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About Willamette farmer. (Salem, Or.) 1869-1887 | View Entire Issue (July 9, 1875)
'5"VViV"L'"-" WILLAMETTE FARMER. " i " '"-rj-t-K- r"'ii?"rr)n'1'-w ijr'' ri' m Hydrogenlzed Iron. At a recent stance of the French Academy of Science, M. Dumas read an interesting commu nication from M. Cailletet, who bad been per suing his researches as' to the absorption of hydrogen by iron. When an iron plate is attacked by sulphurio acid being poured over it, a portion of the hydrogen produced is ab sorbed by the metal, and the pressure of the gas which is accumulated between two iron plates welded together is sufficient to counter balance a column of mercury 13 inches high. This singular property of hydrogen, discovered by M. Cailletet, has lately been confirmed by Mr. Sevoz, who attributes to the presence of carbonic oxide or hydrogenized gas, the brittle ness which some classes of iron manifest when an attempt is made to draw them into wire. When decomposing, by the galranio battery, a solution of chlorate of iron to which sal am moniac has been added, metallic iron may be collected at the south pole In the form of a brilliant wart, brittle and often hard enough to scratch glass. This iron, after having been washed, evolves, either under water or another liquid, numerous bubbles of a gas, which is pure hydrogen. When freely exposed to the air, galvanic iron loses only a portion of its hydrogen. Under water, especially water heated to 110 or 150 deg. Fah., the hydrogen is given off with violence. How much hydrogen can the iron thus treated take up? The answer is: for one volume of iron, 218 volumes of gas; in weight thirteen ports of iron absorb one part of gas. When a lighted match is applied to this iron, saturated with hydrogen, the gas burns like alcohol. When, in consequence of the heat, the iron has lost the hydrogen which it contained, this gas cannot be restored even by means of the attery. Palladium, on the contrary, may be come charged with hydrogen, lose it, and regain it, for any number of times. Oalvanio iron may be pulverized with ease; when heated it regains its ductility. Tbe hydrogen, in combining with the iron, appears to communi cate to it a considerable coercive force. A pieoe of platinum wire, covered with gal vanic iron, was placed in the direction of the axis of a magnetized needle, vibrating on a point, and at a fixed distance from one of its extremities. The needle, disturbed from its equilibrium, made twenty vibrations in a minute. The iron,' having been magnetized, was replaoed at the same distance from the needle, when the latter made forty-two vibra tions in the same space of time. When heated to a dull red, the iron lost its polarization ; when it was again magnetized to saturation, it only caused the needle to vibrate thirty-three times in a minute. Admitting that the magnetio power of the iron under these three different conditions is as the square of the number of vibrations, and taking as unity the magnetio power of the hy drogenized iron anmagnetized, we arrive at the following ratio: Hydrogenlisd iron, unmagnetlzed 1 " " magnetized J.6C6 Iron deprived of hydrogen and magnetized 1.61 The presence of hydrogen in the iron would, therefore, considerably modify the magnetio properties of this metal. Iron hydrogenized after the fashion of steel, or carburized iron, would possess special characteristics; among others, great hardness and considerable coercive 3ower. The researches of M. Cailletet may indeed open out new fields in the metallurgy of iron. Who knows asks the Monikur Indus triel Bdgt after steel, hydrogenized iron? Mechanical Triumphs. Contributing, as they do, to our most immediate and pressing wants, appealing to the eye by their magnitude, and even by their grandeur, and associated in many cases with the warmest impulses of hu manity and personal safety, the labors of the mechanist and engineer acquire a contemporary celebrity, which is not vouchsafed to the results of scientific research, or to the produc tions of literature and the fine arts. The fiigantio steam vessel which expedites and facilitates the intercourse of nations, the canal which unites two distant seas, the bridge and the aqueduct, which span an impassable valley, the harbor and the breakwater, which shelter our vessels of peace and of war, the railway, wbioh hurries us along on the wings of me chanism, and the light beacon, which throws its directing beams over the deep, address themselves to the secular interests of every in dividual, and obtain for tbe engineer who in vented or who planned them, a high and well merited popular reputation. Macavlay. Caotinq Metals. Mr. 0. H. Holt, of Man chester, England, has patented an invention which relates to the casting or running of steel and other metals in a molten state into ingots or other molds, is intended to insure more solid castings, and is accomplished as follows: In making ingots or castings, an air-tight cover is fixed on the top of tbe mold with an aper ture for running the metal into the same either through the cover or at other convenient point. Connected with this cover is a tube or pipe with stop valve communicating with a vacuum chamber. At the proper time tbe stop valve is opened, and a communication is established between the mold and the vacuum chamber, by which means the air in the mold and the vapor arising from the molten metal is instantly drawn away; or the mold and box aro fixed in an air-tight chamber and the air and vapor withdrawn as before described. Tbe vaouum may be established and maintained by an air pump or other suitable known means. Sxcirnro Mktaxs in Cbdctblks. Messrs. Depot & Co., of Paris, have patented certain improvements in the furnaces nsed in the manufacture of cast steel and analogous manu factures, and particularly in relation to the 8tiperhf ating of the air. It consists in tbe con struction and use of a metal superheating ap paratus kept at a proper temperature by a con tinuous current of air; in the application of thU same principle for the preservation of metal lnrgio furnaces by means of a double casing wim circulation of air, which it also super heats; and in the construction of a moveable metal bottom or sole-plate to the furnace, by the use of which the crucibles or pots are with drawn from the furnace promptly, easily and without any danger. f. EXTSAOBDBUBY VtXOOITT OF A PBOCniJr, The best result ever attained with any gun in existence was arrived at on Tuesday last with a 38 ton Woolwich gun, at the proof butts in the government marshes, adjoining tbe Boyal Arsenal, Woolwich. The gun was being fired to determine the proper proof charge for guns of its class, and when discharged with 150 lbs. of gunpowder and an 800-16. projectile it re corded the extraordinary velocity of 1,506 feet per second, the pressor on the inner surface if the oun at the same time remaining moder ate. This result U due to the use of the p7 designed cubical gunpowder, the grains of wbioh are onbes otiy, inch in diameter. Iron, April HA. Thi American Association for the Advance ment of Selene will bold its next meeting at Detroit, Michigan, August 11th. Pacific Mail Steamship Co. New York to San Francisco, via Panama. JRA.TES OF PASSAGE. -& 7N O 1 I o Eh m a a w w a Q M 3 tJcSThe Kates include the transit of the Isthmus of Panama via Panama Railroad. Also, Bed ding, Board and all necessaries for the voyage. An experienced Surgeon is on each ship, and no charge is made foi medicines or medical attendance. Steamers leave New York every Saturday at 12 o'clock, Noon, And Make the Trip to San Francisco in Three Weeks. This Route offers Special Inducements to EMIGRANTS, who tvill avoid the delays, discomfort and expense of the tedious trip overland by rail. THE STEAMERS OF THIS LINE CONNECT AT NEW YOKE WITH ALL THE TRANS-ATLANTIC LINES FROM EUROPE Also at the Isthmus of Panama with Steamers of the Hamburg American Packet Company, from Hamburg and Havre, The Royal Mail Steam Packet Company, from Southampton, The West India and Pacific Steamship Company, from Liverpool, And the General Trans-Atlantic Company, from St. Nazaire. All information regarding Through Rates of Passage, can be obtained from the Agents of the above Lines at any ' port in Europe, from whom Through Passage Tickets can be purchased. THE OFFICE OF THE PACIFIC MAIL STEAMSHIP COMPANY, IN NEW YORK, IS ON TnE WnAItF, PIEE 42 NORTEC RIVER, FOOT OF OA.2STAX. STREET. fi. J. Trumbull, Dealer in and Grower of SEEDS Vegetables, raiis, 9T FLOWERS. Shrubs, BULBS, Kto For tlie GARDEN-, IVAJEtM, and MA.K8ION, 47 BUMmi Street, Sam FnncUco, S7"Dea rlptlre Oatal)guea on application. ilnflHUlll liflr saisfll IBfln UfMU In. 87.'M u4M1 uxraixoaoo. atrt. g w MrH Published Quarterly J"" Number Just bsued, and contains over 100 Paobs,500 Engravings, descriptions of more than 500 of our best Flowers and Vegetable!, with Directions for Culture, Colorrd Plate, etc. The most useful and elegant work of the kind in the world. Only aj cent! for the yea: Published in English and German. Address. JAMES VICK, Roctaeeter, N. V. S& &&&& msmxti tfaLVfiL QlLLVuHiLLLLVr vw (THE NEW IMPROVED HOME SHUTTLE Sewing Machine: PRICE, - - S43.00. W ALSO BILL The Home Sewing Machine. ThM machines dm shuttle, straight needle, snd make the Lock Btiteh, They an eurpaaeed by dob. Tht art tt rimflttt and liaUatmit m. cius to U world. and for circulars. Mmo. Demorest Reliable Patterns. BXJfD FOB A CATALOOITK. Boyal Cherts, 1 JO. X. W. HATMH, Aral, IT Hew MontfOSMty mat (drawl Hotel Balltitafli IHiuboo. FLGYERGAP I will aend 11 Flowering: Flanti for Oaa Dollar TourcDoicerrom ira aorta), By BAIL OB KXFBKSH. ' MY ILLUSTRATED CATALOOUE, describes the enlrart of Plants Seeds, to enitomm A-mi othira. 10a. Addrtai DITCH, 646 vTsrrss it., Boston, aUa. WB X BUff (IN PBE9S:) Manual of Jurisprudence and Co-Operation or THE Patrons of Husbandry. By A. D. BMEDLE?, Master of Iowa Btata Orange. Published by Geo. IS. JONES, Oftioi or PATRON'S HELPER, Dii MoiHU, loVA. 200 pages, bound in oloth. By mall, postage prepaid $1.23 per copy. I)y express or freight. In packagea of Are or more 11.00 per copy. CONTENTS. INTRODUCTION. The Origin of the Order. Ita Objects! To Bdsoata, Elevate and Strengthen tba Farmers aa a claaa. PART I-JDRI8PBDDEN0E. I Tbe Orange. II Orange Boom. Ill Qaallfl rations of Oandldatea. IV Applications for Member, ship. V Balloting for Oandldatea. VI-Rights and Duties of Members. VII Qaallncatlona and Duties of Deputies. VIII Qualifications and Duties of Mas. tera. IX Qualifications and Dutlea of Hecretaries. X Charges. XI Trials. XII-Appeala. XIII With, drawala and Demits. XIV Consolidation". XT Tba Degroea of the Order Bymbolixed. XVI Pomona Oranges. PART II-OO-OPERATION. I Co-operation In Oeneral Business. II Oo-opera-tWe Insurance. Ill Cooperative Banking. APPENDIX. Forma for : Certificate of Membership Petition of Membership Commission of Deputies Annual Report of Deputies on Business Visiting Card--Withdrawal Card Demit Card -Certificate of Election Certificate to be used at Itepresentstlve Election. Constitution of Pomona Qraog. Forms for I Petition for Member, ship Certificate of Election Certificate of Organisa tion Petition for Charter Djr.Laws of Grangers' Bank in California. Constitution and By.Lawa of Coopera tive Council, Artlclrs of Association, Farmers' Mutual Fire Insurance Company. Certificate of Insurance. Dcpntks and Masters are earnestly requested to call tbe attention of tbelr respective Oranges to tbls book, to the end, that by Ita general use each officer and each member of our Otder may better understand bis rights snd duties, and tba Order everywhere may thereby be atrengtheced and built up, and enabled to perform Its whole work and attain unto perfect success. Address, DEWEY at CO., Paclflo Bural Press Offloe, S. V. 20 FINE VERBEM8 FOR $1. Anr of tbe follow!...? named cUnti tnt by mall. postage paid, at iDcciifieacb Au tbrce wrUfor 2S cents, or llteei. for Si. No order received for leaa tban 25 cent. Fucbrlaa, Ueranlnnn (Double Zonale, Bcented and Ivy), fieeonlai, Caruatloui, Plnki. Cnlcj-aart. lliiket FLaiili. .A fremiti mi. Abut lion, Acbyrantbui, Uoleu. t'aonai. Cbrjaan- inemumi, uaruy raiax, ciipoea, r.upaioreumn, fitciln. Peifcrrew. IlellotrrrTM. nirfsrntriim. Llbonla. Mabercla. Pllea. Hmtlax. Double Peiunlaa. 8olajiumCplcitrura, Veronica! One packet Av Ur, UaUaiii, Petunia. Phlox and Verbena for & centi. Uy lllustratid Catalogue of New Plants Seeda for 187A, and any tto packeta of tba above ovia iu vu rccvipi t lucenia. auuich u. Jsu AsUds w-, juia, ra. FBDsn Beald'S iUT CTDlTTnU ESSCOLLEG ZkH FMNClSChl The Mining and Scentific Press EnanusBSD ik Ban Fsaxcuoo, 1800.1 la the leading mining Journal In America, and e&Joys s large circulation among the mora Intelligent para, tors and workers In tba gold fields of tbs world. As a scientific snd mechanical representative ef tbs PaciflcOoaat.lt la decidedly popular and s standard Journal with the most thrifty industrial people of the Pacific States and Territories. Ita authority Is ef tbe bigheat order, and its usefulness In its special sphere unrivalled. Every pnbllo library, mining snglneer, metallsrglst, mining operator and Intelligent mecbaslo and uaaaif as urer will and profit by Its reading. Subscription, ft a year, la advance. Sampls espies post paid, 10 cents. Aa aa ADVERTISING Medium for tbs Paclflo Coast, it la auperlor to any otav erjournalforall kinds of mining sad hydraulic ma chinery and other maeaaalcal work, building materials new manuf ectures sad inventions. Our rates are Terr reasonable compared with those el other trslolas Journals. SBWJsTes CO., Fut)Ualurt tU Taarrmt street, Isa Francleoo. . i fcjAi -isafagh
