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About Willamette farmer. (Salem, Or.) 1869-1887 | View Entire Issue (Nov. 17, 1876)
' f wr'T W" ?,;'lFfPW i sfWfjsgfgiip , m PSPHft- m imyi jww ipjjp .- 1 WILLAMETTE FARMER. r r 77 &i 13 .Zi. iPaoifio FOREST Svr .jrr' . d o .. -uu Bent, anil rrorraf- Rev. S. II. MARSH, Dlf ort?r In'cllcctHal Plillo-opby..; Professor of Ithet- iillv-iI,?nAUB IA'MaS, ' ricandIIltorv. 'rrofeefor of Matb A,fTA1N' " LAMS. nS,,l,cs; .. Professor of Latin and JOS. w. MAnsir fain- ,.. Professor of Latir JOS. w. 3IAnsiI, a. ? ,, -,. ": t'l r Academy. W';j,MAKV n. M.f r.!bri!l!iii. w,W,oAIAK,u- ". lerrnerof Music. Miss SAitAii m ! rnnL- ' T J. Mr .1. - . ,n ia th? Collpsbtojeir. Tho Tnerearethrei. i'i.flfi WciViiwdaj t-i sept'r. T.".11 b? ti cjd.-n.!f d. !i irtmc lit. $30, iSteULouS''913' "" ,0W' pn,b, :'tr te,ra Inaarancc.jijanydcsir .1 Inform illon, w,l bo 'nr- llilieiircu7ll'1'lla,'l':'' 1,v ,lie Vr'''I,lcut anltt SiiEM FOUHBBY, & gLW. .... OREGON. B. P. DRAKE, Prop'r. "3TKAM ENCMNES. SAW MILLS, GIUST MILLS, 3 Reapus, Pnmpj, and all kinds, and -tyles of Sla cninery mado to order. Machinery repaired at a short notice. Pattern-making done in all its arlous fonns, and all kinds of Brass and Iron Castings fnvnirted at fhort notice. Also, tntnufactnrer of ENT1JIP1U&K PLANEU an 1UTCUEU. and bTICKKKS. and SHAFOIS. Msvlwtl Storage at Portland. We Ann nicPAiti:i) to STortc G-arvisa. on tuomurt fiorallj terms lithcr ia our nii lirojf Store, or lu our ft ami) VauLoiio on the wh irf. Kjlsortulcc have not tiottbled grata or.llom in ci ther. Tor further partlcularf apply to J, MoCRAKEJ & CO., au!3tf Por.TLAM), On. August 1st, 1876. A KEDUCTION TWENTY PER. CENT. 3MI-.33E3 3Ea33.l3i3.00 SE-fcOl. Wn t 1MW-W Gil 1 BOOTS and SHOES IjVojii 'tliiK Xiiie. mmm Wo (Seejbert, SALSH, OHEGOIT. Alterative To Purify the Blood uso r. jnynca Alterative. It acta directly on tho blood, stimulating tho absorbents, overcoming tho obstinato stato of tho t pores of tho skin, anil Imparting a healthy glow to tho Comploxlon. Pimples, Pustulos, Totter, and Skin Diseases of all kinds, Mercurial ' Affections, Tumors, and all varie ties of complaints arising from de praved or disordered blood, aro ef fectually eradicated by this romody. Scrofula fn all its Forms is cured by tho persistent uso of Ir. Jnync'a Alterative. It destroys tho poison ous principlo 'which originates Scro fula,, and ultimately drives it from tho system. It will removo enlarge ments of tho Glands or Bones, and is a safo romody in cases of Ulcers or Sores of all kinds. Dropsyand Dropsical Swellings aro TivtnTTllv piitmI hv Dr. Javnefli Al tcraUve. By stimulating tho action of tho absorbents, all watery or cal careous depositions aro gradually carried off, toning up tho patient at , the eamo timo, by strengthening tho u digestive organs and exciting tho )V I4vcr, Kidneys, Ac. to perform their functions. For Dyspepsia and Liver Complaint it has proven a remedy, and it has established cures in cases of Epilepsy. It may be safely reliod on by any ono needing a medicino in hniid an the svstem. cleanse tho blood, or to restoro the normal action of tho Secretlvo Organs. A. DAVIS i CO,. Wholesale Acentf. Portland, WW. - J. A. RTATTO.', Attorney at Law, S.VLKM. OIlrOON. ffi&ce t Sutc EUcet, rolte tte LcLEti:lIo:sc. MILWATJKIE MBSERT. Greatest Variety of FRUIT TSEES In OroKon, Consisting of Applo, Tear, Peach, Plum, Piuao, Cherry, Grape, Cherry Ourranl, liawtou Blackberry, Rati pb err y and StrawJjorry Sets, California Walnut, Blaok Walimt, Butternut, & Filbert, WHICn WILL EC fcOI.li LOW, FOU CASH. S. LUELLING & SON, Propi.etois Mllui-iikle Nursery. Nov. 1, IST(. 400,000 FRUIT TREES, All ol Jltc Best Varieties. G. W. WALLING Si SON, Os-wesjo, Or-.,- Itae thl number of Fruit and Ornamental Trees, Tor ealf. in their cstcstHo Nuiecry, Including the remark ibl WALLING'S PEACH FLUM9 Tim Staliiiii I'i.'imo, Anil tho best ar!etIcs ef &: 1(1311, t-'eacSi, Aiile. i'car. Cherry, Nut and Shade Trees, IN FULL ASSORTMENT. Seud for Descriptivo Catalogue. Purchasers can Uslt tbv WILLAMETTE NURen ItY, Oswego, r tliey can ilnd U. "11". VAIiIilNO, with an ottr rtmeut ol 'Ireta at the Uiuutjerillnr ltct, POHTLAAD, Olt. nov3. Irnno'tcr nut! Uca'cr in iEnipi'oired !& a n g e s, COOK. PAKL011, AUD BOX K "W HE3 . And 3!ana&ctmcr of T5n,Sheet"3ron & Copper W A. XI 23, Vniou UlocU. Commcrctal Street. SJ.LV3J, on CO OX. IIirTECTiTULV INKOIUI ALL ?1Y OLP frUimUaiH!"uiuiitrn tbitl tao rcfnmtd lrisl ucis. H'ul lmltotho public 2tnuaHy to rnllni d cxim lnuni) frtuiA aiul Uaru in jirlces !url 167M1 Notice of Pinal Settlement. NOTICE i-iLercby Ricn that Wra V. I'ugU. Ad roinUtrator f Ultimate or Jap E Hall, latoof .Marlon county, deceased, tusthU day tiled his Heal acctnkt awl Saturday tho 'th day ol Picunber, IsTii, ut 20 cclock u. in. of raid i.ay lua bren get for hearing the tmre.All i Lte curinieref tt d in tr.!d etnte aruthert. loto rcqniicu 1 1 anpt-Hr in tho County C'nntt of tho Matool orison Kir iift'lon oomity on or before paid day, and tiki their ocjcctior n i! aiV they liaotOFiiid Lduunt J.0. C. VKbllLUS, co10wl Co. Judgo of Marion t'ounty. Final Settlement. NOTICK is bertby slvtnthat C. C. Lon. Adminlp trator of tho fcftntoo Altz.nrter iieCorkle, do i.iitl, hm rlkd in the County court of Marion coun ty. Hate of Orison, hl uccourt'as Armiuictrator of raid I'vtate, ard a ptutlon tunlEfcli-ettlunim thereof, fled tie Cuart but tit taturnay the Sith dHy ol Dec. ls"!i, at It oMocka. m. 'urKarlui: ohjittlom thire to. It any isi't. Di Order of ino court. lion J. V. l'LEDLES, Judge. S-alem, Nov C. 1&10 4. J. . UXAlJJeu:!. j. t. coc-nniN. KK.iJtSJSLEV ii COCHRAN, COMMISSION MERCHANTS, AM UIALEB3 I.-. California and Oregon Produce, Ni. 315DoTie Street. between CUy and Waehlngton, c3) San Frnnclmoo. Sm OJtiE DOLLAR WILL SECU11K T1I1J CHICAGO LEDGER FOR ONE YEAR. ThoLrccrr. UthenZsT rarallr I'aper In tbe Unl trd btatu1. ably rdlnd, biidMjrr.-fy printed: corttin Irsnery ufiK cl-oico cninikifd torlt, fcn Innall mentcf Vilnurettiu' tUut.r.tul rfriil, and central reacliij fi-r oM ma joutr. for lh f,rmo , for tbu Uoutrw'fr.andforall tla,m. tpwlal caret" taken to tajle lu tunc nUforsilycUtte acd moral. Send ! tnd 1J cecti for i"a';s. ard joar rt.lre to $25 A IOTII-.Akw wanted eiery- Kin re. Ilmliii hbcorxhle "! trit cli. rrllcnlarmAtfreC. Addrrhl J. W oaTU & W., BU Lo ull.il D. (m $m m "mWw JfMw Insect Destroyes. "I have not seen a betlbup nor a flea In my lionse," ho writes, ''for many year?. If nn army of them 'were to bo brought in, mercury would speedily exterminate them, but I think cleanli ness the best and perhaps the only pre ventative. Tho common houso ily I do not molebt, behoving (hat it more than compensates for its troiiblo by clearing the atmosphere of effluvia and the animalcule which always arKo from the putrefaction of decaying substanc es dm ing w-trm weather. So, also, when the birds, which aro quite num erous hero during tho summer, instead of shooting them, or setting up scare ciows to frighten them away, 1 throw out every poaiiblo Imducement for them to build their nests in my fruit tiees. Tho birds captuie a large sharo of the insects in the larvrc state, and thus tho millers are prevented from depositing eggs for a futuro crop of worm1.. As lo the lo?s of fruit by tho birds, the latter aro always to be on hand in force in tho season. of rlpo fruit, whether they como early enough to take tho worms or not. for tho resi due of insects which infest my vege table iraulon. I find that tho laboratory of the eheuiosl furnishes material fatal to them all, among which white helle bore and cayenne pepper are of tho most utility; the bug or worm, which cannot And vegetation unflavored with this article, will seek its breakfast else where, and leave my gaiden unmolest ed. A few drons of carbolic acid in a pint of water will clean hotijo plants of lice in a short time. It mosquitoes or other bloodsuckers infest our sleeping rooms at night, wo uncork a bottle of tho oil of pennyroyal, and theso insects leave in great haste, nor will they re turn so long as tho air in tho room is with tho fumes of that aromatic herb If rats enter tne cellar, a littlo powder ed potash thrown into their holes or mixed with meal and scattered in their runways, never fails to drivo thein away. (Jaycnno pepper will keep the buttery and store-room freo from ants and eochro.tclies. If a mouse makes an extranco into any part of your dwelling, '-aturato a rag with cayenno in solution and stuff it into tho hole, which can then be repaired with cither wood or mortar. Xo rat or mouse will eat that rag for tho purpose of opening communications with a depot of sup plies" Sclentijlo American. Two years ago some laborers dig ging hi tho soil near J3ufort, Prance, encountered a number of fossilized bones. Tho Paris Museum lost no time in obtaining possession of tho pii.e, and has at length succeeded in setting tho Jiagments togothor for per manent preservation, 'l'hoy wero at first suppssed to be the bones of amam- niotn, nut too structure ol their molar teeth indentilles them as pertaining to a pieiustorio animal known as -tho ehyiptts merUlioualic, which antedated bom tne mammoth and and the masto don. The stratum in which they wero found belongs to the pliocene, or terti ary period, 'H)0 cioton whiuh, after two 'years effort, has at length just boon put together, meastties vj lectin height and 10 in length. A Dutchman read somowhero that money doubled itself by compound In terest overy fourteen years, if it was carolully put away and left untouched. Tho guileless Hollander at onco dug a hole in tho cellar and buried four hun dred dollars packed in a tea-kettle. This was fourteen years ago last Wednes day. On that day ho roso at four o'clock hi tho morning and dug up his cash, with tho conlident oxnenlntion that it hud increased to eight hundred dollar j. His disappointment was great and when his friends talked to him about mathematics now ho expresses tho opinion that "Dem arithmetics ish alia lie." To Piti.sr.itvi: Eggh a Wiiowj Yn.vi:. In tho following manner we havo lopeatedly kept eggs perfectly sweet and good a whole year: After hatching timo is past, collect thirty or fifty do.en (or buy thuin fresh, when eggs aro fifteen or twenty cents a do. en), and prepare a liquid thus: Ono pint of common salt, ono pint of lime; dissolve in four gallons of boiling wa ter; let it settle, and put the eggs Into the liquor in stono jars when cold. Cover tho eggs entirely in tho liquid, and uso stone, not soft crockery jars. Thus embedded, eggs will keop for twelve months, aim como out in good shape, though, after all, they will not be equal to now laid egg-". An effort was made upon tho farm of K. V. Young, In Sueoden, Monroe county, Pennsylvania, to seo what could bo done at threshing. Elovon hundred and five bushels wero throsh ed in tibout cloven and a half hours. Six hundred and flvo bushels wero wheat and tho remainder barley. Had it not beon for an unfavorable wind tho day's work would havo been longer. In olden times ten bushels used to be con sidered a good day's threshing. The Wkaltii or Jkws. Itotlisehlld could buy up tho feo simple of Pales tine. Gohlsmfd might rebuild tho temple of Herod. Montellero lias mon ey enough to cast a golden statuo of py un King! Solomon, lhit of theso wealthy liobrews not ono is wining to go uack. There aro supposed to bo 10,000,000 or 11,000,000 of Jewoulivo In various parts of tho earth. Very many nro wealthy and some aro Immensely rich. Paris fashion inventors aro dolerm ned to mako woman's life a burden to her. Ono of tho journals of thnt city sjys that no glove will bo tolerated in good bcocioty this season with less than twenty buttons, while another declares that in less than five years knee breeches six-inch skirts will bo the fusbiouablo street dress for ladles. Gri:i:n Oats. A very material sav ing is effected by cutting tho oats In tended for livo stock while tho straw is yet green, tho ear being, nevertheless, fully formed, though still in tho milky state. Oats thus harvested and cut in to chaff from half an inch to ono inch in length, will bo worth at least from twenty-fivo to thirty per cent, more than when they aro allowed to get ful ly ripe. I)r. Voelcker has reported some use ful experiment, showing tho relatlvo nutritive value of oats cut green, as compared with those cut when fully rpe, and al-o the increased value of the former as manure. Tho appear ance and condition of tho manure heap indicate how thoroughly tho food has been digested in tho stomach of tho animal. Tho reason why oat-hay is more readily and completely digested than fully ripo ontw is obvious. The former being cut green contains a larger pro portion of soluble substances readily digested, but which become insoluble and assimilate less easily when allow ed to ripen before cutting. It is nl ways found that animals fed on young shoots of vegetables which aro soft anil eatable tlnivo v. ell, whilo they can scarcely maintain themselves upon ma tured food, which, as it contains more woody ilbro, passes through tho intes tines in a gre.it measnre unchanged. Tho reason of this is, that tho starch, gum, sugar and other solublo substan ces which wo ilnd in tho young shoots of vegetables and roots, aro gradually changed with tho incrc.iMmr ago of tho plant into cuulo fibre, which is almost entirely insoluble and worthless It is well worth whilo for farmers to test this matter for themselves, and they will find that oat-hay is one of tho most valuable forms in which this nil tiitious cereal can be grown. Ji.e. Vini: in CALioritNiA. However fair and largo tho fruits of California, it is well known that they lack llavoi this knowlodgo is gaining from year to year, and buyers in our markets large ly tako Michigan fruit in preference when they can get it. In relation to California wines the Sacramento Jiec- orrf says: "Whatever tho causo, it is certain that our grapes produco very crude and heavy and earthy flavors, as unliko tho light wines of Southern Pranco as shark-meat is unliko hali but." This is putting it pretty strong; nevertheless it is the fact that Califor nia wines will not bear tho test with tho better class of vintages of Missouri, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio. Eastern Ex change. Young Salmon. Wc learn that 2, 500,000 young salmon havo been hatch ed at the flshery on tho McCloud for tho Stnte of California, and in nbout threo weeks they will bo ready to bo "planted." One-third will bo placed in tho Sacramento, an equI Mlmboi' in Pitt river, and tho romainder in tho McCloud. They cost California but $1,600 that is, 1,000,000 wero purchas ed for that sum, whilo tho remainder wero given by Government to tho Stato. A thoroughly trained editor should havo had a stepmother, and then a step father, and thou havo been bound out to a tanner and then have married a scolding wife, and in a smoky house, and havo a family of bablos, who wero allllctcd with tho colic. Ho should havo added to all this discipline a thorough knowledge of science, art, law, languages, theology, history, biog raphy and political economy, to say nothing ol a good physical constitution, Charactciistic3 of Custer. GeorRO A. Cnsltr's was or-o of tho lino youthful caicora opened In lliin fountry lo tho military by Ihocivll var. (IlioKiutot West Point, so to speak, and precipitated Into tho army, ho waB prosontly In tho inldtt of a theatro of bloodihed and uplolt such as tho wotld has not kuonn bIiico tho lull ol Napolooii. Passim; tliroucli tho war with his health and portonnl beauty tiimlU'ciod, bo died at last lu tho blank land dimly de scribed by Itounevlllo In 1SI'.', and that de scription given to the world by Irving. A third of a century lapsed between these tvo careers, and Cnstor, llko lionnovllle, was a literary roador and writer. Hoth wero West Pointers. Bonneville, related very much that ho did not know except by roport. Custer was tbo ofllul.il dlbUvorer of the Black Hills, and he explored them to reclto In his outhuHlabllo stylo their flowing streams and novelty of woods and urablo slopes. His iitullnmayed uaturo was nover haunted by the traditions of the murdered mon, wild or savage, who had laid lu thoso hills since tbo Sioux of the plains sullenly possessed them and made their Lutnetssos demoniac. Cutter and liaen wort two young men who wrote on tliu life of tho frontier from different temperaments, Haon wai essenti ally a critiu; he saw littlo or nothing of the color of tho rose, and denounced the process of furthor exiendlcn as tho possession of wortbloss lamid by Indlfferont fcottlers at the pit bib expense. Custer rotalued his youth tul American tire, and beheld new posul bllltieaof adventure fortunoold and occu pation In tho great Interior of tho land, The moro impetuous officer baa laid down bis Ufa fur his vision, and at tho early age of 35, llko n Vt.irro, surrounded by tho bodies of hli fitully. Crooko and Castir bno mado distinctive and Intrepid Huroi In tho Indian warfani of the plains, lijth wero Ohio boys, (-.lint to West Point, and both, I think, married southern bollcf Cuutor In Kentucky und Crook lu Maryland. Tho formor'n style ot warfiro was !M5ncr.ul to trail bcMIIu Imllain bltuti-lr by the aid of njually tlnUter but friendly IudUtia. Cuttcr'a method was the CHvelrymau's lo seek, to local, and to cbtrg, it lu the days of tho Kuvnandoih and the Knpldnn campaigns. Hon as on the high road to be a brlgadioi-gonoral, and Oen. Shertdan, who loved hint greatly, ex poctod to havo ?oon him promotod to years ago, Custer's Implacable relation two poli tico may havo retarded hitu, for he would couelliato nobody for tlin stkoof rank. Pos ltho in bis liBlimi, with yiows and afnlla tlons nobody could shako, ho would not let Sberidsn or any otlu r man chooo his school of mentor. Ho died llko an Idea n9 well as asoldlar, whilo cowards livo on and tr.ako tho best of occ.sion and length of days. Moses as a Scientist In the last London Quarterly licvicw, and in nn article on tbo probable ago of tho wqild, wo find tho lollowing puragraphs up on the Biblical account of the creation: " Nowadays, till dh lues, Knglish and for eign, agree that tho word omployod by Moses, mid translated In our BIblo by ' tho beginning,' expresses duration or timo pre vious lo cru.itiun. lloshith, tho Hebrew word for begiunlng, ia in tbo original used w ithout tho dolinttu article. The artlclo was expressly omlttod In ordor to exclinlo tho application of tho word to tho order of crea tion, aud to m.iko It signify pro lous dura tion or previous eternity. Tho words of Mosos, thon, ' In former duration Clod creat ed tho heaons and tho earth,' may moau milliont of years just as otsily as ono. A fow verses lator, doecriblugtho second day of creation, Moso3 declares thnt God mado tho lirniniuent and called It he.tvon. It Is plain from this that the heavens of tho first dayVi creation nro diileront from heavens of tho Mjcoml day; tho dlfforouco of timo procs a I dlll'orencd of subject. The hoivous of tho first veisa wore made In former duration, bofciro tho moving of the spirit, bofoto tho cro.ttlou of light; tho hoavons of tho nocond day wero mado nflor tho oarth and attor lUht. Auothor Etatomont mado by Mosos is an extraordinary untlclpitiou of tliomost iccont cosmologicnl doctrines. ' Tim earth was des olation and emptiness and darknoss upon tho face of tho raging doep, aud tho spirit of God brooding upon tho laco of tho woteis.' It Is now hardly doubtful that tho oarth was a molton ephoro, over which hung, Inndoii'-o vapor, all tho water whloh now lies upon its stuliico. As tho crust coolod, tho aqueous vapor that surrounded tt became condensed Into water and rested upon thosurfuco of tho land. Tho Conflicts botucon tho waters and tho ilory beat, as tho cunt of tho earth wits broken, fell lu or was upboavod, aro welldo Bcribod by tho voids of Mosey, the oarth was dosolatloa and omptlnoss. It Is cm lous that tho great facts of thoEulmioitdon of tbo earth and its condition of emptiness should havo been thus exactly described by Moses, Wo nre then told that God siild, ' Ii0t thorn . )jq light, and there w aa Ught,1 Cohu, yol-', talrri, ftud a wrltor In Kjay;vnud tlevtuwa havo lound It sttango that tbtro should have boon light before thociuitlon of tho nun. buii according to tho thoory of cosmogony now almost universally received, thu oaitli did lu fact exist Loforo tho condensation of thu nun. Light 'hero would bo, from tho condensing mass of nebulous and Incandocccut matter which occupied tho whole spico now olrcum acrlbod by tho orbit of tho tarth. I f Moses had wished to Uoacrlbo tho modern doctriuo concoinlng light, ho could not havo dono bo more happily. Tho eim la not called 'or,' light, but niHor, n pluco or light, Just what modern science has dUuoviuod It to bo. If light bu no maltor, but luinliilforouu ether, no words could more precisely explain what must havo occurrod when God set In motion thu undulations which ptoduend light, nml said hot light bo.' Tho account given of tho sun very cloooly untlo.pUod modern Bcionco: ' Lei there bo llghluoldoi In tho flr inamont ot heaven to glvo llpht upuu tho earth nud tho stiirH. ' Whim tho nun began to give his light, thou, for tho llrst (line, tho earth's fiilloiv-plnnotii, tho stars, becuu to relloct his brilliance, mid bocame luminaries also." Tho manuiacturu of sugir from inolotiH Is about to bo established near Sm 1-Vanelsco. Tho superiority of molons to beets lor tho manufticturo of sugar Is said to bo conclusive ly proven, ami already a company has been formed and laud purchased on Andu.s Is land, whero tho manufacture will bo com lunriLOil In a short time. Watermelons aro to bo uiPil principally, tho cost both or rais ing and reducing bolng much less th.wi any oilier class of molons or fruit sultnblo for tho purpose. Bosldc-H producing sugar, tho mel on Is said to hnvs a delicious syrup, while tho seeds will bo used forthomatiufHcturoof table oil. Itegurdliig tho siqiorlority or tbo. melon, the wjrrospoutlcrJtBys: As compared with becu, tho syrup of which is unlit for" uso, and tho Impurities, for which oxpenalvo deterge nee Is required, tho pulp of melons being froe from Impuritlos, needs no com plex treatment, no carbonlo acid, littlo bone black and but a fraction of lime, and small per cent, ot watery elements to bo evaporated, Miss Thurston, tho young woman who wont " up in a balloon " from Oswego a short llmo ago, nearly csmo to grief. It seems that tho valve had beon tampered with be fore stat tlng.by .some persons on tho ground. After aweniilug to an allltudo of muro than a mile, Miss Thurston opened tho valve aud tho balloon began rapidly to descend, but when she attempted locloxo It sho found alia could not do so. Sho throw out ballast, but to no avail, and finally, when near the earth, Prof. rjipilwH, tho proprietor of tho balloon, sot nut to catch It, und after a race or four itilloH cimo up to II, though not till It had been ciught by a farmer, who In hli attempt to stop It was tincf.nimomouily dragged over teui'tM und loU lu the liveliest manner im UKlnable, but with true grit ho hung on, for, a hu teuiiD'l It, ho wus " bound to save thu fcMil." , Temp;ranco U rapidly Incroatlng among tho IttltMi troops In India; 7,400 men are coinucliit with louijHiiauc.) orguUatlou. aud 3,121 more are reltcred w 'off canteen. f 1 l 1 -1 W , m k- ,.