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WILLAMETTE FARMB
SCHOOL LAW AND SCHOOL REPORTS
An AeMrcss Delivered Before tho Oregon
Btate Teachers' Iastttnto, August
.23173.
t. (inr.m,
ruhlMied by onlcr of tlic Xn.t1tu(o.l
Mr. Prowidont Lndicaand (icntlcmciii Tho
Executive Committee, In casting about for
tiomo ono to trc.it tlil tmbjett, (selected mo to
perform tlml work. I consented to do it, mid
wlicth r it ii well or poorly d . j u will ln.V
k'i judge inter huiirin,; wlmc i fi.i.'c to my.
Tl.ii is n iroliii- .-u ..'. '."."' Lis burn
eai.l upon it, and much . '! cunti- uc to bo taid
as Jong m school tctch.rs ii.-t Whenever,
iu Oregon, u toucher fuilo to ilu l.ia duty, he
lilomes tlio Rcliool law. School clorlso cureo tho
school law becausm thny do not malto their re
ports correctly, (bounty Superintendent. fre
quently arraign tho school law when tlioy aro
called upon to do anything piirtnlning to nohool
work, and, as u consuquoncc, tho Stato Super
intendent mruf hlaim. tho school l.iw for not
iceeiving complete nml correct retirU from
theso who nro movlt censing In their wails
nliout thu Hchool law. "Whew thuro in bo
much smoko tlicio must bo homo fire." I urn
of tho opinion,howover,that it is mostly smnkc.
Tho liro may lo prutty low, hut, my friend,
much can In accomplished with a small amount
of firu, If it ho judiciously und. Too much
law, liko too much firu ami a liltlu learning, is
a dangerous tiling. Wu should, in nil cases,
rmilso tho licst into of what wu have, instead of
growling nliout what wo havo not and what wo
wight to have. It is nn easy thing toconiplain
anylxxly ran do that hut it require much
industry mid somo intelligence- to meet things
ii r, thuy aro and miho tho liest of them.
What wu need now, moro than nilditionil
law, in my huinhlo opinion, nro conscientious,
induatrioiiH and eilllcienl teachers and school
officers. If tho lawn wu havo wero faithfully
executed, tho schools of Oregon would b. in a
much hetterco'idition thnu they nro nt present.
Tho County SupcrintendontH and thu State
Superintendent would not havo to uui.s at tho
condition of thu hi hunts, or mnlso lietitiotu ap
proximations, u thoy aro now compelled to do.
Nearly uvery County Superintendent in Oregon
vumjiIiiiiiK of delicient clerku' and to.ickera' to
purls, and o.icuio.i bin inn contemptible efforts
on thai ground. My opinion U that mn.it of
thoMO .jIlieoM could do bettor if t!my would in
urcito theinsclvcn ami hail thereat interest of
public tilucatiou at hr.irl. Too many of them,
ami alrto of thu teachers, nro afraid thuy will do
i.omethlng they aru not largely aiil for. I lw
lieve, in most cises, district clerks and teach
em maku lietter reports than they nro given
cielit for. I havo good nvisons for joying this,
for it ii a faut that many teachers mako reports
which never siu tho light after falling into their
hands. It is considerahlo trouhlo to examine
win fully tho report of thirty or seventy-live
olerks and teachers, and give a correct ulutract
of their contents. Thu salury iuld most County
Hupt rintendenU is not autiicicut to warrant
Uirir leaving any other lmslne long enough to
do tho work necessary to prepare an accurate
annual report. As a result, many of the County
HuperiutcndcnU shirk thu hard work, und in
stead of giving thu real cause, say that clerks
mid teachers' reports aru so oor thoy can di.
no tatter. Clerks and teachers aru aftcn not
supplied with blanks. They often lo not look
to this husinewi until they netd tho blanks,
and then do not havo time to procuru them.
.Many County riuiivrintviidonta oven send up
rcrawls and cran to thu Statu ollico that
are a sh.iuiu to a school Isiy, and call them re
port. Tliuy say, "I did not havu a hlsnk,"
hut generally neglect to mid, "I did not try to
e.ct one." Knoueli of theno hlanks aru sent
annually to supply every ollico a half dorvu
years, Imt when they nro neisUsl they cannot Iki
found.
The piitu'ipal ohjejtion I llml to tho school
law is the lack of H'naltics for its violation.
Hut, iu all candor, I uould ho glad to know
what good eiultiiV will do if we have not
olliitirs who will use them when occasion re
(juiivsl A penalty for violation of law may Im
ivi terrifying n tho preuiieu of a roused lion,
hut what will it died if thu culprit lw not made
to feel its powor! Murder would 1k no un
common thing if iminlnrera were not hangvd.
ltohUry would Ikj tho onliT of thu day if roh
U'ls weru allowed to go unpmiiahcil,
(Vrlain duties aro nspiin'sl of teAehers, hut
no proviaions art) ui.vlu for cases of neglect,
i'erhaps thu law presumes that schisd teachers
will not ueglivt duty. If t-o, thu pnuunption
hi tsi many inst-uicsw is ernuuus. It is ver
eomiuou for teachers to uiukIi a term id schud,
draw their viy, mid nftr tlu-y have arrivisl in
I'orthuid, San Kraucisco, or t-omu other place,
setnl Kwk a uieugro report, or firit to send
any at 'l. Tliey do th,i in thu f.ietiof tho fa:t
the law exptestly rcpilrw a rexrt to district
t'lurkn and County Superintend! nts. School
dnivtein may he lined the mionnous sum of ten
ilull.ttvaud their ollico iKvUro.l vacant if the
neplect their duty. Kuw that U a fearful cu
alty! I'nough to strike terror to tho very roiil
ol I'vrry unfortunate m.in who holds that reiiHMi
sihlo ollico. hut who on earth eerhrard of its
Uiiij; done? Have school dirvctort always
faithfully perfcrtmd thsir iltitj? The district
idirk is isiiired to gle a Uuid for the fi.ithful
s rfetin.iiu'o of their duty. If he fails to per
form hit tt o diitns rxiuircd of him ho shall for
(eit Uie s'rcent:ge allow til htm, aud sutler the
riiforceunut ot his louds. ( havo never heard
of hut one ScImmI clerk in Dreim whise houils
win rufenvd, if any more hae aiitrerotl that
ttrrihlo iialty, it h.viuol Wcnuudo very pub
lir, or M'rhapsall the rvt have douu their duty,
II thiyhave, what arv thwe county Supcrintcu
d nits going to dow ho l.sve complaiutd mi much
id imiKi'fis-'t clerks rx'jsirts! The County Super
ti U'luluat U liable to a Gun ot one hundrvtl dol
lars If x does uot )erfenu U tho duties re
quired of him, aud tho County Court shall
bring suit agaiust him to recover tho same if ho
fails to pay it within sixty days after said fine
is assessed. This sounds m though ho might
ho made to do his duty if wc had County Clerks
with.backbono enough to execute tho law, lint
who ia to know whether or not tho County
.Superintendent fails to do his duty? The
County Court no vcr examines into thu condition
of his affairs, and tho law docs not rcquiro tho
Stato Superintendent to look after it. Further
tho law rrquiri him to leport to th'. Stile
MHiorintendiiil -ftitr.'-j a c ruin time ami if he
1 f.ul trnlo it. V.if !'t .1 .'( .iriinli'iu'i nt .; a. I no
j tny the ('i.t.1 ty .Ii l;,j .nil the County Cunt
nia, :r,,rv tiie i :iice Vncint. Vlt tho l.iw
I iloci nut specify what ll.nt roport nh'dl ho
cept in ft guni'ral way, henco the Statu Supcrin-
tcmlrnt linilB it .ry dilllcult to make any
speeidu chargeH aiiini-t linn, lint tho Inw is
speciflo regarding tho timo. Within tcti days
afur tho tirst Munday in April he must report.
Aodhum let mo ay that it is difficult for Super-inU-iidonts
In gut their rvpoits to the Stato olfico
within ti'ii days nfti.r tho required time. It is
innro frequently five times ton days heforo they
arrive. Why? IJcmusp tho roads tho first of
April nro in many places in Oregon, impassable.
Tho extremo uortliurn counties, and .Josephine
Coos und I.nku counties cannot get their mail
through lo the C.ipit.il in ton days. This
fuet ha.t a tendency to maku Superintendents in
thoio counties careless. Thoy nro npt to post
pone their work from day to day, nml ihoy
nniy, without much fear of detection ihili- their
ri'MirtH back to the first of April anil in send
them iu till iu May.
I'.y couiidering the condition of our school nf
fairs, it seems very plain that we nro in ni-cd
of improvement. Something needs to lie d me.
Wu aro not advancing iu our uchool work as
fast as wo ought. SomcuHcritionsiu tho school
law, nro dosirc.thle. It ii an tasy matter to
maku biigeHlinus and ndvo eh.ing"s and im
provement!!, hut it is quite another nllair to se
cure Ihem. It isuodoiibt fortunate fornll con
cunied that laws aru uot easily .naduuor changed.
I would indeed pity a community that hud to
bo governed by liw.s undo mid dovift-d to suit
fvrry whim of man nml woitiin. Thcro never
was a person nubjeclcd to law, that wan entirely
sitislh'd witli it. U i.i human natiiru to con
sular individual intcreiU heforo tlio-io of a com
iiinuwealth, und as long ai laws aro matin to
bent auit thu m ijority, iudi.'idu.ils w ill find causo
fur complaints.
When a measure has been thoroughly totted
a id found impract.tblu it should be modified.
If wu havu thoroughly tistcd our fchool'laws
and found them inadequato the lA.-gi.il it tiro
should Ihi called upon to innko tho needed pro
visions. This Stato Ti. ill i r- Iitftitutoshonld
indicate what t'chool !-pi.-' i-1 .. i. i needed! for
it seems to mc that none aie moro'iaiiablu of
knowing the wnnts of the public fchools than
thu teacliers in them, lint in slating these
wants wu should lay aside all individual inter
ests and think only of the good of tho masses to
Lo effected.
I shall call yonr attention to a few points
that no doubt needs to lsi considered by the
next legislature.
First the examination of tho teachers. Tho
law provides for quarterly examinations and re
quires County Superintendents to call to their
aid twoormorucomieUutAssistants, but makes
no provisions for paying them for their scrvio-s
nor reimbursing them what they ay out as ex
ponxo.s, as a consequence not one time in twenty
the "competent assistance" put in an apjxar
ance. No plan of conducting thu examination
is provided nor even suggested, river) Comity
Siicriutendent has a plan jn-culinrly his own.
Somu maku tho examinations easy, others dilli.
cult as thu case presents itself. They aro nt
liberty to do as they please about it. Two
grades nf certificates aro issued No. I, ami No.
'J. Tho law faysi "If thcnpplicant pa-s an ex
aminntion so satisfactory to tho Superintendent
as to justify to set thu figure 1 opKitu all tho
branches named ia thu foregoiugcurtificntc. Thu
certificate shall bo good for two yearn but if tho
Superintendent rate thu applicant No. ". the
certificate shall lo good for six uiontlis.''
This, you will readily ice, is very indefinite.
Whnt ono Superintendent would rate No. 1,
another might deem a very koi No. 2, and
vice versa. Applicants find no trouble iu vass.
ing examinations on such easy conditions. They
secure certificates No. I, on No. 2, and go out
into thu country, and indeed into same of tho
towns, and often what they tench children must
must lm unlearned, at the cxnuiso of much
time and money before said children con ad
vance with any Ix-nelU to themselves. The law
should lu explicit on this point. Tho Statu
lioanl should issue quarterly, as now, a certain
nu ml Kr of quiwtions and tho law should stato
exactly what per cent, of thesu questions appli
cants must ounwcr In'foro they ran obtain cer
tificate. Tho Comity Hoard of examination,
those competent auintants, should criticuu the
papers an I recomiiund tj tho Superintendent
those who havu met tho roiuircmcnts of tho
law and urc entitled to certificates. Tho Comity
Hoard of Kxaminatiou ihould lo aid for their
services out of thu general county funds tho
samo as jurors and other servants of the people,
Thu members of this Hoard should bo required
to sigu sdl ccrtitic.ttes, and this part of his duty
sho'ild Im taVen entirely aw.y from tho Super
iutcudeut. The law should lc uueqiiivocM and
olliccrstdioutd be nsiuirvsl to fulfilit to thelc'.ter.
The list of s'.udiui iu w hich person should l-e
uxamtiusl for teachers' ccrtificatcsfliouM bo ex
anuiust and tho standard of proficiency raoed.
For uiktAUcet In addition to what is now re
quired. School law Constitution of the United
States, I'hysiology and Mental Fhilonophy
should lc rcquirvl foraccrtiticato of any grade
and any applicant who falls Udow seventy per
cent, iu arithmetic, written and mental, and
and grtitmar should not Imi granted a certifi.
n.l.t li ma..K Mllnv .f,a.. .1.. ilia n.Mr man
1 WW V ,WVM. AAWM VHMI MW ,IIV J VUUJJ UUU1
who has but a dim perception of the simplest
rudiments of ft subject, daro to offer himself M
an instructor therein! Uow crudo and scanty,
and circumscribed and shallow aro tho resources
of many who prcsumo to tako tho honored
namo of teacher? How speedily are those re
sources exhausted and tho wretched man left
in painfrl impotency in tho presence of his
eager pupils! Confined to tho words of tho book,
ho drifts holplctwly along, unable to answer n
collateral question or solve a doubt, or open n
sitij-Iij window throunji wld-h tho licht of t!io
to teach a first grade school. Tho law should
positively prohibit, and at present tho State
Board should specially role, that no Bocond or
third grado certificate should bo renewed with
out examination. All those persons who aro
contented with eccond or third grado certificates
should bo cxclndcd from tho school room as
teachers as soon aa possible.
Tho Stato Board of Edncation should bo com
posed of, tho Governor as president, tho Stato
Superintendent a secretary, tho president of
tho Stato University, the Countz Superinten-
' outer world may pour in npon the subject at ! d"nU of four of tho mOft populous oountioa i
i .....
I .u.d. Is it not irony to c i I tun tcuhingl" fi Stat.', and t ,-o ciinn"iit proieisionai tcaen
' IVivitrimiratinn3 id .iil ! irnliihitr.t jo-i. The two tca"h"ti should 1 elccf-l ruiriu..
(iiur.nin,tnf f.i nhnnM I. . n-iitl ji iv.ir.rrt.ihln ' il' V l.v t!.o I the llieml en of the Board. Tho
I --- " - -' I-- I I rf
fslary, and not lw allowed porquis.trs for exam
iuiui!. fn cases of teachers who eomo into a
county and can ocenro a Rchocl botween examl'
nations tho Superintendent should havo jiowcr
to grunt temporary cetilli .Us until the W"t
regular examination.
Privato cxaminatinn-) should ho prohibited.
Superintendents nhould lie paid n reipctahlo
salary aud not be allowed perquisites for exam
ining teachers privately. In cas:s of tcachera
who havo com into n county and can nocuro
a school between examinations, tbo Sperin
tendent shonhl havu power to grant temporary
ccrtitifiites until thu noxt regular examination.
To icetiro correct teachers' reports, tho law
should require every teacher to preecnt his re
port to tho Superintendent befuro drawing any
Hilary. Hence, no school money should bo
distribuUd among tho district, but should re
main in tho treasury and bo paid out as occa
sions require, on tho warrant of tho County
Siiierintendcnt.
I)itriot Clerks should not bo allowed to han
dle tho State nor county funds. Theso officers
do not gencrnlfy know what n correct toacher'rt
report is, liecaiibo they do not havo ranch occa
sion for fctud)ing them. They are not very
much interested iu that detail which is found,
or oujlit to Isi found, iu a document of that
nature. Tho County Superintendent is inter
ested particularly iu thess reports, aa ho must
depend upon them for much of his information
to report to tho Stato Suierintendcnlj there
fore he iB the oflitpr who should examine thorn,
and hotdiould l.avccuclt mi advautago that no
teacher could draw his money, go to Portland
or tho Sandwich Islands, and rend back a re
port. I say Portland, !i!r. President, because,
after I went into tho County Sniorintendent'i!
odice, several teachers sent reports post-marked
Portland. Indeed, for n while- I thought all
the Marion comity teachers resided in that de
lightful iity. I will ndd that thojo reports
were imperfect and should never havo lien re
ceived. But the teachers had thu money and
I had their rujKirts, no-called, and it was, with
me, Ilolison's choice, ncocpt thosa or none. I
will ropcat: The county nor Stato fund should
not be distributed among district clerks. When
directors employ tcachera and desiro to pay
them for services, thoy thould instruct the
clerk to draw an order in favor of tho teacher
on tho Comity Superintendent for the amount,
who after cxaminiug, reports and register, and
finding them all correct, should draw a warrant
on the treasurer.
Tliis is tho iHsst way I see under the present
circumstance! to securo comploto and oorroct
reports from tcachors. Tho County Superin
tendent of Tillamook rays if teachers do not
report to tho district clerks and County Super
intendent, their certificates should lie revoked
for ono year. That is a very good suggestion,
and I think it would no tho best thing tho
State Board of Kdueation could do, to mako a
rule authorizing County Superintendents to re
voke thu certificates of all teachers who do not
reort to thu clerk or Superintendent, and
another rule requiring teachers to notify tho
SuMTintcndcnt wheu and where they begin
their schools. Comity Superintendents do not
kuow whero schools nro in session in tho comity
unless he finds it out from soiuo person living
iu thu district. Ho should have nllicial knowl
edge of over) school in tho county, when it
begins, when it closes, salary of teacher, grado
of certificate, and unmbcr of pupils. This in
formation should, within ono week afte open
ing school, le sent to tho Superintendent by
the teacher.
If district clerks do not make full and cor
rect reports, their districts should not lw allow
ed their Stato aid connty funds. Bo assured if
this were tho case, thoro officers wonld do their
duty. Tho State Superintoudont aud County
Ru'riatendcnts should be required to give
sutlicient bonds for a faithful performance ot
duty. And before Connty Superintendents
could draw their salary, tho County Treasurer
should be in possewiou of a certificate from tho
State Superintendent that ho has ru.vlo his re
ports according to law.
Forms for teachers' record books, or registers,
should lw provided by tho Stato and before tho
, teachers could receive pay for their work, theso
looks should l-o sulmitUs to ths Coanty Sup
erintendent for examination. Forms of district
clerks' books should also lw providtsl by U.o
State, and when County Superintendents mako
their pcriiHlic.il visils through the county in
specting schools, they should lw required to ex
amino these books and certify in their pages
tint they havo been correctly kpt; aud befoiu
the County Superintendent can draw his salary
directors' certificates should lw presented by
him, that he has examined tho bocks of the
district clerk and certified that they havo been
correctly kept. If theso hooks have not been
correctly lpt tho district should forfeit its
comity aud Stato money for tho ensuing year
the schcola of the county rtionld be graded
SiUtc Puporintcntcntlent and tho two teacbTj
should conjtitnto the Statu BosrJ ot hrauuea
tlrm. The County Superintendent ohonld lw al
lowed mileago nnd tho tcatlicr.i mileage-And
pordiem when atlendieg tho inciting of tho
Board. It should lw made tho duty of tho
members to attcud all meetings of that liody,
an I every caeo of absence Rhonld lw heavily
fijed. Tho miteairo and por diem bhonld lw
fixed by law nnd paid out of tho general fund.
An appropriation (should bo mado to meet tbo
expenses of nn annual Stato Teaohcrn' Institute;
and for employing competent lecturers nnd
teachurs to conduct it. Distriot Tcachors' In
stitutes should lw continued until a Slate Nor
ma' school i3 established and an appropriation
made to pay tho expenses and biro instructors.
A County Teachers' Institute chonld lw hokl
annually in each county, nnd tho ceuuty should
meet tho expenses of it. All tcachors employed
in tho county should bu compelled to nttand,
and if teaching at tho timo their pay should
continue; and thoso who do not attcud should
forfeit their certificates. Teachers generally
nttend institutes to get new idem on teaching;
they do uot go to tenon. Few of tho leading
educators of Oregon will do anything at theo
Institutes. They havo no time, nnd somo of
them no incl'natiftn, to prepare n lecture fo-, or
to instruct tho common pedagogues of thu land.
Tho president of our Stato University has never
talson an active part in an Oregon Stita Teach
ers' Institute. Tho president of Uic Stato Ag
ricultural Collego lectured encc. Wo must
havo money to hiro competent persons, or wo
shall always find it dilTicult to get them to
work. Those men whom I havo mentioned aru
paid high cilnrie.4, mid from that lamlpint
can nfTord to do something, but they need thoir
vacation and they tabu K The j eilagoucfl in
tho common schools who will work aro paid
starvation salaries and cannot afford to attend
Instltutt-4 nnd pay their half-fares aud reduced
board ratcu. Yet, when they do rvttond, they
nro called upon by tho fiuanco committee- to
contlrbnto a dollar, or Mich n 'matter, to pay
tho necessary expenses such as haviug nnd
moving n musical instrument, moving black
board.!, etc., as always has been done. It is a
shamo to the State to compel its Superintend
ent of Public Injunction to hokl theno IustJ
tutcH and uM provide him with money to mctt
the necessary expenses that aro inenrrod.
School teachers are generally looked upon us
a sort of charity creatures. They cannot go
anywhere unless tho fore Is reduced aud the
board is half price. Basincw men havo come
to know that when school teachers deal with
them thoy must put goods down at cost, or
feel tho pangs of a guilty conscience for taking
profits from their niisernbta pittance Can we
expect the best men and women to engage in
such a profession? Can we expect to find inde
pendence, cult arc, accomplishments, and re
fined dignity under such circumstances? Uow
alwnrdl Pleaso noto this foot: When good
wageri are paid tho bosi schools aro always
found. Why? Bccaeuw men and women of
unquestioned ability and broad culturn compose
the teaching force. If these institutes, State
nnd District, ever do much good, tho State
Superintendent must bo enabled to employ
competent persons to ussUt him, instead of
U'ing compelled to appoint committt-oa tu beg
ivrvots to attend them to work. This charity
Lusinws mnst lw rurr.orisl, and independence
substituted.
Oonelwltd sl 'wotk.
TRADE AND FINANCES OF ENQLAND.
Alluding to the fact that tho Kink of Hngland
haa advanced tha rate of interest on money
loaned to five per cent per oxtnum,iri tbo courvu
of remarks upra the cause that lead to this
high rate of interest, high at least for tho Bank
ofKngknd. TbcS.F Commercial Herald Bays:
Although England still remains tho center of
tho world's exchange, eho is uot uow haa not
been for yean past either its great manufact
uring emporium, or the otershaJowiug dwwjmi.
nxtor of the world's productions. Othor nations
have been gradully developing their manufact
uring and commercial abilities, nnd havo entered
the field of competition with disastrous elfects
to their former monopolist. They too have
brought their coal aud icon into activasorvioe for
tlte conversion of raw materials Lite marketable
fabrics in many lines that England cannot make
w ith profit, and some of which Knghud is a pur
chaser and consumer. Of lata yean ono of her
miwt important industries Ii.m been tho build
ing of ships for foreign countries, and by so do
in; has sold her irou to immense advs.ut.ve,
furnish lucrative employment to skillo-t a-tiittu
and benefiting her vast collieries. But apart
from iter manufacturing risourcoi, rho h.a
other and scarculy inferior ir.oaa if Accumula
ting wealth. Her nuratiwo suprv.iaoy coablw
, iter u no a very i-uvu poriuu 01 iau world
I carrying tradu; hei vast roonetar'trength con
fers upoa her nearly all the profiu of eechwiyi
au.l a great proportion ot tftoo evrneil by th
i .1 .. . , . ,. . , u.i a ijiv.il iinipirHun in muo oirneu nyin-
by the Supcnntcudent according to a plan pro- j XvxnVl Jj,,, alul hfr vxlcMV0
vid,sl by law, into at least three grades. Three portsessioas give her a very derided advantage
gradwof evrtiticates should bo craaUtl teachers, . m their markets. But all tkevse sourcs of
giHvlforone, two and three years; and no ono ' ,l:h suffenng wnou dimiaution.
, .... , , ..c . ,, . , horeigndimxnd for hersbipe has pen curtailed;
hiddiug n o,l grade cstificte should be allowed her carryiug trade U Wing tnihd b, otiier
to teach a 1st or 2d erode school 1 and no one .rastims nations- and iW wlth liu Kr.
( holding a 2d grado certificate ahosUd b allowtxl hvily dpltd by invtatuenW in wortlikds
foreign bonds, and reckloss upcculatlonB in
wortnleta stocks. It is stated, on sound author
ity, that within ten years England has sunk tho
enormous amount f between fivo and six thou
sand million of dollars in such operations. Turk
ish, Egyptian, Buenos Ay renn, Paraguayan, and
a host ofothcr simular bonds, together with
Amorican railway securities, etc etc., have
vastly impaired tho strength of English capital
ist. Even Russia now owes them $600,000,000.
Thoso are somo of tho causes that aro now oper
ating upon tho Bank of England, and forcing it
to stop tho drain npon its coin and bullion fund :
bnt inero aro others equally rvtcnt, and far
morn difficult tn remedy. The 'anded property
of England is hold by rnmparidvclv V'-ry few
)ir,)rii. S''yiit tbr -.- 'f , - J M
the real ctato of tho Unit d Kiigdon. Cr- st
r. t-li i 'f fTti!i nr .1 ni, t ; ''.:' -o -unlry
1 ro n -" rv."' for pm Jtf, garno ir.iporfn, aud a
lartro riviber rf otber vr-m Itn tio jn-pojis.
Its fa'in producta rru curtail d i.r.d wholly insuf
ficient fortlic uantu of its pi-oplo. Nearly i-vury
articlo of food is imported, at a coat of millions
U''Oti top of mib'iocs every je
Hxcln8ivo cf tho sums paid to tho United
States ftr bnvidmiTe, cotton, tolucco, aud pe
trol mm, EngUad paid to foreign nations List
year &IS.O0O.OOO for butter ?2.,WO.0C0 for
eheoie, and 912,CO0,OC0 for eggn. Whnt eho
disbursed for tea, cullcc, sugar, and a host of
other nrticleo, it in not necessary to spoify.
Suflieu it to f.iy that wlnlo her cxporU havo
notedly decreased, her imports havu wonder
oesly increased; and instead of liquidating tho
diiTerenco in manufactured articles, as of yore,
eho has been obliged to settle in gold
Tho efflux of coin without a corresponding
influx on account of domestic produclon; tho
onormouB losioa shu l:aii iiust.iinrilby bad for
eign investments, tho reco it und growing con
petition in manufactories and insritimu com
merce instituted by other n.itions.her latohcavy
expenditures for army and navy; tho inroads
upon her tia monopoly hy thu construction of
tho Suez Canal which gives o'ber European
nations equal opportunities for direct importa
tion; thounpro luctivu condition of much Jandud
property in tho realm, and tho convenience
which tho telegraph and cable givo equally to
to nil countries, would seem to warrant Mr.
Ilathbouo, Member of tho Parliament from Liv
eriKiol, in his decision, that "England, em a
wtole, h.-v been extravagant, aud haa overspent
to an extent which is reducing its cipiUl and
catiut its eaviims,"
H'llatlcH show that for Iho precmif yenrlho
valtiu nf lim niilil and nllvnr produoil In CaI
ltnrnliv is $21 Otfl OUO, ulillii ihn ticrVtilnirnl
prodiiou ot tl.o Miiini Htsto exu'ciN ?ni,&oy,rK.
A.scompnrc(l with ni'iili-i;, Myrleul inotiiMiidH
uMr-,V llvo toono in vitluos prurtiicoit, Tlio
wliK.vt oreipul' (iillfnrnlu lor 11 slni'lo vonr l
v.idut ", l,.V.'0 Jii; hvr'oy n. ?10 00",COO;
orh-r oth.iIm, 91.AfO.OOO; irrIii(. h nt tlio
vlnovn-ds, ?7 600 COO; un,)l S7.MKMU0 fruit,
$.1 rtxi Oi'O: llvn Mock, mild nun f-iiuiili oiod,
M7ri(M0Oit; iialrv product SI 500 O'O- Mmh
urn tlio Hcliifvein-iiitH oi ilioiii!rieulitirllH 1 f
a slr.ti tirluiiislly Oplfl'l hv a cIii-h nf Hrt
VHii'tirous mid tnterprlsuig 111011 seeking for
gold 1
Tho Eatorpriso of Orc;;c-n City s.vyui Trom
the City Assessor's report wo find tho tax roll for
1H78, nirounts to 2,IW 15 of which ho roturiH
as delinquent, 817 CO.
Thoy All Toko It.
When the hyaioui Is run do-vn to that ex
tent Hist you u-tss bIoopIhhs Highlit, arc nerv
ous sml Irritable, havo k'louiiy fireloilli'i;s,
sour stomach, sink ht-adsebo and cemo.l
tonmie, do not enroll ynurH an hlKh private
in the rewr nvok, under Ueneral I)iiblllty,but
oher up and try While's Pralrio Flower,
tlio Oroat Llvpr Vanaooa, now for mt'e In
every oily and town on the Continent. No
ruedlolne over oomnonndnd Is half lla-eiiial
for the cure of DYSPEPSIA, and I.IVEK
COMPLAINT. It has a. spec I Ho power over
the liver, nnd by curing the liver, Djepep
ale and all other dlseasre arising from it,
vanishes If by magic Sample bottle ere
sold At the small price of CSoenbi that will
oonvinro you of lie merits. Lirge sice
bottled 75 eenta for sale everywhere.
BU0IITEG8
C0LLEOE,
SI roMt Mrttt,
lc Utrvr ,
-t4 fVaara,, CM.
Impart a thorough and practical education
Iu all commercial ami English branohe,
French, German, Spanish, Drawing and
Telegraphy. Tills aohool having itreater
facilities, and enjoying a moro extenstvo
patronsL'o than any similar Institution niitbo
Pdclflo Coast, cniulniies to baso lt claims fur
rfoogultlnn and paironngo upon the good
HMiiso and otillghtuued Jiulgmeutof tlio pub
lie.
LIST OV I'ACL'LTY.
K P. Hoold,
if. M.HreKrns,
W. ll.II.Valfntlne,
Mm. O. Woortbnry,
Mm. A. M. Hatch,
A. I'. Dulilol,
C. K. Morel,
HMD'S
F. u. Woodbury,
A. It. Capp,
T. It, Soutbem,
Mrs. W. J. Hamilton,
F, Sere-Rnl,
Uoo. Jebens,
A. Vandernalllen.
IW SPECIAL ADVANTAGES.
The attontlontonentUmanly msnoeraaad
correct buxlnoes habits, and the fact that the
Bnslnesa Education ia not confined to Book
keeping, l'eutuansblp and Arithmetic, bsH
Impart auoh broad culture m the time now
demand for a high position to the Mercantile
Community.
The employment of only flrst-claaa Teach
er In every Department, and In snOlolent
unmbera tso ae to give personal attention to
every papll.
lie complete nyntem of
.ACTUAL BUSINE1SS PRACTICB,
by which pupils are tlltod to enter the Count-lux-House
directly from the Botiool.
The high HUiidiup; of its Oraduatca In the
BunlnesH Community.
Thu Palua taken to socuro pcwlilonu for
Graduates In good I!aslne Erttablisbmente.
The admission of pupils of both sexte ami
of any aire, no that young bays are rendered
more mauly by the association of thepnptta
of an older age.
In having the large-it and best ventilated
aud arranged Mchoobrooran, and the largest
yearly attendance of any llnslnen Training
Sohoul in Americs.
The Immediate notification of parents hi
case of absence ot any pupil, and the palna
taken to keep ihem iurotmud of thu prograw
and ilportmmt of their sons.
The Fact that fcaoli pupil becomes an ele
gant Business Penman before Graduating.
lie departments of Modern Langusgea and
Dmwlng,ln which each pupil 00 receive
instructions freenfeharco.
Itn complete Department of Telegraphy,
In which students are titled to enter at one
upon their duties aa Operators.
Doe-i uot Issue Life SohoUishipi, but gives
thorough instruction at reasonable ratea.
Invitea examination from all Inu-reated.
The "College Journal," Riving full partle
uUrs regarding course of Instruction, terms,
e'o , may be bad at I be Office or the CoHese.
24 Poat street, or by addreaelog
- , -, . E.P.HBALD.
Prsskkat Boa Ibsm College, 8u rnsetae.
it. (