WILLAMETTE FARMER.
i
i
rVl
'
m
'Fixed Principles in Agriculture.
"All lands on whloh olorer or the grasses are
grown, must either have lime and every other
tnorganio constituent which mar be found in
the ashes of the oloyer if burned, or those min
' erals must be artificially supplied. All perma
nent improvement of lands must look to lime,
'potash, and other constituents common to
plants, as its basis. Lands which have been
long in cultivation will be benefited by appli
cations of phosphate of lime, treattd with sul
phmio acid, so as to render it a soluble phos
phate; supplied in the form of bone dust, com
posts of tish, guano, ashes or oyster shell
lime.
Art highly concentrated animal manures are
increased in value, and their benefits pro
longed by admixture withlplaster, salt, or pul
verized charcoal. Deep 'plowing greatly im
'proves the produolive powers of every variety
of soil that 'is not wet, thoTigh the depth
'Should be increased gradually. Bub-oilin,'
"sound 'land, that is, land that is not wet, is
Wniineuily conducive to increased production.
All wet land Should be drained, and espe
cially such lands as has aheavy clay snb-EoiL
All grain crops should lie harvested before the
grain is thoroughly ripe. Clover, as well as
f&e other grases intended for hay, should be
-mowed wnen in bloom. Sandy land can be
most effectually improved by the addition of
clay. When such lands require liming or
marling, the lime or marl is most beneficially
applied when made into compost with clav. In
.slacking lime, salt brine is better than water.
'Ihe giinding of grain to be fed to stook, and
mixing it with cut hay or straw, operates as a
saving of at least twenty-five per cent. Draining
of wet lands and marshes add to their value,
by causing them to produce earlier and a
greater quantity and better quality, and im
proves the health of neighborhoods.
To manure or lime wet land, is to throw
manure, lime and labor away. Bha low plow
ing operates to impoverish the soil. By stabling
acd housing slock through the winter, a saving
of one-fourth the food may be effected: that in,
one-fourth less food will answer than when
i such stock are exposed to the inclemencies of
the weather. A good dressing of plaster or
clover, when tun land is deficient in lime and
sulphuric acid, will add one hundred per cent,
to its produce. Periodical applications of ashes
tend to keep up the integrity of soils, by sup
plying most, it not all the inorganic substance".
Thorough preparation of land is absolutely
necessary to the successful and luxuriant
growth of crops. Abundant crops cannot be
grown for a succession of years, unless care be
taken to provide an equivalent for the sub
stance carried off the land in the products
grown thereon.
'lo prefcerve meadows in their productive
ness, it U better to harrow them eytzy second
autumn, apply top-dressing, and roll them.
.All stiff clays are benefited by fall and winter
plowing, but should never be plowed while
they are wet. If at suoh plowings Ihe furrow
be materially deepened, lime, marl or ashes
should be applied. Yonng stook should be
moderately fed with grain in the winter, and
receive generous supplies of long provender, it
being essential to keep them in a fair condi
tion, in order that the formation of muscles
and bones may be encouraged and continuously
carried on. Milch cows in winter should be
kept in dry, moderately warm, but well venti
lated quarters, fed and watered three hours a
day, salted twice a week, have clean beds, and
in addition to their long provender should
receive roots. Full complement of tools and
implements of husbandry are intimately con
nected with success. National Agriculturist.
Fig Coffee.
A coffee substitute of roasted figs has been in
ihe marktt in Australia for ten years, and is
also prepared at present in Berlin. Recent
tests of it indicate that it possesses a more
Agreeable flavor than the chiccory substitute
and has thus far been brought into the market
free from injurious adulterations, often present
in chiccory coffee. Samples from Berlin, in
the form of a coarse brown powder, including
yellowi-h particles, formed an adhering, slightly
gummy mass on being lightly pressed between
the flngets, aud possessed a sweetish, bitter
taste, like caramel, and a corresponding
odor, Australian samples, although mainly
similar to the preceding, were slightly more
pulverulent, and of a sourish taste, wh'ch fact,
together with a chemical analysis, render it
probable that cheaper, inferior, perhaps spoiled
figs, had been used in its preparation. At its
first introduction, wonderful medicinal prop
erties were claimed for it in Australia, especially
in affections of the lungs, etc, and it was
recommended for nervous persons. Although
it may be serviceable in such cases, it can
hardly be considered medicinal, and the Berlin
manufacturer claims that it is more wholesome
than pure coffee, because it is less stimulating.
In all caes it is recommended to employ an
equal quantity of pure coffee with the substi
tute, aud the color of the product is said to be
exceedingly flue, as well as the flavor. Sickle
and Sheaf,
Potatoes on Rich Soil.
A correspondent of the' New England Home
stead does not believe in the theory of growing
potatoes on poor, unfertile soil to prevent rot.
He gives his lust year's experience as follows,
with a half bushel Breese's Froliflo potatoes:
"I cut them in pieces of one and two eyes
ach, prepared my land, (a light chestnut loam,
inclining to sand), by plowing a liberal dress
ing of compost manure and then puttiug a
shovel of well rotted compost consisting of
horse, oow and pig manure mixed, in the hill.
The sets were planted two feet apart in rows
three feet apart, were kept free from weeds,
and hoed four times. From that half bushel
of t-eed, I took up eleven barrels of potatoes
for the table and two bushels of small potatoes
for the pigs. There were no signs of rot or
any other defect except a superabundance of
very large tubers, too large for baking purposes.
Better potatoes I have not had on my table at
any time during the last ten years. The crop
in 1872, on the same ground, was potatoes.
From a five years' experience I am foroed to
the conviction that the potato should be as
well fed and nursed as beets or cabbages.
When I see fields of potatoes crowded with
Roman wormwood, pigweed, cockleburra and
othir foul stuff, I can't help feeling for them
as one would for a family of small children
with a dissipated father and a feeble, sickly
mother they need onlside help and inside
comforts."
It is estimated that only five per cent, of the
butter sent to market is really choice. This
means only five per cent, of farmers and of
farmers' wives are neat and oareful enough to
make good butter. The loss sustained for want
of those qualities may bo rated at millions of
dollars annually.
Mabbli is cleaned best with whiting moist
ened with a little waiar, just enough to make
punte. Wash off afterward with soap and
water, dry, and polish with a soft duster.
Btamtoo Hold Boabm. Mold boards for
plow r now stamped at single opera
tion, in a pmm.
Pacific Mail Steamship Go.
oi .C
New York to San Francisco, via Panama.
RATES OF1 PASSAG-E.
-
o
, 7lfWesaaaansaaaaaaaaaalM'IW"lOWWFTffr1W,WM -sEgr-aj -'"'" ' 1
-ftp -Sil5BlBBfT&BBlBB'BMiyySijgiwiJBIsc5h
o
.a
a
II-, w
H
IJCSThe Ratos include ttie transit of the Isthmus of Panama via Panama Railroad.
ding, Board and ail necessaries for the voyage. An experienced Surgeon is on each ship, and no charge
medicines or medical attendance.
." i
, 1 - -.rV
Also, Bed
is made foi
Steamers leave New York every Saturday at 12 o'clock, Noon,
And Make the Trip to San Francisco in Three Weeks.
This Boute offers Special Inducements to EdIIGltANTS, vvho will avoid the delays,
discomfort and expense of the tedious trip overland by rail.
THE STEAMEES OF THIS LINE CONNECT AT NEW YORK WITH ALL THE TEANS-ATLANTIO LINES FROM EUROPE
Also at the Isthmus of Panama with Steamers of the
Hamburg American Packet Company, from Hamburg and Havre,
The Royal Mail Steam Packet Company, from Southampton,
The West India and Pacific Steamship Company, from Liverpool,
And the General Trans-Atlantic Company, from St. Nazaire.
All information regarding Through Rates of Passage, can be obtained from the Agents of the above Lines at any
port in Europe, from whom Through Passage Tickets can be purchased.
THB OFFICE OF THE PACIFIC MAIL STEAMSHIP COMPANY, IN NEW YORK, IS ON TIIE WHARF,
3PIER 42 NORTH RIVER, FOOT OF OAJSTAJL STREET.
1.UH.IIJU1
E. J. Trumbull, Dealer' in and Grower of
SEEDS
or
Vegetables,
TBEII,
FLOWERS.
Shrubs,
BULBS,
TCto-
For tlie GABDEN, FABM, and MANSION,
47 Smmum Slntt, San Francisco. WDet rlptive CataVguea on application.
ssnsnrifesi
nilii
in
i
E45
Wo. 897.388 and 831 Banaoma sftraat,
BAM NUXCISCO.
Published Quarterly. Januahy Number Just
issued, and contains over 100 Paoes, 500 Engravings,
descriptions of more than BOO of our best Flowers
and Vegetables, with Directions for Culture, Colokeii
Plate, itc. The most useful and elegant work o
the kind in the world. Only 35 cents for the yea:
Published in tnglish and German.
Address, JAME3 VICK, Rochester, N. V.
$&. dKli&&
&h:Roye
' --- s . JW-v st -iO,
4&&
V7tZ7&XA
ITUE J(tW IMPROVED
HOME SHUTTLE
Sewing Machine.
WK ALSO BELL
The Home Sewing Machine.
Then machines us s shuttle, straight nsedls,
and make ths Lock Stitch.
They art surpassed by none.
TAry an W $implut and lifUut-ninnln) -cAiiuf
m (Af world.
Bend (or circulars.
Mme. Demorest Reliable Patterns.
BEND TOB A CATALOOUZ.
Eoyal Charts, f 1 M.
E. W. BAIttU. Aitent. IT Nsw Montgomery
Btrsst (Onad ttetsl VaUdinf ), aan rraaelseo.
TOtomtifcRP
I vlll send 12 Flowering Plants for Ons Dollar
rourcnoice iroro luusonsi, DysaiLtUU urjiuiH,
MY ILLUSTRATED CATALOOUE,
aoerlbesfheeutiiirtorFlanta Hssai,
to eurtomera fresi othen. 10s. Address
'DITCH, M6 Wsrrsn it., Boston, Bat.
is ritiujou
Manual of Jurisprudence and Co-Operation
OP THE
Patrons of Husbandry.
By A. D. BMEDLEY, Master of Iowa State Qrangs.
Published by Goo. II. JONES,
Opric ..? PATBON'S HELPER, Dza Montis, Iowa.
200 panes, bound in cloth.
By mall, postage prepaid 1.25 per copy.
By sxprebs or freight, In packages of five
ocmon $1.00 per copy.
CONTENTS.
INTRODUCTION.
The Orlttln of the Order. lis Objects: To Educate
Elevate an Strengthen the Farmers as a class.
PAIVT I-JURISpaUDENOE.
J ThB Orange II-Oranre Room. III-Qaallfl.
rstlons of Candidates IV Applications for Member,
hip. V Balloting for Canilldatrs. VI- ltlKhts and
Duties of Members VII-Quallflcatloiis and Duties
of Deputies. VIII-Qualincatlons and Duties of Mas.
ters IX-Quallflcatlons and Duties of MecreUrles.
X Charges. XI TrialB. XII-Aptieils. XIII Withl
ilrawals and Demits. XIV Consolldatloim. XT The
Degrees ef the Order Symbolized. XVI Pomona
Oranges.
PART II-CO-OPEBATION.
I Co-operation in Oeneral Bnainpaa. II Oo-ODera.
tlve Insurance. Ill Co-operative Banking.
APPENDIX.
Forma for i Certificate of Membership-Petition of
Membership Commission of Deputies Annual lienor
ofDeputloit ou Business Visiting Card Withdrawal
Card-Demit Card-Certificate ol El.ctlon-Certlflcsti
to be used at ltepreaentatlve Election. Constitution of
Pomona Oranges. Forma fori Petition for Membership-Certificate
of Election Certificate of Organlsa
tlon Petition for Charter By-Laws of Orangers'Bsnk
in California. Constitution and By Laws of Co-operative
Council. Articles of Association, Farmers1 Mutual
Fire Insurance Company, Certificate of Insurance,
Deputies snd Mastera are earnestly requeated to call
the attention of their respective Orangea to this book,
to the end, that by its geueral use each offloer and each
member of our Order may better uuderaland his rights
and duties, and the Order everywhere may thereby be
atrengthened and built up, and enabled to perform its
whole work and attain unto pctiect success.
Addreas, DEWEY A CO.,
Paclflo Bural Proaa Offlos, S. V.
h20 FINE VERBENA8 FOR $1.
Any of the following named plants sent By mall,
posUeepald,atluci.iilseaib Au three aorts for
15 cents, or llfliin for il No order received for
less than SUV cents Kuclirlaa, lieranluuis (Double
Zonale, H.fiiliU and Iv), Uegoulus, Carualloua,
Pinks. f!aln-o!reaj. ltatket Flatits. Aceraiums.
Aln-tllon, A.uranluus, utleua. faunas, vnrj aao
themums. Manly I'kl'X. Cunhea, Luiulortuuis,
Slevlas, 'everiew, iiellotrouts, riftPonlluni,
LlUinla, jheri,lu, PlK-a.aoilUi, Double Petunias,
Solar.LniL'aBirairum,Veronlias One packetAa
ter, Balsaiii. Petunia. Phlox and Verbena for 2fl
cents My Illustrated Catalocue of New punts
tteeds for in and any tnu packets of the above
ocHia aeui ou receipt u iifceiiis auiim
v. a. skbAosja m uv., Arae, a-.
Beald1S
rrj BRYANT STfUTTON J7ZT9 1
BUSINESS COLLEGE
SANFRanciscq!
The Mining and Scientific Press.
EsTiOUSHiD ik Bta Faiircuoo, I860,
Is the leading mining Journal in America, and enjoys
a large circulation among the mors Intelligent open,
tors snd workers In the gold fields of Ibe world.
As a scientific and mechanical representative of ths
Pacific Coaat, It la decidedly popular and a standard
Journal with the most thrifty industrial people of ths
Pacifio Blates and Territories. Ita authority Is of ths
tilgneat order, and its usefulness lu its special sphere
unrivalled.
Every publlo library, mining snginssr, metallurgist,
mining operator and intelligent mschanio and manufao
nrer will find profit by its reading.
Subscription, f i a year, in advance. Sample copies)
post paid, 10 cents. As aa
ADVERTISING
Medium for ths Pacific Coast, it Is superior to any oth.
er Journal for all kinds of mining and hydraulic ma
chinery and other mechanical work, building materials
new manufactures and inventiona. Our rates an rery
reasonable compared with those of other Arit-claa
Journals. DKWJZT CO., hUllans ,
tU Bausons urset, Saa Francisco.