-.CabS, forgetting
that tho injunction of secrecy had not
been removed, quoted what had occured
during tho secret session of 18f0 or
thereabouts. Nobody interrupted them
and I thought, now is tho time to get
my speech and my views before the pub
lic. So I wont to a Senator and said to
him, "Look here, Soule and Cass" are
quoting what occured in secret session;
suppose you move tho Souate to go into
secret Mission, and havo tho injunction
removed so that they can do so." The
Senator started up mischievously; Snulo
apologised; said lie was not aware that
tho injunction had not been removed;
tho Senato wont into secret session, and
the injunction was removed.
Clayton retired from the ollico of Sec
retary of State; went back to Delawaie,
and said Cass had bien abusing and
slandering him, aud that it was neces
sary lor him to reply in order to vindi
cate himself, promising to nntiiliilaUi
Cass. Ifo wus reelected Jo tho Senate,
I"""' could havo anniJi'lnte'l Qiti, for the
v
latter had taken the wrong ground f'
Ulayton was very powerful in debatsv
Cass vanished, said his wife waa mAt
and that he had to go home to DetrtisV
Clayton came on with a speech, whist
would have just fitted Cass, and aaltaC
where he was. He was told Cass's wit
was sick,' and that he had gone bowt
and then turning to me, said T u&
matter, what he had to say could eqnaD.
be addressed to mo as Cass's followec"'
When Clayton got through, I mado sjr
speech, which used him up. I stated ait
that 1 had previously said in the sectvfc
scssion, whon tho treaty was ratifies
and a good deal more. The speech mask
a great impression upon the country;,
and gained me great famo and reputa
tion, and the treaty has been odious tmr
st nee.
THE M0KR0H DOCTRINE.
What is known as the "Monroe Dt
trine" had its origin and name in m re
commendation of President Monroe; atv
in one of his messages to Congress, -timo
when Spain was making arrange
ments to reconquer and subdue her t
rious colonies in America, which had re
volted and Established their indepen
dence in 1819-20 and '21. Itwatk.
prehended by tho American GovernifC
that the despotic powers of Europe,
after the overthrow of Napoleou attsV
the re-csiablishment oi tho dojpoktsv
sway in Europe, would lend their aid
conquer aud subject these Spanish eolifi
nbs, which had then become independ
ent States; and tbat while a portion- ef
them would, in this event, bo restored W
Spain, the others might be divisV"
among tho various powers of Europe,
In view of this probable resalt, Press.
dent Monroe declared, in his message r
Congress, with a view of its being taksm
as notice to all Europe, that no portiim
of the American continent was limwasV
ter to be deemed open to European eoT
onization, and that the United SUttfr
would consider any such attempt as u
posing upon them the. obligation to tak
such steps as were necessary to prevfc
it This declaration assumed the hum
of tho Monroe Doctrine; and it has far
quently boon appealed to by Aineriesusv
statesmen as a rule to be inflexibly tet
hered to whenever any European power
has threatened or attempted to extend
its dominions upon the American coaly'
nent North, South or Control Ansei
ico. This doctrine did not complete) suaf
intcrferonce on tho part of the UniteA
States with the existing rights or colo
ial possessions of any European powet
but was a protest against the externum y
their power and policy in the future
In consequence of one of our fbrsM
being "knockod into pi" by tho caroleasv
ness of the pressman, we are coinpeJlwb
to leave, out sevoral advertisements thw-
WOOLjHTYERS.
FRAZIER & SPERRY,
Wool Commission Merchants
BEQ TO INfORH THE FARMERS OF TUB Wil
lamette Valley that tliey will bo In the SMfta-'
thU year for buying and sol lnjr wool. They hv sua:
moalud fiicltltlw for tranmcUnir and neotutluc
faali Adtances luudr an Approved Can
menu. v.'..
Tbt'Ir urcaeni address U trudl?lon.
Count r. Orrzou. union will be at 107 North I
street, Portland, Oregon. JouS-V-
POWDER
Absolutely Purer
Mde from Omiw Crotim TurUr, No other imm
tlon mftke4 mch Hifht, tlk
y hot brood, or Iatnri(i.
9t I
iften
iiutry. Can b vatu by )y
its 11 U resulting from heavy IndlcnUbl food.
nyipepuc wiinoui I
ii
only Iu tm. by all (Irnrcm.
UOVAL flAKINU rOVYDEU CO., Ntiir Yotfc
A YAMJABLK HKAOVHVK FOR THE
SICK.
Atnorijf the many rt sou ran which medical ktU 1
maJc aialUblti for the kick and tlcblllUUid
none rartki higher than
DR. WOOD'S
X.IVER REGULATO:
A comprehensive remedy for Mvcr " r' ht'Pjrfl
ila, Coiutljiatloii, ChllU and fever, Debility, Nirvottft
u, h, Hick I lead, and other aJlinvfiU aUritmUbW U
MlllomneM. Anion. IU IngmtlcnU are IsUrutasfcev
ii.manm, jjutteruut, isi.u.k itoot, liowbane, H
Koot, Call) a, tiwoet fit. ludUit lUiny, W
uoiutn oe.il, eic,, tie.
edict conUtuUsan alu-rallve and tftncrl (,orrociW if
the hlxhcfctcJuj. aud enduw It with ft jpreveittivirula
entitlhu It to the Orat rk w luodlcJual sufiynej.
loriorujjrjnjr ine iviicni nunii iniuri-u ana mmc
malsulltm wukli cumj aeriou) dhlurbarwe of thu
It relaxe tho bowel without iriflu; puriflei thattUwxT,
arretU luln, vruauii hi the 1 Jti or tbuulder bhA P
fy4 l.Aloiii truth and i-oiuplctily rdkjvcu tho itJJf
ndOMTtbableynitoiiii which torment euHVtn fw
ilypji.U, llvtr couipUlnt and kidney trouble ItaitM
trfeituilly rviwnc Uiomj nrrrim ayiupuiu feltwfca
bile U Itii perfectly KetreW I, or misdirect d
IIKDJM1 ION & CO ,Uin r'rAiK-Urj, WUItxiale A
for tho Initio Co-ut.
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