Willamette farmer., July 09, 1875, Page 3, Image 3

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WILLAMETTE FARMER.
Qood HKALTH
Contaminated Drinking Water and Ty
phoid Fever.
Dr. Haegler of Basle, gives the details of an
outbreak of typhoid fever in the village of Lau
len, near Basle, where the ordinary conditions
that have been said to govern the disease, sncb
as the character of the subsoil and subsoil
water, were extremely unfavorable for the de
velopment of the diseae, and where, in fact,
for a long time there had been no typhoid. In
August fifty-seven cases occurred within a space
of nine days, and in all the houses of the vil
lage except six, while these six drew their
water supply from a Bource entirely different
from the others. On investigation it was
learned that two months previously there had
been cases of typhoid in a farm house not far
from the village, and that the dejections of the
patients had been thrown into a little stream
running through the yard, or into a ditch com
municating with it; this stream joined the lar
ger one that supplied the village. Othtr ex
erementitious matter had also been thrown
upon dung heaps, from which a drain led to
the same stream. Dr. Haegler concluded from
these facts:
1. That the epidemic of typhoid fever in this
instance was the result of drinking water
contaminated with the dejections of typhoid
patients.
2. He believes that typhoid fever depends
upon a specific: poison obtained from typhoid
patients. Other putrid matter and decompos
ing organio substances, and at any rate, the
filth ot privies and dung heaps with which the
typhoid dejections may be mingled, cannot
proauoe me aisease, iuut iui mtHauce bqqwh
that the drinking water of the town had been
fouled by these substances for years without
producing any bad result.
3. The ordinary filtration of contaminated
water by its passage through the ground, will
not disinfect the water or furnish any protec
tion against the action of the typhoid poison.
Jour, of Applied Chemistry.
Acidity.
Acidity of stomach always arises from that
organ not being able to digest, to work up the
food eaten, to extract the nutriment which it
contains, hence two results: First, the food de
cays, that is rots, becomes sour and generates
a sour gas, which is belched up, causing a
burning or raw sensation, located apparently at
the little hollow at the bottom of the neck, or
in that vicinity. Sometimes an acid fluid is
generated and is belohedup, and is so very sour
occasionally as to take the skin off some parts
of the throat, mouth or lips. Second, the food
not being properly worked up, does not give
out its nourishment, the system is not fed, and
consequently becomes weak, the circulation be
comes feeble, the feet grow habitually oold;
the person is easily chilled, and dreads going
out of doors; is happiest when hugging the fire,
and takes cold so easily that the expression is
frequently used, "the least thing in the world
gives me a cold." When such a condition is
reached these colds are so frequently repeated
that before one is cured another comes, and
there ia a perpetual cough which the most un
intelligent know is the certain harbinger, the
forerunner of consumption of the lungs.
When persons are troubled with indigestion,
and one of its effects, acidity, the advice given
in nearly all cases is to take something to cor
rect the acidity, such as cream of tartar, soda,
saleratus, the ley of wood ashes, and other
alkalies. These things correct the acidity, but
the stomach gets no power of a better digestion,
the effects as far as sensation is concerned are
removed, but the system continues to be im
properly nourished; the man grows thinner
and weaker; and with wasting of flesh and
strength, there is diminished power of circu
lation; the person becomes chilly, colds are
taken from slight causes and at diminishing in
tervals, and before he knows it be has an an
noying, hacking cough, which too often ends
in a wasting, fatal disease.
When acidity follows eating, it is because
there has been an error in the quantity or
quality of the food eaten; the stomach could
not manage it, could not perform the work im
posed upon it. The true remedy is to eat less
and less at each meal, until no acidity is per
ceptible, or to change the quality of the food;
and in a short time the stomach, not being
overtasked, gets time to rest, to recuperate, to
get strong; then it digests more food and di
gests it better, with the inevitable result of a
more vigorous constitution, more power of en
durance, more strength of body and greater
elasticity ot mind, more happiness and a spirit
and energy to grapple with life's duties, which
makes existences pleasure. Hall's Journal of
Health.
To Pbevent Couohino. The best method of
easing a cough is to resist it with all the f jrce
of will possible, until the accumulation of
phlegm is greater, then there is something to
cough against, and it comes up very much
easier and with half the coughing. A great
deal of baoking and hemming and coughing in
invalids is purely nervous, or the result of
mere habit, as is shown by the frequency
with which it occurs while the patient is
thinking about it, and its comparative rarity
when he is so much engaged that there is no
time to think, or when the attention is im
pelled in another direction.
Domestic EcoftoMy,
Minced Veal with Poached Eoos. Take
gome remnants of roast or broiled veal, trim off
all brawn parts, and mince very finely. Fry a
chopped shallot in plenty of butter; when it is
a light straw color, add a large pinch of flour
and a little stock; then the minced meat with
chopped parsley, pepper, salt and nutmeg, to
taste; mix well; add more stock, if necessary,
and let the mince gradually get hot by the side
of the fire. When quite hot stir into it off the
fire the yolk of an egg and the juice of a lemon
to be Btrained and beaten up together. Serve
with pippets of bread fried in butter, round it,
and three or four poached eggs on top.
Null's Fie. Soak one pound of salt codfish
in cold water for two hours; put it on the fire
to boil, adding a small red pepper and the skin
of an orange. Boil eight good sized potatoes,
and, when ready to mash, pick up the codfish,
squeeze over it the juice of one orange, and
mash all together; add a large lump of butter,
put the mixture in a bake-tin, and cover with
bread crumbs; scatter a few small lumps of
butter over it, and cover the whole with milk.
Bake one hour. If well made, it will be as
light as a meringue pie, and, altogether, enjoy
able. Dblkonico Podmnq. One quart of milk;
three even tablespoonfuls of corn starch, dis
solved in cold milk; the yolks of five eggs; six
tablespoonfuls of sugar. Boil three or four
minutes; pour in a pudding dish and bake ball
an hour, or perhaps less time will do if the
oven is hot. Beat the whites of the eggs with
six tableapoonfuta.of sugar; put it over the top
and return the pudding to the oven till it U
niee light brown. No aauoe. Niee for Bun
days, aa it an U made the day before.
Dinner.
Dinner, both in the nature and quantity of
its components, must be regulated by the con
stitution and judgment of individuals, who,
however, bearing in mind a constant and con
sistent discrimination with ropect to aliments,
should be careful to study the peculiarities of
their constitution and digestive powers, and to
adapt their diet to them. We may, however,
very well add, that those who are chiefly em
ployed in mental occupation, and not exposed
to much bodily labor, require less animal food
than such as are in the continual exercise of
corporeal strength, and should consequently
avoid excess in that particular; with this ex
ception, that an hysteric, or hypochondriac,
tendency seems to require animal food, whioh,
however, should be freely joined with the veg
etable. We may here also properly remark
that no error is in this country more common
or more dangerous than the neglect of bread.
This valuable edible is the safest and most nu
tritious of vegetable ailments, and the best
corrector of animal food. By its plentiful use
alone, the bad consequences of an excess of
the latter may be obviated. The tables of the
French are supplied as freely with animal food
as those of the English, yet that people, by a
greater use of bread and dried acid fruits, pre
vent the ill effects of a heavier diet, and pre
serve a cheerful buoyancy of spirits, to which
the generality of the phlegmatio islanders are
strangers The English, therefore, who are so
much devoted to animal food, should particu
larly moderate its effects by a liberal use of
bread and other vegetable matter, since vegeta
ble food is necessary to secure,, not only health,
but long life. In infancy and youth we should
be oonfined mostly to it. In manhood and the
decline of life we should more freely use
animal nourishment; and in old age, we should
return to the vegetable. Vegetables and milk.
indeed, are strong antidotes to scurvy, and
putrid ana inflammatory levers; nay, in tne
former disease, milk alone will frequently do
more good than any other remedy. Ex.
Apple Fairs. Mix a quarter of a pound of
butter with a quart of sifted flour, two eggs
and a spoonful of salt; half teaspoonful soda,
dissolved in a little cold water; moisten it with
oold water so that you can just roll it out
easily; roll as thin as possible: cut into cakes;
put three of them together, sprinkle flour be
tween each one; lay on the the top thin Blices
tart apples; sprinkle sugar and a little nutmeg
over them; press the edges well together, fry
in sufficient hot lard to cover them. When of
a light brown take up carefully.
To Far Chicken. The best fried chickens
are thus prepared: The chickens are killed,
scalded, picked and washed out cleanly in
water, then quartered and thrown into boiling
lard. In a few minutes they are done brown,
and are then removed and served up hot and
dry, not put into grease again. In this way
the fowl "is tender as chicken," and is a great
delicacy. If you don't believe it, try it, and if
you do believe it, try it.
Abnica Liniment. Add to one pint of sweet
oil two tablespoonfuls of tincture of arnica;
good for wounds, stiff joints, rheumatism and
all injuries.
ViNEOiu Whet. Take of milk one pint,
vinegar half an ounoe; boil for a taw minutes,
and separate the ourd. Excellent for the sick.
SrEEp Id Wool.
Sheep Raising.
By Col. E. 8. Brown,. Continued.
Merino Sheep in Saxony.
"To nothing," says Mr. Hays, Secretary of
the National Woolen Manufacturers' Associa
tion of the United States, in an address before
a convention of woolen manufacturers and
wool growers, "is France so much indebted for
the beauty and brilliancy of her woolen fabrics
as to the perfection of her wool fiber, secured
by her skilled breeders of merino, under the
irotection of a discriminating government, be
ieving in a mutuality of interest between wool
growers and woolen manufacturers." I am not
here for the purpose of promoting the interests
of French sheep in this country, mene mene
lekel, upharsin has been written on the wall
over against them in time past. I believe them
to have excellencies, however, and a modifica
tion of their characteristics by experience and
Bkill. or perhaps a change in the American sys
tem of keeping, may serve to erase the verdict
now against them.
What France lost by delay, Germany gained.
In 1761 the elector of Saxony obtained by spe
cial negotiation a grant for two hundred meri
nos to be taken out of Spain. They were ac
companied by Spanish shepherds to instruot
the Saxons in their care and management. A
commission was appointed to superintend and
direct the concerns of the sheep establishment,
to spread all the information they could obtain
before the public, and by every means in their
power to induce the sheep owners of the coun
try to improve their flocks, even to compelling
the tenants of the government domain to pur
chase yearly a few fine bred merinos. At firtt
there was much prejudice, and improvement
was Blow; but "when the commissioners had
exercised their functions ten years the call for
young rams was so great that they resolved to
petition the government to make another im
portation of ewes and rams from Spain."
Morrell says, "the invaluable properties of
pure Saxon wool, and the consequent demand
for its manufacture into fabrics, the fineness of
which the world has never before produced, is
the cause of the high value of Saxon sheep,
and their spread over so large a portion of
Europe and remote parts of the world. No
other breeds are so highly prized on the Con
tinent, and none which command such enor
mous figures.
"Individual rams of uncontaminated blood
often bring from $110 to $250; a flock was pur
chased, destined for Russia, a few years since,
for which the average price paid exceeded $ 500;
and latterly rams have been sold at the al
most incredible price of 100 to near 300 guineas
per head. The cause of these extravagant
Drices has been stated; and so long as there
exist grades in society, and the highest of these-
covet a warurooe oi ine nnest texture, tne
breed will continue to be appreciated, and sed
ulously cultivated."
It would expand this paper too muoh forme
to detail the introduction of Spanish merinos
into other parts of Germany, Prussia, Austria,
etc. Suffice it to say, that many districts ri
val SaxonyjPrussia especially fosters her flocks,
not only by premiums, bestowed through her
agricultural societies, but by that enlightened
protection to domestio industry which so truly
characterizes that government, even to the
prohibition of manufactured goods, imported,
and the export of their raw unmanufactured
wools, and probably in no one thing, not even
in arms, has Prussia advanced more during the
last twenty years than in her wool and woolen
interests, under the working of her prohibitory
tariff.
But the high positions of the woolen industry
of these oountriM baa not bees reached with
out mistakes, trials and struggles. Fleisch
mann divide the history of merinos in
Prussian Silesia into five periods. From 1785
to 1805 was the introductory period, "when
the wool growers were ignorant in the knowl
edge of wool, and management of merinos "
From 1805 to 1815 was the period, "when the
difference between merino and common wool
began to be understood, and the wool growers
traveled for information and brought merinos
from Saxony." From 1815 to 1825 was the
third stage. "The great desire was extreme
fineness; they overlooked many other valuable
qualities, as size, shape and constitution of the
animala.
"With the highest degree of fineness great
softness was required. The Saxon breed,
Electorate, combined these qualities. Such
sheep were employed in crossing, consequently
the finest Silesian consisted of thin fleeced,
delicate animals, which, besides a dtficiency
in wool, were liable to all sorts of diseases.
The period from 1825 to 1830 may be called
the test for German wool growers, ana partic
ularly the test for the Silesian. In that period
the price of wool sunk so low, and it appeared
as if England had taken leave forever of tho
German wool market, that many were affrighted
and began to diminish their flocks, and change
their whole system of farming. It produced a
crisis, and their attention was principally di
rected to an increase of wool in the fleece, to
compensate for the loss in the prices. This
crisis operated r very beneficially upon the
whole system of breeding merinos; the wool
growers, instead of aiming at the highest de
gree of fineness, had now a greater quantity of
wool in view."
Finally came the fifth stage, "which has for
its object to produce not only the finest and
Boftest of wool, out in great quantity." And
for aught 1 know the Prussians have them
selves added in the sixth stage, what their
sheep when last heard from lacked, to be prac
tically good sheep for the American market
(when our upper classes sustain their manufac
turers in wanting their fine wool) to wit: form,
and oil that will stand a moderate degree of
exposure without vanishing like the early dew.
(To be Continued.)
Eastern Wool Markets.
New Toek, June 6th. The wool market has
shown less activity this week owing to the com
bined influence of a dull goods market and the
re-occurrence of a legal holiday. The future of
this market is hard to foretell, but from pres
ent appearances nothing enoouraging can be
deduced. Several new classes are now arriving
freely, and to follow will be choice and other
Western fleeces, which will be due inside of a
month. Liberal receipts of spring California
have had a depressing effect upon the market,
and in many cases a much lower price has been
accepted than what holders were wont to antici
pate. Texas is being received in good condition
and quite liberally, but holders of choicest lots
are considerably above purchasers in their
views. Foreign clothing Wool has been rather
quiet, but prices have remained quite steady.
Foreign carpet material has met with an active
inquiry, and prices have advanced, owing to a
scarcity, 3 to 6 cents per pound. Sales for the
week are 70 bales of Cape, at 3535 cents;
200 hales Sydney, at about 48c; 25 do East
India, at 2222o.; and 1,000 do Donskoi and
19 do Curacoa, private; 188,000 lbs. spring Cal
ifornia, at 2835c, the latter price for very
choice; 1,000 lbs. free fall do, at l821c; 7,
500 Bis. low burry do at IGo.; 6,000 lbs. X land
XX Ohio fleece, at 5455c; 1,300 lbs. old Wis
consin do, at 51c; 5,000 lbs. fine Western un
washed do, at 36c; 8,000 lbs. medium do, at
39c; and 10,000 lbs. XX Ohio do, and 29,000
fcs. Kentucky do. private; 10,000 fts. new Mis
souri do at 3537c; 10,000 fts. old Nevada do.
at 28c. ; 18,000 lbs. Georgia, at 3840c; 40,
000 fts. Western Texas, at 2230c; 166,000
fts. Eastern do. at 2325c; 65,000 fts.
nnnnrfld California, at 620720.: 20 bales do
black, at 70c ; 178 bags super pulled, at 4550c
93 do XX, at 41(0)100. ; ana ou ao no. i ana no.
2 do, on private terms.
Boston, June 5. The Wool market is un
changed. Manufacturers buy only in lots as
wanted, but with small stocks are obliged to
purchase frequently, and sales foot up a fair
average. Holders are still disposed to meet
the market freely at current prices, and are
anxious to keep supplies sold up as close as
possible. There has been rather more inquiry
for fine fleeces, and 154,000 pounds of Ohio and
Pennsylvania, principally choice XX, have
been sold at 5253c The stock of desirable
fleece Wool is now considerably reduced. The
principal transactions of the week have been
in California, sales of new spring amounting to
790,000 pounds. Prices have ruled in favor of
buyers, but on the whole have been satisfac
tory. The range baa been from 22 to 40c, a
small lot of 3,000 pounds fancy spring selling
at 40c; but the bulk of sales have been ot be
tween 31 and 36c for good and choice lots.
Receipts of California have been considerable,
and the stock of this description is now quite
large. 8ome lots of new Ohio fleece have been
received, and other supplies are near at hand.
Dealers and manufacturers appear to be quite
indifferent to the new clip, and will hesitate to
purchase to any extent except at lower figures
than growers are now willing to submit to.
Arrivals of new Kentucky combing have been
considerable, but buyers appear to pay the
prices asked with reluctance. Good lines of
combing are generally held at 50o, and for
selections that price has been offered; but a
fair range of prices is from 48 to 60o. The only
sale of new Kentucky the past week was 10,000
pounds at 49c There is still a fair demand
for pulled wool, sales of the week comprising
190,000 pounds, at prices indicating no mate
rial change. Some choice lots of super have
been sold as high as 5556o., but still tho bulk
of sales have been in the range of 4550c
There have been sales of combing fleece at
58c; unwashed combing at 4549c;
scoured, 6580c; super and X pulled, 30
57c CaU.
A Beimbeable Lifeboat. There has just
been exhibited at Hull, England, anew lifeboat,
patented by Messrs. Anderson and Burkin
shaw, termed the "Reversible Lifeboat." The
inventors claim for it advantages which no
other lifeboat possesses, viz. , that it can neither
capsize after being launched from a vessel's
deck, nor can it sink. As its name implies, it
is top and bottom both alike, and if in launch
ing, before it touches the water, it should,
by the rolling of the vessel, or any other cause,
turn over, there are thwarts and seats running
round the side just the same as there would
have been had the boat gone in the other way
np. Whichever side the lifeboat takes the
water, when she is once afloat a couple of flaps
running the whole length will close and form
the bottom of the boat, and there is provision
for drawing a further flooring out, which will
rest upon strong beams. The usual appliances
of cork, air-tight cylinders, etc., are attached
for teenring great buoyancy.
The tobacco on the Ban Felipe ranch, Santa
Clara county, is doing finely, and the yield
will be very heavy.
PodLjUY YA"d'
Poultry at the International Exhibition.
The admirers of fine poultry will no doubt
have an opportunity during the Internationa
Exhibition to gratify their taste fully, as it is
the design of the Centennial Commission to
provide everything requisite to the proper re
ception and display of fowls and birds of every
class.
It is desired by many that there be a perma
nent as well as a temporary exhibition of
poultry, and if applications for space for the
exhibition ot fowls during the six months
covered by the exhibition, are received in suf
ficient numbers to warrant the outlay, the Com
mission will i robably adopt measures to afford
the proper facilities.
If the design of a permanent! exhibition be
carried out, the display should be Buoh as
would impress the character of each breed upon
the mind of the observer.
This cannot be done when the exhibition is
confined to trios in separate coops, but only
by the display of as large a number as can be
placed in one enclosure; thus affording by the
multiplication of individual birds, each of the
same breed, an opportunity of studying tne
characteristics of each particular family. Prom
inent poultry breeders could readily supply the
birds for suoh an interesting and instructive
exhibit.
The temporary exhibition will commence on
October 25th, 1876, and last till November 10th,
a period of fifteen days. The Commission
will ereot shedding, and the birds will be ex
hibited in the same boxes or coons in whioh
they were transported. For the purpose of
preserving uniformity these boxes will all be
made according to specifications furnished by
the Bureau of Agriculture.
Exhibitors will be required to assume all re
sponsibility ot feeding, and general attendance
on their birds.
Only such specimens will be received as are
of pure breed, and even these must be highly
meritorious.
Further information may bo had by addressing
the Chief of the Bureau ot Agrioulture, Inter
national Exhibition, Philadelphia.
ffllSCELLEOdSr
The Lima Bean.
Our hot summers are unfavorable to many
vegetables which Europeans value, but then
we have much to be thankful for that is de
nied to them. Among these favors is the Lima
bean. Europe, at least that part of it which is
famous for good vegetables, is not hot enough
for it. It is a very fastidious thing even here,
and many fail with it in their early sowings.
The earth has to be dry and warm, or the
seeds rot away. It is not, however, always the
fault of the earth that the Beeds rot. They are
often defective from having been left in the.
frost in the fall before gathering. It the seeds
are not quite ripe before the frost arrives, they
are not in a good condition of perfect healthful
pess. In this oonditlon they are more liable
to injury from the damp colds of spring. In
stead of saving the last refuse of the crop for
seed, a few of the earlier ones should be left
on. It is a great temptation, certainly, to take
and eat the earliest perfecting beans, but those
who succeed best in all things are those who
learn to resist such temptations.
In raising beans, it is almost indispensable
to have poles. Indeed, the writer has never
seen them grow any other way. Some writers
say that they do very well when planted as
bnBh beans, and then keep the runners contin
ually out off as they grow. This will require
much labor, and it will, thorefore, be best to
have poles, it at all possible to procure, which
in the region reached by our readers it goner
ally is. The poles have to be set in tho ground,
about four feet apart, as the first part of tho op
eration of bean planting, and then the earth
drawn up around tho base of the pole to a
small hill. This hill soon beoomes warm and
dry, much sooner than the surrounding flat
ground, and we can then sow the beans much
earlier. It is usual to put about three or four
beans in a hill, the root edge downward, and
only deep enough to barely cover the bean.
There are few vegetables so satisfactory to
grow in an American garden as the Lima bean.
It is little trouble to get ready for tho sowing,
and when once they come into use, they con
tinue with no trouble but the gathering and
easy shelling, until frost. Maryland Fanner.
Substitute for a Microscope.
The object of a lens in a microscope is to enable
us to see a minute object distinctly at a less dis
tance than the natural standard of vision, as
by bo doing we view itundera larger angle; but
in point of fact we can to a certain extent
accomplish the same object without any lens
at all.
Take a card and blacken one side ot it, then
pieroe it with a fine sewing needle and look
through the hole at any small object, strongly
illuminated, and held about an inch from it,
the objeot will appear considerably magnified.
In this case tho use of the perforated card
enables the objeot to be brought about ten times
nearer the eye than the ordinary distance of
distinct vision, and hence it appears about ten
times larger.
In the case, of a lens the magnifying power
depends on its focal length, the object being
placed nearly in its principal foous. But there
are other considerations involved besides mere
magnifying power; thus we may havo high
power but a want of distinctness or definition
a lack of light collecting property. The
pupil of the eye can evidently only admit a
cone of light of a certain angle, which angle is
variable within certain limits, by the self-ad-
Ousting arrangement of the eye; thus in very
irigbt light the pupil contracts and reduces the
quantity admitted.
In the experiment with the perforated card,
the effect is equivalent to reducing the pupil to
the size of the needle hole, so that the amount
of light entering the eye is correspondingly
reduced, henoe the necessity for the objeot be
ing "strongly illuminated" to render it visible.
To Prevent Sputtino or Handles. All
carpenters know how Boon the butt end of
chisels split, when daily exposed to the blow of
a mallet or hammer, and we are indebted to
one of our subscribers, Mr. W. Esmark, a stair
builder, in Brooklyn, N. Y for a remedy to
prevent0 this, which he kindly requested us to
publish. It consists simply in sawing or cut
ting off the round end of the handle, so as to
make it flat and to attach by a few small nails
on the top of it, two round disks of sole
leather, ao that the end becomes similar to the
heel of a boot. The two thicknesses of leather
will prevent all farther splitting, and if in the
course of time they expand and overlap the
wood of the handle, they are simply trimmed
off all around.
The Mechanical Cause of Ebullition.
This is shown by taking a thermometer
tube, with a spherical bulb at its extremity, and
breaking the bulb in such a manner that it
forms, with the tube, a funnel with irregular
edges. Then plunge the funnel thus made,
mouth downwards, into a flask of water, allow
ing it to rest upon the bottom of the flask. We
have thus a small mass of air imprisoned by
the water and the tube. Next heat the water,
by a spirit lamp, to ebullition. Then, placing
the flame at a convenient distance, the bubbles
of vapor may bo seen to rise continually from
the funnel.
It is evident that oach bubble of vapor, in
order to get out of its prison, muBt break
through the envelope of water which surrounds
it; in doing which, it must encounter a resist
ance equal to the otmopherio pressure due to
tho weight of the liquid, plus the cohesion of
the liquid.
Now we know that water which remains still
in any receptacle, always sets free small bubbles
of air, which remain attached by adhesion to
the walls of the vessel, and that bubbles of
vapor always start from these air-bubbles. A
fraction only of these air-bubbles are detached
from the sides, together with the vapor-bubbles,
and burst at the surface, whilst the fire con
tinues to oharee with fresh vapor the bubbles
of air whioh remain attached. We also know
that if water be deprived entirely of air, ordin
ary ebullition does not take place. This has
been established by numerous experiments,
amongst which may be cited those of Dufour,
who has heated drops of water suspended in
linseed oil and essence of cloves, up to 178
Cent., without ebullition taking place. But
on touching the suspended glohules with a
metal wire, or splinter of wood (that is to say,
on taking some air to them), he found that
ebullition was at once produced.
Bremer has proved by a large number of ex
periments, that water, after being deprived of
air as far as possible, may be heated from 108
to 200 Cent, without boiling in any continu
ous way.
The mechanical cause ot ebullition must
therefore be, that water always oontains bub
bles of air saturated with vapor, which break
through their aqueous boundaries when they
have acquired a tendency superior to the re
sistance of those boundaries; viz., equal to the
atmospherio pressure on the surface of the
liquid, plus the pressure of the weight of the
liquid column above them, plus the cohesion of
the liquid.
In general, we do not take any note of the
two latter resistances, because they arc com
monly much smaller that the first, and we only
see that liquidity ceases when the elastio force
of its vapor is made equal to the pressure upon
the liquid at its surface
It may be asked, Why does the ebullition of
a liquid such as water take place at a fixed
temperature, whilst evaporation takes place at
all temperatures? The answer is easy. Dur
ing ebullition, each globule of vapor, in order to
get out of its prison, has to overcome the at
mospherio pressure; and in order to do that,
it needs a temperature at which the tension of
its vapor is in equilibrium with that pressure.
On the other hand, in evaporation, each mole
cule of vapor, in order to fly off into the air,
has only to vanquish the cohesion whioh links
it to the other molecules, and that effected, it
can penetrate without further obstacle amongst
the molecules of the air, where it finds a place
without having had to thrust itself forward
against the pressure of the atmosphere. Ex.
Filing Saws.
The grand secret of putting any saw in the
best possible cutting order, consists in filing
the teeth at a given angle to cut rapidly and of
a uniform length, so that the points will all
touch a straight edged rule, without showing a
variation of a hundredth part of an inoh. Be
sides this, there should be just enough set in
the teeth to cut a kerf as narrow as it' can be
made, and at the same time allow the blade to
work freely without pinching. On the con
trary, the kerf must not be so wide as to permit
the blade to rattle when in motion. The very
points of the teeth do the outting. If one
tooth is a twentieth of an inch longer than two
or tbrcfl on each Bide of it, the long tooth will
be required to do so muoh more cutting than it
should, that the sawing cannot be done well.
Hence the saw goes jumping along, working
hard and cutting slowly. If one tooth is
longer than those on either side of it, the short
ones do not cut, although the points may be
Bharp. When putting a ctoBB-cut saw in order,
it will pay well to dress the points with an old
file, and afterwards sharpen them with a fine
whetstone. Muoh mechanical Bkill is requisite
to put a saw in prime order. One careless
thrust with a file will shorten the point of a
tooth so much that it will be utterly useless, so
far m outting is conoerned. Tho teeth should
be set with much. care, and tho filing should be
done with great aociiraoy. If the teeth are un
even at the points, a large flat file should be
Becured to a blook of wood in such a manner
that the very points only may be jointed, so
that the cutting edgo of the same may be in a
complete lino or circle. Every tooth should
cut a little as the saw is worked. Tho teeth of
a handsaw for all sorts of work, should be filed
fleaminR, or at an angle on the front edge, while
the back edges may bo filed (learning or square
across the blade. Ex.
Saxe's Recent Cattle PnscnABEs.-OurKen-tucky
exchanges inform us that a member of
the Saxe firm, the well known importers of
thoroughbred stock, has been making purchases
of choico Btook to bring to California. The
Kentucky Live Slock Journal gives a list of
these recent purchases, and speaks of the
Saxes as follows: "They purchase cattle and
hogs, more particularly in Kentuoky, though
they have also shipped quite a large number of
Cotswold sheep from the State. They are not
breeders, but purchase to sell, and get only
pedigreed cattle. Such enterprise must do a
vast deal of good, in improving the oattle of
the whole Pacific slope, as they sell their
animals not only to California breeders, but
ship to Oregon, Washington Territory and
Mexico, besides Chile, Japan,' Australia and the
Sandwich islands.
Washington Tebbitobx Faib. We learn
from the North-Western Farmer that tho annual
exhibition of the Washington Territory Agricul
tural society will occur during the third
week in October, commencing on Monday and
closing on Saturday. Active preparations are
being made, a committee composed of R. H.
Hewitt, George A, Barnes and W. O. Bush has
been appointed to report on the erection of
buildings and other matters, and we shall ex
pect to bear of a successful exhibition of the
products of the Territory.
The Lincoln fire clay has been nsed in tho rol
ling mills at San Francisco, and found equal to
the best Eastern quality. Two car loads of the
day have been used at Belby's works, San
Francisco, and found satisfactory, andpraotioal
tests have been made in the potteries also at
Oakland.
Me. A. L. Bttnson, proprietor of the Pioneer
hosiery manufactory at Jefferson, Oregon, has
commenced operations, the carding and spin
ning rooms being under the charge of Mr.
James Barnes, a gentleman lately from a large
factory ia the East.
JJMIM riorifc-:fatt.S