Willamette farmer., November 19, 1875, Page 3, Image 3

Qood HbVTH
Are New Houses Safe?
It is a very general opinion that a long time
is needed for a newly built bouse to become
thoroughly dry, and that it is not safe to live
in one for several months (some say a year)
after it is bnilt. Popular opinions bave gen
erally some fonndation, and I am anxious to
know wbetber this opinion is correct, or bow
far it is correct.
I bave Bbares in two associations formed to
provide better and more wholesome dwellings,
especially for the working classes, and I hope
we have succeeded, for the death rate amongst
onr tenants is considerably below the average,
partly owing, no donbt, to our tenants being
generally of sober and steady habits, for we
value peace and quietness, and so do they. We
let onr houses very soon after they are finished,
and in reply to my inquiries I am told that the
inmates of the newly built bouses are quite as
healthy as the others. We bave taken unusual
care to have every room well ventilated, which
may account for the absence of apparent in
jury from damp, but I am not quite satisfied
that we are acting prudently. I should like to
be advised, if we are not, by those of wider ex
perience. The dampness of walls arises not only or
chiefly from the water absorbed, but rather
from mat comoinea wun tne iinie in tne iorm
of hydrate used for mortar and plaster. This
combined water is displaced by carbonio acid,
absolutely converting the hydrate of lime into
carbonate, and it has been suggested that this
change should be hastened, so tunc tne nouses
'mav become dry more quickly by keeping the
rooms filled with carbonic acid by bumlugcole
or charcoal in them so as to nil tbe rooms with
their fumes. This sounds feasible, but is there
no danger of 'the conversion of tbe hydrate
into carbonate being too rapid, and the result
being a product more resembling friable chalk
than hard limestone? What is done too
quickly is not done well. Is this change done
too quickly to be done well?
I am inclined to believe that the experience
of our two associations proves that it is pos
sible to avoid danger from the dampness of
new houses by passing air through them rap
idly enough to prevent its becoming saturated
with moisture. Air which oontains no watery
vapor is neither pleasant nor wholesome. It
should be about two-thirds saturated, and if
this proportion be not much exceeded no in
jury can arise from such 'vapor only, and there
seems no reason why, if it be derived from a
damp wall, it should be injurious if not in ex
cess!, e , if the air be ohanged rapidly enough
to prevent it becoming damp. Ex.
Fobce and Stimoxants. TheLondon Zancef
remarks that at the present day our treatment
has assumed a character too decidedly stimu
lant and not quite sufficiently nutritive. Stimu
lants ought to be regarded as auxiliaries to nu
trition more than they are at present. Nutri
tive material, as milk, meat juice, eggs, and
various forms of starch, ought to form a greater
matter in tbe dietary of the Bicfc than stimu
lants, whether nitrogenized or alcoholic; such
materials, when assimilated, give supplies of
force. Stimulants may assist in their assimi
lation, and do so; but in themselves stimulants
only furnish limited supplies of force-bearing
material. They are, however, a means by
which the system may reach some of its physio
logical reserve fund. Such use may be advan
tageous or pernicious, according to circum
stances; and an ill-regulated or excessive pro
cess of stimulation may give results as dis
astrous as a wise and intelligent resort to stim
ulants may be beneficial ana preservative in its
consequences.
Beef Extract fob Invalids. To half a
pound of beef or fowl recently killed, and
chopped fine, add one pint of cold boiled water,
to which four drops of hydrochlorio acid and
one-eighth ounce common salt should also be
added. After the mixture has stood an hour,
throw it npon a hair sieve, or piece of mus
lin, allowing it to drain without pressure. The
first portion passing is usually turbid, and must
be returned to the sieve until it runs clear.
When all the liquor has been drained off, gently
pour one-fourth pint of water, in small lots at a
time, upon the residual minced flesh, allowing
it to Tun into the liquid collected. In this way
will be obtained about three-fourths of a pint
of cold extract of flesh, of a red oolor, and of a
pleasant, soup-like taste. Dose, one teacupful
at a time, cold. It must not be warmed, and
should be prepared fresh every twelve honrs,
as heat will cause decomposition and the sep
aration of a solid mass of coagulated albumen.
Domestic Ecofiopv-
Rye How to Cook and Eat It.
Bye is not as much grown as of yore, yet it is
a staple product in many localities, and tbe fol
lowing receipts for rye cookery, contributed to
a late number of Science of Health by Mi6s
Julia Colman, will prove of interest and value
to many readers;
Rye Gems.
Take ice cold water, as for wheat gems, and
stir in good rye meal, entirely unbolted, sifting
with one hand, stirring with the other.until they
are of a consistency much thicker than that
required for wheat. Experiment with a few at
first, making some thicker than the others (tbe
last about as thick as you can well stir them),
so as to be sure to get the right consistency be
fore making tbem for the table. Then bake
them a little more than you wonld wheat, and
serve warm or cold as you prefer. We like
them warm. , " , "J
.Bye and Wheat Gems. . .
Those who do not fanoy so much of the rye
taste, may soften it a little by putting in one
third wheat and then 'making them into gems,
precisely as for wheat or rye alone, making
them not quite so thick as the latter.
Rye and Indian Gems.
TbeBe are made very much like the rye gems,
only one-fourth of the meal should be corn Meal,
of medium fineness. It does very well without
scalding, though in that case it should be baked
very thoroughly. If scalded, it should be
mixed so thick that the gems need to be
smoothed with a wet spoon before putting tbem
into the oven. Otherwise tbey will seem soft
and mushy. If rather soft, let them stand
some minutes after tbey are out of the oven be
fore serving them. This will do them more
good than trying to bake them in the oveu.
Rye and Indian Leal.
Take two quarts of coarse corn meal, wet it
thoroughly with two quarts of boiling water,
add two quarts of rye meal, mix intimately,
make into a loaf three or four Inches deep, or,
if convenient, put into Boston brown bread
pans, plaoe on top of the stove, where it is
barely hot enough to make it simmer, let it
stand here until it crack well over the surface,
say an hour and a half or two hours. Then
put into a hot oven, bake two or three hours,
according to the size of the loaf, then cool the
oven gradually, or take a loaf out and steam it
an hour or two.
Rye Mush.
If the rye meal or rye Graham be course, aif
it into boiling water with one hand, stirring
with the other. If it be fine, pour the mral
into boiling water and stir vigorously until
thoroughly wetted and of the consistency you
wish it when done. Then in either case, cover
clcse and set it where ft will cook slowly, from
forty to sixty minutes or more. Dates may be
added to this if desired, stoning them and
stirring them in just before serving. Dress
the plain mush with stewed currant.
Rye and Indian Mush.
Use two parts rather coarse corn meal and
one part rye meal, stirring in the corn meal
first and cooking a while if desired, then ad
ding the rye meal, stirring very carefully, then
cover close and cook slowly one hour or more.
Vienna Yeast. The Vienna bread is reputed
to be the best in the world. It is said to owe
its superiority to the peculiar yeast employed,
which is also used in the manufacture of the
celebrated Vienna beer. This Viennese yean,
acoording to the London Chemist and Druggist,
ia nn.,vl fn iha fnllnwlnc wav! Three kinds
of grain, namely, Indian corn, barley, and rye
(all sprouting;, are powuereu uuu uintu, nuu
then macerated in water at a temperature of
G5 to 75 0. In a few hours snccharification
.-i. WUa llnnt la lin rnrWd nff And aI
lowed to dear, and alcoholio fermentation is set1
up by tne nelp ot a minuio quamuy ui jtcubi,.
An (..MLntfllinn nmnppaflAR the clobllleS of
yeast reproduce themselves by a species of
Duaamg, engendering hi uri " , "
globules, but these rapidly increase in size.
Carbonio acid is disengaged during the process
with so much rapidity that globules of yeast
are thrown up by the gas, and remain floating
on the surface, where they form a thick scum.
This scum is carefully removed, and constitutes
the best and purest yeast. When drained and
compressed by a hydraulic press, it can be kept
from eight to fifteen days, according to the
season.
Hakleodtn Jellyl With the extra refined
gelatine, make a gallon of clear jelly;
color with vaiious fruit dyes. The juice ex
tracted from spinach leaves will give a fine
green ; cochineal, red ; the zest of orange, rubbed
on crystal sugar, yellow. These, with various
colors from fruit jellies, will afford a number
of hues. Have a large mold, into which put
the various colored jellies in an almost solid
state, to prevent their mingling. When full, set
the mold aside until perfectly set, then turn
it out on a glass dish, when tbe various colors
will be found tastefully blended and marbled.
These vari-colored dishes are very ornamental
to the table.
SrEEf iijiD Wool.
Blood Diseases Among Lambs.
From various districts we learn that losses of
greater or less numbers have been taking place
among lambs and sheep from an affection which
exhibits similar signs in both parents and off
spring. In tbe outset it appears the lambs
were first to suffer, and they gave indications
pf great pain, lameness, and subsequently
swelling in a hind or fore quarter. Somewhat
later a sero-sanguineous or blood and water
discbarge issned from the affected part, and
the animals died in from four to four and
twenty hours.
In one instance that has come beneath our
notice, we areMnforined that the lambs were
finely grown and in an excellent condition, and
Bhortly after the Uils were amputated the mor
tality took place. Later, the sheep, which were
subjected to the operation of clipping, have
also become affected, and after suffering in an
identical manner, die off as the lambs did.
From a oareful consideration of the details as
they reached us, we do not hesitate to conclude
the disease in both young and old animals is
the same a blood poison, known as black
quarter, quarter felon, black pauld, eto.
It will not be without interest if we examine
what connection there may be existing between
the appearance of the disease and tbe opera
tion. There cannot possibly arise any ques
tion of probability that either dosking or clip
ping were the causes primarily, but that both
were instrumental in hastening the develop
ment of conditions necessary for the outbreak
of tbe disease, is not at all unlikely. The
lambs after losing their tiils, may possibly have
moved about less, and thus favored local con
gestion, and the sheep alter losing their fleece,
being deprived of that which requires
much support, possess within themselves a
larger amount of rich blood than is needed.
Besides, ihe skin without the fleece would be
It si vigorous in throwing off the impurities of
tbe body, and thus an additional cause of
blood poisoning would arise. But the primary
and necessary causes are of anterior date alto
gether. .When tbe body is charged with a
superabundance of morbid elements, many
simple conditions, as operation, change of
food, pasture, eto., unnoticed and innocuous at
other times, suddenly swell jn tbe list of im
portant collateral agents in the production of
general disease. There is very much to be
taken into consideration in relation to food,
water, manure, drainage locality, age of past
ure, etc. Edinburqh Farmer.
Eastern Wool Markets.
New YonE, October 1G: The wool has been
less uctive this week, but holders show no dis
position to recede from present asking rates
The supply of fine Wool is greatly reduced,
and the scarcity is felt, as the demand is now
almost wholly for that description. New fall
California continues to arrive quite freely, and
was inclined to be weak.but the report of an ad
vance of 1 cent at San Francisco caused holders
to be less anxious to force sales, Spring Cali
fornia meets with fair inquiry,' at steady prices.
Foreign Wool is quiet, and prices very btrong,
in view of present current rates being below cost
of imprrtaiion. Sales for the week comprise 72
bales Port Phillip at 48 cts.; 3,000 pounds do
Delaine, 49 cts.; 140 bales Cape, on private
terms; 25 do East India, also private; 135,000
lbs. Spring California at 20(H24c for burry,
263Gc for free; 186,000 B. fall do, lG18o;
58 bags scoured, 58C2o.; 50,000 lbs. lamb's,
18c; 30 bales pulled, 323Jo.; 13.500 &s.
Oregon, part at 25c.; 3,000 fts. Colorado, 27o ;
30,000 lbs. Western Texas, private; 5,000 lbs. X
Michigan, fleece, 44c; 50,000 X Western do,
44c; 31,000 Sis. Indiana combing do, 444Gc;
3,000 lbs. coarse washed do, 5ic; 3,000 lbs.
Ohio combing, 62o.; 20,000 lbs. do, No. 1, 47c;
7,000 lbs. X and XX Ohio, 4547c, and 150
bags tnb-wasbed fleece, 77,000 lbs. combing and
Delaine do, 10,000 lbs. unwashed Western do,
200 bags super pulled, 20 do. black do, do, 60
do combing do, 30 do short XX do, 12 do No. 1
gulled, and 500 lbs, Domestio Noiles, on private
inns.
Boston, October 16. The business in Calfor
nia Wool baa been small compared with some
previous weeks, but there is still a fair demand,
with sales daring tbe past week of 393,000 lbs.
at 2035c. for spring, and 1222c. for fall.
About 2,000.000 Sis. of California Wool has
been taken by manufacturers within the past
three weeks, and theae large transactions have
reduced the stock, although there is still a good
assortment lift. Cafi.
WILLAMETTE FARMER.
ty!lSCELUMEOiJS(
Production
of Bessemer Steel
United States.
in the
The eight completed Bessemer steel works in
this country.though doing a good bnsine8swere
not fully occupied during the year 1874. The
production ot this class of steel in the United
States is rapidly increasing. Starting in 18C7,
with a production of only 3,000 tons, we find
the productionin 1874 has reached 170,579 tons.
The rate of increase will be seen by the follow
ing tabular statement:
1867 3.000
1868 8.SL0
18C9 11,000
1870 40,100
1871 45,000
1872 110,000
1873 157,000
1874 176,000
Of the total nroduct durinc 1874. there were
144,944 tons employed in the manufacture of
steel rails. Tne iJl.uaa tons nor, so useu, were
employed in the manufacture of spring and bar
steel railway axles, crowbars and other railway
tools, wagon and carriage tires, machinery and
steamboat forgings, etc
The English Product ol Bessemer Steel.
The quantity of Bessemer steel made in the
United Kingdom during tho past five years is
stated as follows, by competent authority, in
gross tons: In 1870,215,000; 1871, 329,000;
1872, 410,000; 1873, 49G.O0O; 1874, 610,000.
We give these figures for comparison with our
own achievements in building up the Bessemer
industry, and that we may call attention to the
fact that when the three new Bessemer establish
ments are all put in operation making eleven
in all the capacity to produoe Bessemer steel
will be as great in this country as it now is in
Great Britain.
The Production of Steel other than Bessemer
There are forty-two establishments in tbe
United States, making cast, puddled, blister
and open-hearth steel. The aggregate produc
tion of these establishments in 1874 was 47,481
tons. The production of open-hearth or Siemens
Martin steel is steadily increasing in the United
States. There are now thirteen establishments
here, which are using the Siemens-Martin fur
nace, whose aggregate product is about 10,000
tons. In 1872 it was only 3,000 tons.
As a further encouraging evidence of the
rapid progress of steel making in this country,
e clip the following extract from the American
Manufacturer, from which journal wo have also
condensed the above:
During the calendar year 1874 our imports of
steel ingots, bars, sheets and wire amounted to
S2.G78.611, against $3,865,316 in 1873; $4,200,
087 in 1872; and $3,4G0,735 in 1871. Our ex
ports of these nrticles in 1874 amounted to 313
net tons of the value of 829,557, against twenty-six
ions in 1873 of the value of $5,481, nine
tons in 1872 of the value of 3,G2i and thirty
tons in 1871 of the value of $7,3G4. The in
crease our exports and the decrease of our
imports of these commodities in 1874 are
very marked, and the statistics of the exports
and imports of the manufactures of steel
for 1874, are equally encouraging to the home
manufacturer of steel or steel products.
Magnetism. In ordinary observation, mag
netism is scarcely known except as existing in
iron, and especially in steel, and as related in
some obscure manner to the earth. But there
is reason to believe that it is one of the most
extensively diffused agents in nature. It can
be traced not only in iron, but also in every
substance into which iron enters into composi
tion. It is found in niokel, cobalt, chromium,
and other substances, and even in some gases.
Wherever a galvanio current exists in nature,
whether produced by chemical action, or ap
pearing in tbe thermo-electric, form as
originating from the effects of heat at the place
of union of different substances, magnetio ef
fects can be elicited. On the larger scale, it is cer
tain that the whole earth acts as a combination
of magnets, and there is reason to think that
the sun and the moon also act as magnets. The
laws of magnetio foroe, however, have been ex
perimentally examined with philosophical ac
curacy, only in their connection with iron and
stoel, and, by inferences bearing considerable
probability, in tbe influences exerted by tbe
earth aB a whole. The ferruginous minerals of
the formula Fej Ot possess tbe property of at
tracting iron and its filings, and are called nat
ural magnets or lodestoues. Experience has
demonstrated that tbe attractive action of mag
nets takes place in a vacuum and through all
bodies, whether gaseous, liquid, or solid, when
they are not themselves magnetic. All the
properties of natural magnets may be perma
nently communicated to needles or to bars of
steel oroperlv tempered, which are then said to
be magnetized, and take the name of artificiul
magnets. ScienVJte American.
Engineering Feat. A remarkable feat of
,engineeriug has recently been accomplished by
Mesbrs. weeKs az lsro.., wen Known Duuuers
in this city. This feat consisted in the removal
of a wall 65 f-et in bight, GO feet in length, ami
of an average thiokuess of 14 inches. The wall
having been found to fncrou-b upon neighbor
ing property, it was necessary to take it down
in the usual way and re-ereel it, or to adopt the
alternative successfully carried out by Messrs.
VWks & Bros. They carefully removed tbe
masonry wbtcb joined the wall to the rest of
the building, and pierced the wall at the bot
tom with holes, into which a double set of
needlw beams were inserted. These beams
formed ways upon which the wall was slid
along. The beams were thoroughly greased
and shoes placed upon them. The entire weinht
of the wall retted upon these shoes. Screw-
jacks we're then applied and carefully manipu
lated fy trained worainen, u mai wuue uii
wall was slid bodily along its parallelism with
the opposite wall of the building and its per
pendicularity were all the while maintained.
,xhe entire .weight was said' to exceed 270 tons.,
After the preliminary preparations were 'made
only about' five' hours nere absorbed in the re
moval of the wall to the position it was destined
to occupy. Tnla wall Has neen joined to me
Building again, and u is Btaieu uiat a iure
economy was the result of tbe operation. The
successful removal of Ibis wall will doubilesa
be the beginning of many similar removals.
Messrs. Weeks &. tiros, nave exmoiiea great in
genuityand skill. Our readers will compre
hend that the utmost care was necessary to re
move a wall of tbis kind, balanced upon so nar
row a base, without toppling it over or crack
ing it. JV. Y. Artisan.
A Ram is not a Buck. The perfect male
sheep is a ram, and not a buck, as it is too
often designated by thoughtless writers and
talkers. It wonld be just as proper to call the
female sheep a doe, as it is to apply the term
buck to the male. So common has tbe mistake
become, that it scarcely attracts the attention
of those who know better. In fact, with the
exception of four States New York, Ohio,
Illinois, and California even tbe boards con
trolling the State fairs offer premiums for tbe
"best backs" of the several brteds of sheep.
In several of the extreme Western States
and Territories the breeding of Angora goats is
receiving attention, and unless nock-masters
are a little more careful in the use of terras,
considerable confusion is likely to ensue.
JV. T. Timet,
A New Self-Acting Saloon.
The London Keus of a late date says: "An
invention which has been favorably regarded
by tbe leading authorities on the subject of
channel navigation, and which notably is un
der tbe attentive consideration of Mr. Mills,
engineer in chief to tbe London, Chatham and
Dover railway, with a view to its adoption by
that company, was yesterday explained by its
originator, Mr. Alexander Walker, O. E., to a
party of professional and scientific gentlemen,
assembled at the Terminus hotel, Cannon
street. In order to understand the nature of
Mr. Walker'B plan for accomplishing that great
public benefit xhich has hitherto fallen short
of practical attainment, we must imagine a lon
gitudinal section of an ordinary passenger
steamboat between Dover and Calais. Fore
and aft we perceive two circular bell-shaped
saloons each divided into three compartments.
The middle spaoe is intended for tbe general
use of the passengers, and the division on
t ither side is severally for ladies and for gen
tlemen. Each of these saloons is carried on a
strong central shaft or spindle, which passes
vertically through the saloon itself, then
through a ball and sooket joint fixed in a rigid
iron framing beneath the saloon floor, and so
downward to a huge spherical counter-weight
at its lower end. This globe of solid metal is
calculated to compensate doubly the weight of
the saloon with its complement of passengers.
This might be taken, at a maximum, as cloven
tons, and the counter-weight of twenty-two
tons would then be ample to secure a free ac
tion in accordance with the simple principle of
gravitation. Nothing could be more nicely ac
curate than the maintenance of a true level on
a line with the earth in Mr. Walker's working
model; nor is it easy, looking at the design ou
this miniature scale, to detect any point so
weak as to invalidate the entire project. The
dimensions of the vessel on which it is pro
posed to make the first trial of the new saloon
are 190 feet length between perpendiculars, 20
feet breadth, 14 feet 3 inches depth of hold,
and 824 tons burden. The number of passen
gers accommodated on board will bo 150, that
is, sixty-five in each saloon. These propor
tions, however, may be increased or dimin
ished; and it is claimed for the invention that,
without loss of stowage, it is applicable to
ships not only of all sizes but ot all descrip
tions, and that it may be easily adapted to
troopers. Ventilation is easily provided for by
fans of novel construction; and, on the whole,
Mr. Walker seems to have spared neither
thought nor pains in perfecting his invention. "
Kid Glove Maeino in Fbance. There are
three departments in glove making in France
cutting out, sowing, and finishing; that is to
siy embroidering the back, making tbe button
hole, and sotting ou the button. It is the work
of men to cut out the glove; but women place
it on tbe iron hand which forms the measure,
strike it with a stamp, and pieparo it for the
cutter. This is not difficult work; it is done
by the piece, and they receive tenpenoe for five
dozen. The sewers are less favored; the price
Eaid for a rozen pairs of lady's gloves with one
utton is 3. 9d.; out of this they had to pay
fifty per cei't. to their employer, and foity per
cent, goes iu silk, which they find; so that it
only leaves about threepence-halfpenny a pair.
If it be asked how many pair a good work
woman can complete in one day, the answer
will be that if working twelve hours without
interruption, she may manage to get through
four pair; but most of the hands only do two
pair and a half. This arises from the atten
tion they must pay to household work. Glove
making requires the most perfect cleanliness;
not only are soiled gloves returned to the
sewer, but she is obliged to pay for the leather.
Four pair will be thus paid at therateof eleven
pence, from which a deduction muBt be made
for lights of two and a half, leaving eightpence
halfpenny. These wages are still lower in
Avejron and Haute-Marne; but in the depart
ment of Isere, tbis occupies no less than twelve
thousand women, representing a value of six
teen million francs. The manufactory at Gre
noble omploys twelve hundred cutters-out,
making five hundred and forty thousand dozen.
Those who work the back of the glove and
finish it off are better paid; seven-and-sixpence
is given for a dozen, but then the silk is not
iound. It requires sis or seven hours to make
a pair of embroidered gloves; supposing she
does a pair and a half a day, she will not earn
that sum in a week. At this work a woman
must sew regularly, and have neither children
nor many household matters to distract her at
tention, as it requires great nicety and skill. In
Paris the work is done at tbe woikshop of the
maker, where it can be better performed, and
tbe highest cla-s of embroiderers obtain there
about twelve- shillings a dozen.
A Water Motor.
At the Sutzbach Alteuwald colliery, near
Saarbrucken, Prussia, machinery has been es
tablished for tbe transmission ot power from a
bteam engine at the surface, by a column of
water circulating under pressure, the circum
stances of the case not admitting of the estab
lishment of a direct acting steam pump under
ground. The mine is sunk 300 yards below the
aurface, Tbe piston rod of the high pressure
engine above is connected with the pressure
plungers, each of which plungers is connected
with the underground engine by a tubo filled
with water. The last mentioned engine col-
sists of four pressuro pumps arranged in pairs,
and between each pair is placed the working
plunger of one of Ihe mine pumps. When tho
engine on the surface acts the power is trans
mitted by one pressure pluuger through "one
water tube to a pair of pressure pumps under
ground, and thence to one working plunger,
which either aspirates or forces air, according
to its position. Tbe opposite pair of pumps
and connections work conversely. The water
is forced into an air vessel and thence through
the rising main, 303 yards in hight, in one lift
to the surface. Ou the change of stroke, the
water in the cylinder of tbe pressure pump
rise') iu the second water tube and follows tho
retiring pressure plunger at the surface, the
power supplied by tbe descent of water in one
column being sufficient, with the exception of a
slight allowance for friction, to effect its return
in tbe other. If tbe cataract pauses of the en
gine at the surface are not too long, the disj
charge is practically continuous. The Engi
neering ana Mining journal, from whose trans
lation of the German description we condense
the above, adds that at the Phoenix mine in
Cornwall, England, an arrangement of similar
description, consisting of a plunger attached to
the main pumping engine, counected by a
length of tube with a water pressure engine in
another shaft, has been at work for ten years.
Pibnot-Mautin Fijbnaos. It appears that
the products of the Pernot-Marlin furnace are
likely to give tise to a new nomenclature. This
furnace turns ont what is almost a new metal,
with a highly granular fracture, and tbe engi
neers who have visited the Saint diamond
works, distinguish between it and Bessemer
metal without any hesitation. Is tbis metal
wanting in homogeneity? Dose not tbe ques
tion of the duration of the operation in tbe
Martin process preponderate in attaining a
good molecular arrangement? The operation
seems to be performed rather too quickly with
the Pernot-Marlin furnace, and, perhaps, if a
minute analysis were made of the grains, the
carbon would not be found distributed in
sufficiently uniform manner? EnylUh Paper,
Manufacture of Machine Paper-Hangings.
The first process in machine-printing is pre
paring tne ground of the pattern to the color
or shade required. This is done by passing
the paper through a machine which spreads
over it an equal coating of color, by means of
brushes moving transversely. As the paper
comes off the machine it is quickly dried, by
being drawn through a hot air chamber. All
the paper is treated in this manner, except the)
very lowest qualities, in which case it receives
the required tint during the process of manu
facture. The paper tor satin grounds is pre
pared in a similar manner to that used for
block papers, and polished afterwards by means
of revolving brushes with French chalk. The
printing machino contains a varying number of
rollers or blocks, constructed of wood with a
metal axle, and they print the pattern upon
the paper. Great care and exactness are re
quired in the preparation of these rollers, and
a separate one is required for each color. The
design having been traced upon them, it is
raised on tho surface by driving slips of copper
into the wood, and filling up with felt the por
tions which are to make Ihe impression. In
some patterns as many as twenty colors are
used, requiring as many separate rollars. To
print a flower, for example, several blocks are
required, and in a design embracing various
light shades and deep colors, each shade and
color requires a corresponding roller. By
changing the colors very different effects may
be produced and various qualities of the same
pattern are produced with the same set of rollers.
Of course, every new pattern requires a fresh
set of rollers, and a large sum is frequently ex
I ended in produolng a novel design. Tho
rollers or blocks are arranged in a circular form
around the machine, which is about 10 feet in
bight. Each roller having been supplied withits
proper color from a corresponding trough, the
paper is taken up by the machine in a continu
ous web, or at least in pieces from 5,800 to
G,000 yards in length. The, rollers press the
paper against a large central cylinder, and as it
moves along it receives the various colors in
succession, and comes out with the design fully
developed. Many of the colors are printed one
on the other, but blending is preveuted by the
ue of several varieties of size. There are ma
chines for printing different numbers of colors;
one with two rollers prints about 500 pieces in
an hour according to the pattern; one with
twolve rollers about 200 pieces; and one with
twenty rollers about 100 pieces in an hour. A
machino with two rollers produces tho printed
paper at the rate of four miles an hour; and
one with twelve rollers at about half the speed.
Plain paper is produced from pulp at the rate
of one mile au hour. The printed paper is
marked off in twelvo yard lengths during the
process of printing, and on leaving the ma
chine it is dried by means of hot air. The
rolling-up of the paper is also effected by ma
chinery. Although machine paper hangings have been
wonderfully improved during tho last twenty
years, there isstill a widedifference between them
and those printed by hand blocks. They are
printed upon thinner paper, with less color on
the prepared ground and in the formation of
tho desigu. Machine paper hangings are,
upon the average, about a third, and those in
general use about half the price of those printed
by hand labor. About three-fifths of the paper
hangings sold are produced by machinery.
They havo provided the cheapest possible means
of giving a clean and cheerful aspect to all
kinds of rooms, and are used by all olasses of
the community.
Toughened Glass.
Tho invention of M. do la Bastie, by which
he toughens glass by plunging it in an oil and
tar bath, was, according to tbe Pittsburg Utrald,
anticipated at the works of Bakowell, Pears &
Co., as early as 1822. It was uBed to temper
blown glass previous to its being cut. A largo
kottle was filled with the ware, and fish oil
poured over the whole till all the space was
occupied. A fire was then put under the kettle
and kept up till the highest attainable heat was
secured. Then tho fire was allowed to die out
and tho glass to cool gradually. In this way
the object was effected, and there was no more
trouble by the breaking of ware on the cutter's
stone. In recent conversation on the subject
with Professor Sweet, of Cornell University,
he stated that bis brother, a manufacturer of
springs in Syraouso, had succeeded in making
glas very hard and strong by au oil bath used
tor tempering his springs. The glass was so
sirong that strips of from one to ono and n half
inches in vldth, and of the thickness of ordi
nary window glass, could not be broken by the
hands. However, the slightest check upon Ihe
surface with a diamond resulted in tne total
disintegration of tbe glass, it being reduced to
fine powder throughout its entire extent. It
would appear that the statements that have
been made relative to nicety in tho prepara
tion of tho quantity of the different materials
which form M. de la Bastie's bath have been
consideribly exaggerated. The experiments at
Bakewell, Pears & Co.'b works, and Mr. Sweet's
experiments, indicate that oil is sufficient to
bardi-n and strengthen the glass; but tho state
ments made in regard to cutting thegluss, after
tempering, at tbe Pittsburg works, du not agree
with thoso made in regard to the breaking of
the glass, resulting in its total destruction, and
from tho slightest scratch. A piece of iron or
steel, when broken, may bo again joined to
gether, but the tempered glass, us far as yet
discovered, can never be mended when once
broken. This will, unless further improve
ment is made, greatly limit its usefulnens. It
is to bo hoped that further experiments may
result in the production of a glass which, while
it iB as hard as that produced by M. de la
Bastie's method, will still be really tough.
Eabtiiqdake Investiciationb. Father Ber
telli, au Italian monk, tor several years past
has made a study of the tremblings of the eattb,
and more especially those which are so ex
tremely slight as not to be perceptible save by
fendulums placed in the fields of microscopes.
u one year he recognized 5,600 of these move
ments; and graphically representing the same
over many years by a curve, ho finds that tbe
line corresponds neither with the thermom
etrio curve, nor with the tidal phenomena, nor
can it be brought into relation with the distan
ces or positions of tbe sun or moon. With tbe
barometric enrve, however, it Is otherwise; and
it appears that in the large majority of cases,
the intensity of tbe movements augmented
with tbe lowering of the barometrlo column as
if (as tbe investigator states) the gaseous mat
ters imprisoned in the superficial layers of tbe
earth escaped more easily when the weight of
atmosphere diminished,
A New Method of Mabeino Tools . Much
trouble can often be saved by marking tools
with their owners' names, which can easily
be done in the following manner: Coat the
tools with a thin layer of wax or hard tallow,
by first warming the steel and rubbing on the
wax warm until it flows, and let it cool. When
hard, mark the name through the wax with a
graver, and apply nitrio acid; after a few mo
menta wash off the acid, and wipe with a soft
rag, when the letters will be etched into the steel.