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About Willamette farmer. (Salem, Or.) 1869-1887 | View Entire Issue (April 7, 1876)
;iw -w- v-,, r, A-cp-aaas && tt . G&rlkmrti- Mitrmtr. EtTJX.i2IJ2krEIINr,2?. SAI.KM. FRIDAY, APKIL 7, IS7C Tho Atinosphoro as a Fertilizer. " Tho Atmosphere in n Fertilizer," Is thus discussed by the Canada ili' jncr. Ono of the great advantages of fall planting is, that tho soil is put in condition to receive benefits from tho iiir, heat, cold, rain and snow : "Tins is a subject which, practically, receives but about half tho attention it merits. Substantial manures, when obtainable, aro of course the great de sideratum, and no soil however fertile :an long sustain nutrition without them. But in many instances these are not readily attainable, at least in appreciably large quantities, and it is vell to know in such cases how best to :idapt our soil for the absorption of thoe inexhaustible fertilizers which aro chemically combined in the air around us. The composition of the atmosphoro is so well known that it need not hero lio repeated. It is, however, worthy of note, as illustrative of the wonder ful resource of the air, that a young sapling, planted in tho earth that had been even-dried, and receiving no other nourishment thereafter than de rived from the air, and occasional wat ering, more than quadrupled its weight in a twelve month ; whilst the earth in which it grew, having been ugain dried and weighed, showed a loss of only two pounds a fact which proves that we are indebted almost sole ly to the atmosphere even for tho soli dity of our trees. Tho same truth on a smaller scale, as well as on tho large, is being illustrated every day and all siround us, but the principle could be more effectively utilized in agriculture than it is, and that simply by a more thoroughly pulverization of tho soil. The decomposition of animal and vegetable matter keeps constantly fill ing the air with fertilizing gases, and perfect tillage is the first step necessary to condense these in tho pores of tho r.oiI. It follows, moreover, that if air is .such an e-jiential source of vegetable nourishment, the more of it supplied the better; and so it is, provided only it bo supplied through the proper chan nel, viz: The soil. The nature of soil too must here be taken into account, for some kinds are much mure easily per jnaeted than others. For instance, in testing with water.one hundred pounds of pure day, dried, absorbed seventy pounds of water before any came through so as to drop. A similar weight of clay loam took in fifty pounds Ahigli&h chalk, forty-five pounds; cal careous sand, tweuty-nine pounds. The experiment illustrates strikingly the degree of tillage or pulverization re quisite in each case as compared with the others. Carrying the test stil farther, five hundred pounds of good, fertile soil taken from varions parts of the world and made perfectly ury, jj.Uned nine pounds in weight in tho course of an hour by simple absorption from the atmosphere, and this gain varied with different qualities of earth, in proportion as they were more and .or less productive. Tho lessen to be derived is obvious always bearing in mind that soil is best fitted for the sim ultaneous action of airand water, which will retain about forty per cent of the latter." I'jioiriMTiox ix Maixk. The At torney General of Maine expresses in his annual report the opinion that the Prohibitory law and the special efforts to enforce it in that State have been -very successful. He notes a very gen eral improvement throughout the State, sind says that in Oxford county (which contains no large towns) there is believed to be not one open rum .shop, though there are some disguised ones at the agencies. A great decrease of petty crimes is observed at jjinaetoru, in lork county, only tnirty three bills of cost being returned by the Municipal Court, aside trom liquor prosecution, tor tne six montns ending Oct. 12. which, lie says, is unparalleled in a city of 11,000 Inhabitants, 5,000 of wuom are oi loreign extraction, rue enforcement of the llxuor law, ho claims, has saved $20,000 to York county in tho past two years, and rendered jjiossible a reduction of three-fourths of tho county tax. In Portland, while the law has not accomplished all that its most zealous supporters desire, it lias done much to restrain the sale of liquors, many dealers having been driven out of the business by fines and 'imprisonment, and the number of open Jnrs largely reduced. Scientific men appear to be of the opinion that the project, now so much -discussed, of converting the greit Desert of Sahara into an inland sea, would simply be to restore it to what was, seemingly, its original condition; tthat the wastes, now so dry and deso late, wero once an immense gulf, com municating witli tho Atlantic ocean by si narrow strait; in course of time sind drifted in and clinked up the strait; tho water held in tho vast bed was ob. -iorbed under the torrid sun; and the urea where the water hud (teen became the desert as It now exists. Its level is much below the level of tho sea, and by simply a channel for ilx miles where .once the strait Joined it to the ocean, tho waters of the Atlantic would sweep ver its whole extent. To an ago which has witnessed the censtruction of tho Suez canal and tho Mont Cenis rind Hooeae tunnels, and which holds In contemplation tho construction of tho Daricn ship canal, and tho making a tunnel under tho English Channel, such a project ns this for cutting a canal six miles to flood tho African desert is certainly not to be regarded as impos sible of accomplishment, however pro digious the Work. Ciiir.Dr.KX ox the FAiur-Children on the farm aro better off than children in towns and cities. It is almost im possible to raise good children in town. They will fall In with bad associates and become more or loss contaminated. They never make the distinguished men that country boys do. Thero aro too many attractions and pleasures to become fieinated with, and they think of these instead of good books and of growth in knowledge and in virtue. We grew up on a farm, and are glad that that was our fate. Wo had to work hard, and thought our lot was a hard one, but now know it was the best thing that could have befallen us bet ter than an inheritance of riches. Tho only pleasures within reach, good books afforded; and we read and reread every book in our district school library, and the knowledge gained has clung to us ever since. Then, farm life has good influences on children. We recollect vividly the pleasures afforded in our youthful days, by the announcement of tho advent of a colt, or a calf, or n lamb, or a broad ' of pigs. Farmers' children can appreciate the pleasures such annoucements make in one's younger days. And the influence of potting and kindly treating all kinds of stock, is a good influence. But this is not confined to kindly treating stock ilone. It extends to tho cares of trees planting and nursing them kindly and flowers, and garden vegetables, and every tiling of the kind. We have noticed too, that when farmer's boys go off to school, to the academy, or college, they aro more laborious, and thorough, and practical than town boys; but when they enter into business pur suits,the difference is still more observ able. Where wero nearly all the men rais ed who are distinguished in the various avocations of life? On the farm. Take the Hon. M. C. Kerr, who now holds the third highest office in the nation where was he raised? On the farm. Ills father was a farmer in moderate circumstances, and young Kerr had to plow, and mow, and hoe, and work in ills younger days, at all kinds of farm work, as "almost any boy in the nation and yet that did not keep him back. He is a self-made man the architect of his own fortune. He has risen degree by degree, until he has gained the re spect of the people of tho nation. It is true he has been a lnrd student. Ho has injured his health by over-taxing mind and body, and no one has a right to do it; but the poor farmer's boy has triumphed and has won a proud posi tion among men, by his great knowl edge and sterling traits of character. All farmers' boys that have to work, think their lives hard ones but they are mistaken. It is true they should not be overworked, but they are sur rounded by the right kind of influences after all, and will come all right by and by, if they are made of the proper metal. Column's Rural World. Commodore Vanderbilt, the i new President of the Canada Southern Hall way, has been put forward as a more liberal man than the late W. B. Astor, the occasion for tho comparison being found in the opening of 'Vanderbilt University of the M. E. Church. South,' which took place at Nashville. Tho history of its foundation is of interest. March 17, 1873, Commodore Vanderbilt offered tho projected institution a cash gift of SGOO.OOO, threo-fifths of which was to be kept forever inviolate as an endowment fund. It was soon found that the cost of the buildings, appara tus, vtc, would exceed the 200,000 set apart for them. March 24, 1874, the Commodore added $100,000 to the build ing fund. Even this was exceeded by $02,8:11.-10. Last month, this sum, too, was subscribed by the Railway King, so that the University bearing his name opens its doors without a cent of debt, and with a fund of $.'100,000, yielding an income at 7 per cent, of $21,000 a year. The sum of Mr. Vunderbilt's donations has been $092,831. This vast sum has been givon quietly. There has been no ostentation, no display, no fuss. With perhaps less of fortune thau William B. Astor, Commodore Vanderbilt has given away more dur ing his life than Astor could bear to take from his millions, even after his death. A Farm Two axd a (Jitahtkh Ckxtuwes ix oxk Family. The Portsmouth (N. H.) Times of tho 17th Inst, says: "In the family lot on the Rice farm at Kittery, Me., whither the remains of the lato Major Alexander Rico were conveyed yesterday, now lie seven generations. Near by tho lot is growing a rose bush known to be over 200 years old. This estate was once owned by Sir Fernando Gorges, and deeded by him to the Withers family, and in PW2 it was given as a marriage dowry by Thomas Withers to his daughter Mary Withers on her nuptials with Thomas Rice. Thus this farm has been In the Rice family for a peri od of 221 years." On the 3d of March the House of Representatives passed a bill granting what is known as the Fort Walla Walla timber reservation, situated In town ship 7 north, ranges 30 and 37 east, In Walla Walla county, containing 041,04 acres, to the wid6w and heirs of James Sinclair deceased. The bill directs the commissioner of the general land office to have the claim surveyed and to issue a patent therefr. under tho provisions oftho Qregon donation' law. OREGON'S PRODUCTIONS. Bses and Honey. Of tho many varied agricultural pur suits for which tills Stato Is eminently fitted, thero is not ono for which it ap pears better adapted-than that of breed ing bees for honey. Although tho pro duction of honey has not been of much moment up to within the past year or two, yet it now promises to assume larger proootions, giving us in tho near future a large export trade. From tho Cascade Range reaching westward to the ocean, for beo breeding it cannot bo excelled, and barely equalled. Tho abundance of moisture causes flowering plants to grow to great luxuriance, with the bloom in a very great variety of them peculiarly fitted to the produc tion of honey. A glanco at tho topog raphy and climate of the Stato will con vince any and all of the important fact that they conspiro to cause the flora to bloom at almost all seasons of tho year, at any rate giving bees, by following up the bloom, an abundant pasturago from March to November. To make more plain, wo will say that flowers make their first appearance in tho val leys in tho month of March, and as tho season advances, cansing them to fade, tho tardy mountain shrubs or lowly flowering plants assumo thoir floral garb, lasting into November. Thus, bees can follow up the bloom from tho valley to foot hills, and from foot-hills to mountain tops. But we are inclined to think that the coast counties are bet tor adapted to bees for tho production of honey than any other portion of the State. With a more uniform climate and a greater abundance of moisture, which, taken in connection with its rugged outline and at times beautiful valleys, causes us to think a better vari ety of honey producing flowering plants grow along the coast. Wo are inform ed that along tho coast the whortle berry grows to great luxuriance, and as it stops blooming in the valleys below, it can be found blooming in the moun tains or Coast Rango later on; as the whortleberry flowers are said to bo of tho best for producing honey, is ono cause of our thinking the coast counties of superior excellence for producing honey. Wo are unable to present oven an ap proximation of tho yield of honey in thisStato, owing to no returns in any of the census given of the same. It is very generally understood that tho production amounts to about 100,000 pounds; tho bulk of which is produced in the Willamette Valley, then conies Umpqua Valley, and next Coos coun ty. According to its area Coos county produces the greatest uumberof pounds of any other county in the State. In the coast counties the quality of honey is unexcelled. It is transparent and possesses that rich delicate flavor so generally desired by epicures. This section (the coast counties) of Oregon Is destined to be at no great distant day the grand centre for breeding honey bees, and, as it increases, will Kive to us a large quantity of honey for export which will excel tho very best pro- ciuccu in uautornia, ami consequently will command a ready market at even a slight advance over other qualities produced. . Notwithstanding the abundance of the white maple (acer macrophttliim) which has the reputation of yielding a large quantity of syrup, the manufac ture of mr.plo sugar Is limited; indeed so small is the quantity manufactured we cannot rightly claim It as a pro duction. Wo aro unable to obtain any idea of tho amount of maple sugar manufactured; but for fear some may think tiiat there is none wo will stato that, in Douglas county the first wo know anything of, was produced in 1809. Tho quality of that produced compared favorably with that manu factured in the East. With such abun dance of white maple it is rather singu lar that more attention is not given to the manufacture of maple sugar. It will always find a ready sale in our markets, and at prices that will givo a good return to those entering into its manufacture. That produced in ox cess of local demand can be exported with fair prices. We think that a lit tle attention bestowed upon this brunch of industry tiny be the means of build fngupa business which will increase in importance with each succeeding year. The amount of map'.e sugar now consumed in this Stato is small, but then, we have always inclined to the opinion that it was restricted by the high prices demanded for it, anil that with fair average prices, tho consump tion would increase quite rapidly, not only in tho Stato, but also adjoining States and Territories. Com. Reporter. An item was started by tho Walla Walla Spirit some two weeks ago to tho effect tnat the flax .seed furnished by tho oil mon to farmers about Walts burg, W. T., had boon very foul and that it was a question whether or not, the cultivation of flax in that part of the country has not, on the whole, proven a detriment to the country. We ire informed by Geo. P. Ho(inan,agcnt of tho Pioneer Oil Mills in this State, that the item isineorrectineverysen.se. The seed furnished has been pure, and if it is now foul it is tho fault of tho country or tho cultivation, and that as a proof of this, the mills aro furnishing farmers in that section three times as much seed as in any previous season. Jixvliunye. The Dally News l'aris despatch, says that the sale of the property of the Ar tist Courbet to defray tho expense of restoring tho Vendome Column, logins on the li Inst. It Is estimated that the property, which consists of n farm in the department of Daubs and a few pictures will yield $10,000, leaving a balance of $40,000 duo the state. X. -A.. SmitU, ,.rtlt, Salem. Oreffon, dealer In Stereoscopes and Sterso scoplc Views, and Scene of Salem and tho surround ing coniitrv. Llfe.sl.so I'hotoirraDhs. In India Ink. Oil or Water Color. sell How tu Obtain l'atentn. Any persotulcslriiiii information a to the mode i Laklusj out patents, can rend a request to tho Taiim ofllec, accompanied by a one-cent stamp, and Kill celvo by mail a opy of the re lsed Patent law and pamphlet eoniaitiln? fall Information an to how luvii tlons can be patented. Agents for the Willamette Farmer. Albisy ,TK Itnnnon Amity U K Hctchcll Uclliel 1,11 t'mzer ll.iena Vista Wm Well.-, J W llonart Unite Plsnppolutincut 8 llindxikcr llrownstlllo W It Klilc PllttlUIie .1 V llu-lieltiir Canyon City Pit Hhlnehart lauyomuie ..tt v uom:r Cole's Valley W 11 C'lirke Cottage Or.no I II Shorttlds.' Cove F Shoemaker, II P Kendall Corvallis K Wood.vanl Ureeil Uoscoo Knox Clackaims W A Mills Camp Creek. U It Ilnminersley uauaa d ui.ee. u .M utitnrio Praia's Krcusou .6 Drain Puiiaciis K Foibes Diijtoti K i! lladauay Dalles S L lirnoks East Portlmd Jacob Johnson Umpire City I'D Winchester Eu.'eneClty F II Pmm Klkton P V Stearns Fox Valley A I Gardner Kali rid I J.T Illevans Forest Oruio S Hughes. W L Curtis Goshen J llandsaker Ocnal bheppard & Gaines Greenville J F Plerco HaNey TJ Black Hood Itiver W P Watson llarrWinti; .....Hiram Smith lllllsboro A Lucllluir llepnrr Mono..' A llerren Independence VI. Iloduin Junction Smith. Ilra-ficld & Co., W I. Lemon Jacksonville M Peterson Jefferson W F West Kellov's AW KellosrR Lewltvillc JM llewley I.a Grande 5 Ellsworth Lafayette Dr Popplctnn,' A H Henry Lebanon S II Clauiihtou Meadowvllle H K Lansdale McMinnvllle A Held Mitchell AIIHrcyuian Monmouth W Watcrhonse Needy Wra Moreland yewellsvlllo PF Castloman North Vamhlll PC Stewart Oakland J A Sterllnj; Oswego AU Shipley Olt J II Mi.medcr Oregon City ."MDacon Ocliocn .1 It Dcnlhit Pendleton W A Whitman Peoria SP Haley Sprlngwafr J U Lewcllen Portland S P Lee, Agent State Grange Prluesxllle OMPilnglc Perrydale MrGrow'a More nickreal..., FA Patterson Itoselmrg Thos Smith Scio lnino & Morrl, Thos Mnnkcre Sllvertou Alah Drown Shedd's WM Powers Sprlngllcld AG Hovey Sublimity John Powning Sweet Home lien Marks Sheridan JB Morris Pilot Hock R Gilliam Ten Mile KM Gnrncy Turner UAWit.el Vancouver S W Hi own, B B Pcnuro Wheatland LC Forrest Wlllamntlc Forks , M Wllklns Walla Walla JF Brewer Woodburn .....Matthlot Bros Waldo j (j Elder Willow Fork ACPettcys Voncalla J a Ellison. RS Annlo'Mto Zona p j Cooper S Gorl', General Agent for Eastern Oregon. A '": 1UT OH t obtained In Hie TJ. States. i U i M. "? Canada, and Europe; terms as low as those of auy other reliable house. Corre spondence Invited In the English and loreign lan guages, with Inventors, Attorneys at Law, and other Sillcitois, especially with thoe who have tad their cases rejected in mo nanus oi outer attorneys, in re jected cases our fees aro reasonable, and no charge is madn unless w e are stircessntl Mill w IL'jLyi M. LrMS9 ent, send us a mod el or sketch and a full description or your Invention, We will make an examination at the. Patent Office, and if we think It pitentable, will send you papers aud advlco and pro-ecute )our case. Our fee will bo, In ordinary cases, SV fk " dlTi? oral or wrl ten. In all matters UlM MjMU relating to I'at- I,,D1?11"' ents. Patent Law, aud Inventions. Jl jn-jEiJUl References : Hon, .11. P. Lcggett, ex Commissioner or Patents. Cleveland Ohio; O. II. Ivelley, EBq., Sec retary National Grange, Louisville. Ky. US" Send a stamp for our "Guide for obtaining Patents." a book of A0 mures. Address! LOUIS 1IAGUEK & CO., Solicitors of laicmn, tnviinri n, u, i;. niiiltil B 33 ILM SII12U BY Young England's Glory, HAViNfi MADE TWO SUCCESSFUL EASON8 at Salem, with 'he best results as to his proge ny, at tho rcquett of many of my old customers will stai d attain at thu Stnltlo oi XnrIIn &. Smith, whe-e ho enn he found FROM THIS DATE UNTIL JULY, 1S7I. TKRMS t Mnele Service. Ily the HeuKon, Tu I it u re, $15 30 30 D. GRIERSON. Salem, March IT. 1&T0. GOOD SEEDS eltOWN with care and painstaking, from selected stocks, always Pait Try miuo. See adver. Ilscment "All About Gardening." J. B ROOT, Grower, Rorkford, 111. Jallwia RAEE OPPORTUNITY FOR Profitable Investment. 'H' OFFER FOR SALE ALL MY RIAL ESTATJl k In Clatsop county, consisting or my original Dona tion claim, on Lewis and Clarke river, cuutl'ilngof live bundrel aires, two thlrJs tide. land mead'jw, ac knowledged to ho tho best stock claim In the comity. Also, a Urge Interest In tnu Upper Town of AN'l'O UIA. a uortloa of John Adair's donation claim. In. quire ot the subscribe. Astoria, Ua'ch I, lH'H;tf T, y. POWERS, Dr. H. 8MITH, DENTIST, Assisted by T. T. Shaw. Olllce opposite Brcyman'a new Store, SALEM, OREGON. The Hoosac Thornlets EXCELS ALL OTIIBR BLACKBKHHIBH in Hardiness, Quality, and Productiveness. Never winter-kills, and has no thorns to torture yeu. One plant, by mail; M cents: 3 plants, tl; 11 plauts, S3, Vor full history and testimonials, free to all, ad ress VKAN1C VOHD, Ravenna. O. Agents wanted. Liberal Inducements. m'Jwl 2wfei38rfc Fine Ponl J BRED BY " ' 1 M. EYRE, Jr Nnpn, Cat. i $ BKOAZE TURKEYS, WBIOniNG WTbfc.' each. TMrs CJ.033 3-000, wtfcrlh. Ing trom 10 to 60 lbs. per pair. RRAItIHASS Leghorn, Gnine. etc. Pcklu Buck,''.'-;' craging IS to 80 It's., and lict of all UucKt as iarTF Ai-o. n line oriment ot ngeons, xianoH, ,uw rowinmi scrretsj. Any variety oi rnwis uv Inmorred. irtsrsr true to name.1 fresh and nicked for sale at rcodcrate prices. Send stamp llin.i.t.. 4 nii.i,. a.,.l ii.ii.. ,1,1 in HST- WhIVBj:3 NiM'A, cnl.' ' fl ' - 'vfci On teceiptof 10 cent" In tsmn. I will fttrnlshspsV's 1 . ........ ..r . I. 1.KT. mnW tltTT T tSn-,M n II!h-, fatcd 3J pige monthly, the recivnUed anthirlty U P'ltiltiy mattes In tho tl. S.; and decld llv the o- i nuur dottruai puousnea. O..,. .....,!. .n lv l ' ouun.iituvii m.j -.. jj, ft venr. Plow tale that yon saw this advertisement In Hi j I Will tnistie Parmer. Orders may be left at this oBe Much '.i- :im LB! xjE:L3ari"r,TTJEi STORE. I HAVE PURCHASED TUB terest of Messrs. Yea ton A Ix xnttjT Interest of Messrs. Yes ton A Longharyl the Furniture Bloro on the west s: lUMOITl "i Commercial 8treetiftaleai V, r-iSHSttV- (m and st-all keep on hand a OENERAi Sfr. I sum .tittivr oi roous lorine rowu uasa i FURNITURE & UPHOLSTER railor & Chamber Stn. V ROCKERS. AC, fj I By tho est or single piece. ' ta. Repairing and JobbinV DONE IN TUB PEST MANNER, W And at reasonable price, as I am a practical workau JOHN GRAY. Salem, July 12, 18T5.Y JOHN G. WRIGHT, Dealer In -. j-. 1 Tl -T 1 . I l" Crockery and Glassware; Wooden ami Willow Watt, Tobaooo and Cigars., COMMERCIAL. STREET. j Saletn, April 20, 18TS, dwtt ESTABLISHED 18-S. i Willamette Nursery G. W. WALLING- & SON, f PROPBtBTOIttt, , Oswego, OlaokamM oo., Orfgo Growers of the Choicest Varieties of , , FRUIT T-UUW & IIKUUZ Particular attention given to Cherry, Prone aid " trees. HARNESS. HAVING PURCHASED THE IMTBRK8T Mr. Wat kinds In the old established honsali uV above line, tho attention of the community 'll nf tu the stock of - A K37 uu imuu, wuicu is onerea at jfreaiiy roaacea nm SADDLES AND BRID At lowest Granger prices. Hardware, Whips, Robes, t To suit everybody. H R. H. DEARBORN; Salem. Fob. 12, 188. vrtMii Salem Flouring Millii BEST FAMILY FLOUR, BAKER'S EXTRA, XXX. BUPKRFDW AND GRAHAM. MIDDLINGS, BRAN, AMD BBOf GonNtantly on Hand. ' I-lflrheiBt Price la OA0! Paid for Wheat 1 ATAX-C TZMM. R. O. KDTCt-Y, Sept IStf Agent S. r. V. O Ft Sale! TUB KINK RKSIOENOB enrnnr nf Horns rial and Division streets, In desirable sltuaC .with housolanre. well flnlshnl. anri ronvAnt. ly arranged, aud Kroonds tastefully ornamented. 1 bo sold -vox" jr 10T7 and on accommodt terms. Apply to f WILLIS,' sctrtl Patton's Block Stale St,. Hau- MBS. OQDIN; Comer of Fourth aad A Streets, Fortlam!, CIUTTER and FITT-fl of LADIES' and CI J dren's Suits, (after Mrs. Curtls's 'Models.) I STAMPING and DKtUQNJNQ In alt Its branch, INITIALS made to order. PATTERNS of all S cm by measurement. Persons living at a dill oan bavolhe latest styles In Salt Material bo ami madekp on receipt of bust and waist tneasu. Other shopping done on a reasonable commit) Mourning undo uo In tl hours' aollre, Singer Sewing Mackiie Agency MOTIOE. j 1.1KOM and after this date, Mr. P. O, GOOD! . will conduri the Agency for this Cospat MaLEM, OK., and Is fully authorized to recti receipt for moneys due the Company. The Nlugsr 9ra-ieairlBa; C; iiovldml W M. PABaONlT. Ag XT. V, 9. Dealers In General Bferolmi idlac KBKP A FULL STOCK OP STAPLE aa j cy floeds , Clothing, Hardware, Groceries . Stationers , etc., -ALIAS. r, ' . . ',' ii ! t t e r -ie 10 tl- y eta ID an 5S del lore pr tan held if an , the tbotet ldren intral of aoorn- . v1 X