T-l-'-?.,
WILLAMETTE FARMER.
Admitting Steam into the Cylinder.
The Journal of the Franklin Institute, in al
luding to the statement in the text books that
' It is desirable to open the steam ports and
admit steam at the end of the cylinder toward
'Which the piston is moving, before the latter has
completed its stroke," pronounces this state
ment incorrect, and adds:
"The extreme difficulty of eliminating er
roneous statements from previous publications,
or from translated originals, especially after
the many reiteiations of error, is exemplified
da the preceding quotation from a recent text
book.
" The original statement, made by good Eng
lish authority about the years 1830 to 1835, has
.held its place in all text books of succeeding
date, has gone to misinform Gernnn students
on its travels, and has come to America, trans
lated, to impart error here. As a general as
sertion it may be correct that ' it is essential,
in order to insure good aotion of the steam,
that a maximum cylinder pressure shall be
obtained at the very commencement ot the
stroke,' but as applied to a running engine it
is altogether erroneous.
"For easy motion ot an engine, the prevention
of shocks and relief of bearings from exoessive
-.pressure (and consequent friction and loss of
power), it is desirable that as the piston ap
proaches the end of its stroke the exhaust shall
have bsen closed, so as to form a cushion that
will absorb the momentum of the reciprocating
parts, and relieve the pressure on the Bide
-valve at its time of opening; and the back pres
sure will then be just that needed to give to the
moving parts their proper velocity in the other
direction. And then, after the center is well
passed, the pressure of steam should be slowly
admitted, reaching a maximum not earlier
(perhaps for high pressure non-condensing en
gines) than 1-15 or 1-12 of the motion of the
crank; wnile the cut-off should be effected,
both by goad actiou of the steam and for the
food action of the engine, instantaneously.
t may be possible with small sizes of ports and
inadequate cross areas, or great lengih of pas
sages, that steam cannot follow a piston at high
speeds; but such possibility exists only with
improper proportions for high speed, and
should not be remedied by lead.
" The original statement of forty to forty -five
.years since, was not iocorrect for the time, and,
If the conditions are all given, is not incorrect
.to-day.
"About thirty-five years since the slide valve
was made without lap; it just covered the ports
at both ends. The skill of the workman was
taxed to see how exactly the one steam port
should open and the other be closed The mo
tion then given to the valve was almost coinci
dent to that of the crank, and the rate of open
ing was exceedingly slow, as both crank and
eccentric had just passed their centers. The
valve motion was then usually transmitted
from the eccentric to the valve through light
rocker arms and rods, and there was more or
less lost motion in the transmission. Under
such circumstances there was a reason for lead
of the eccentric, as well as valve, and both rule
And reason bad a warrant in facts.
" When the lap valves were introduced much
difficulty followed, so firmly had the theory of
lead been established, but the workmen have
long since learned, if the books have not, how
to get the thump out of a slide valve engine.
The effect of throttling the exhaust is in no
way a loss of power, but is simply a loss of ca
pacity of the steam oylinder. For a giveu boiler
a little l'irgtr cylinder is needed to perform the
same work. There is, however, au absolute loss
of steam and power on the back lead of the
steam, and its recompense must be found in
the ease of working and duration of the engine.
" These remarks do not apply alone to slide
valve non-condensing engines. For engines of
higher grade, in economy for use of steam,
the cutting off of the exhaust is a great practi
cal gain. With twenty-four to twenty-six
inches of vacuum, if the exhiust is closed (cut
off) at one-fourth or one-third, a back pressure
of vapor will pile up in the cylinder, to over
one-half an atmosphere, nnd thus relieve, or
partially relieve, the engine of the momentum
of the piston and parti; and besides this the
condenser will have been relieved from any
leakage of the piston itself, which leakage
again will have been saved for effective work
ing ot the engine. L-akage of piston packing,
witbin the limit of troublesome back pressure,
ihus becomes tolerable."
Magnetization of llmenite.
T)r. T. L. Pbipson says : " Some fine speci
mens of ilmenite (titanio ironstone) having been
aent to my laboratory from Norway, it seemed
a good opportunity to investigate the magnetic
properties of this mineral. Tne composition of
that which served in my experiments was:
Titanic acid,21.C0 ; protoxide of iron,72.10 ; Fe
S j., 2.00 ; manganese, trace ; silicic acid, 1 21.
Total, 100.
"Its specific gravity was 4.8, and it acted with
tolerable energy upon the magnetic needle.
From the inspection of this action, I concluded
that it was possessed of a very considerable
number of poles in close proximity to each
other, so that scarcely two closely adjaoent parts
acted in the same manner upon the north pole
of the needle ; hence it was evidently built up
by a mass of crystals. An elongated rectangu
lar piece of this mineral was separated by a
blow of a hammer j it measured l1, inches in
length and was about i inch broad. This
was plaoed upon a table and submitted to mag
netization by friction with good magnets for
upwards of an hoar. It was then found to have
a pole at eaoh extremity, which it cerUinly had
not before, and was accordingly suspended to
a pieoe of silk, and hung up in a quiet comer
of the laboratory. It pointed constantly to
wards the north, and returned to that portion
when deviated. It continued to do so for some
weeks ; but one morning I found it pointing
. . uir an it hurl lost its acauirej
magnetism entirely, having retained it tor
rather more than a month.
"This loss occurred rather suddenly, and I be
lieve that it coincided with a magoetio storm of
some intensity which happened about the time.
If these experiments could be continued by
some who have more time to devote to them,
they might lead to some interesting results.
It is possible that some minerals that show ao
tion upon the needle migbt be made magnetio
in the above manner." Chtmtcal Atws.
Stkl tbom the Obe Strains' Fbooesi.
Dr. Siemens is now erecting furnaces which
will hold charges of ten tons and produce
twenty tons of steel in twenty-four hours, by
his new process; to effect this, thirty tons of
pig and scrap are used. According, to the
Practical Slagazlnt, the pig .iron is made direct
from the ore, dispensing with both blast fur
naces and puddling furnaces. ExUnalve work
are being erected at Towcaster, for bringiog
that very important invention into practice.
The possibility of this feat has been long ad
mitted; the need was, a furnace in which re
duction could be effected perfectly at low
heit.
TboM 1 no eicuia for thou who drag thlr wearijd
auddJMideredbodI Into our company. wna lew
JEiVof Ami1! BamiMtrilU would clean tbeir
fey b&XEd tSrtoeltb and
muddy victims of billions diets, have some rfrd
lor joir neighbor. If not for youmlve.
Pacific Mail
H
3 I
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o
o
Tl
t$L5aThc Rates include the transit of the Isthmus of 'Panama via Panama Railroad, Also, Bed
ding, Board and all necessaries for the voyage. An experienced Surgeon is on each ship, and no charge is made foj
medicines or medical attendance.
Steamers leave New York every Saturday at 12 o'clock, Noon,
And Make the Trip to San Francisco in Three Weeks.
This Route offers Special Inducements t.o EMIGRANTS, who will avoid the delays,
discomfort and expense of the tedious trip overland by vail.
THE STEAMEBS OF THIS LINE CONNECT AT NEW Y0KK WITH' ALL THE TRANS-ATLANTIC LINES FK0M EUB0PE
Also at the Isthmus of Panama with Steamers of the
Hamburg American Packet Company, from Hamburg and Havre,
The Royal Mail Steam Packet Company, from Southampton,
.'t The West India and Pacific Steamship Company, from Liverpool,
And the General Trans-Atlantic Company, from St. Nazaire.
All information regarding Through Rates of'Passage, can be obtained from the Agents of the above Lines at any
port in Europe, from whom Through Passage Tickets can be purchased.
THE OFFICE OF THE PACIFIC MAIL STEAMSHIP COMPANY, IN NEW YOltK, IS ON THE
PIER 42 ISTORTH EIVER, FOOT OF CANAL
gHMMpHMHA Pelton's Six-Fold Horse Power.
R. J. Trumbull, Dealer in and Grower of
seeds msmmmR, flowers.
nm
Vegetables,
TKliKS,
-gARigJf BULBS,
Kor tlio OABPEN, FAUM, and MANSION,
437 finnuim Street, fan Francisco WD- rlptle Cats' gnr on application.
Hin"ii 6 "liJEihrTT JsHi
Vol. 387.389 !iHHaaui
StTMt,
tSJUCNUHCMOO.
New York to San
BATES OF
iH
Kto.,
(THE JihW IMPICOVED
HOME SHUTTLE
Sewing Machine.
ILI023, - - $43.00.
WE AL'jO SELL
The Home Sewing Machine.
These machines use shuttle, straight nee41e,
ind mke Ihn Lock btitcb.
They re imfpwwed by none.
Tkfg art the itmjJui and UgkUiUrunning mo
Mrul m Pit world.
8od lor clrtulir.
Mme. Demorest Reliable Patterns.
SEND rOIt A CATALOOUE.
Iloyl CkarU, f 2.60.
E. W. HAINES. Agent, 17 New Montgomery
Street (Qrn4 Uotel Building), Bu TnncUco,
- J
Steamship Co.
Francisco, via Panama.
PASSAG-E.
Having made new arrangement with Mr. McKenzle, I am prepared to supply my power to all person
favoring we wlih tbelr orders. All powers hereafter manufactured can only ba obtained of me or my agents.
In future tbey will be made under my directions and specifications, and nothing but a prime quality
Machinery Iron will be used lu their manufacture. ..,..,. ....
I hae greatly Improved the application and bracing my Levers which will givo them ample strength.
All powers fully warranted. For further Information, Bend for Circulars and I'rlco List to
Address,
UviMam
will send IS Flnwerlnt'1 rhnti for One Dollar
yourcholce from lGOrortu), MAIL Oil EXPRESS.
"1W ILLUSIHAI tU UAIALUUUt,
ED dtKritir.thrriiiKir.. Plants A rireila,
J. E. liOH DITI II. 04ft Warren St., Iloiton. .
0,20 FINE VERBENA8 FOR $1.
Any of the following named plants sent by mall,
posUM paid, at to ccuTs each. An three wins for
Bcenli. or lutten for il. Noorder received for
lets than sn ienU. nuiiiias, utrauiuuis tixniuu
9na!. kii-ntiii unit Ivv). Ill L'onlaf. Cariiatlona.
Pluki, Calceolaria!, llaArt rlants, Aieraluini,
Abutllon, Ailuruiiiriu, Coleus, Cannas. tlir, wni
theniums, Jlunly J'ulox, Cupliea, Kuiutoriumi,
Riilari. tVierlin. Ilrllotroiiel. Ilelerocentrulll.
LtoouU, Main rnU, Pllra, buillax. Double Petunias,
ttolar.um Cap1ca. lruui,eroiiUas One (MicketA
ter, ItaMiu, Pctuhla, Phlox and Verbena for S3
cents. My Illuilratnl Catalogue of Kew Plant.
Seeds for lil and any to laitit. of the above
Seeissiniouricilpioi Hi ci-ina. aiuiv
O. A. BKE8KU 4 CO.. Erie, P.
WMmRGttW
ISUBALb'kSW
IrBUsiNEsscoLLEGEi
LJH tV POST sr dSmi
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WHARF,
STRJEET.
S. PELTON, Patentee.
Salem, Oregon.
Published Quarterly. Januahv Nlmii-k Juit
Hiucd, and contain oicr 100 I'aui.1,600 hNr.HAVINU,
jocriptioni of more than 500 of our best Flowers
and Vegetables, withIJirectloni(orCuliur,Cou)iiEU
I'latk, etc. Ihemott meful and elcgint work, o'
the kind in the world. Only 5 cent for the yea.
I'uMithei! in I nullfch and (krliian.
dil"- IAMES V1CK, Rochester, N. Y.
gpXfttJS
W0T-8DI1. ItlFUM. PHTOM KTOLTIM.
mmiwiirm wSftw VttuX mnti
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