Willamette farmer., May 14, 1875, Page 7, Image 7

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WILLAMETTE FARMER.
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Filth or Foul Water the Cause of Boiler
Explosions.
The following interesting matter ii collected
ironi a recent report of A. T. Hay to the Seo
retary of the V. S. Treasury on the subject of
steam boiler explosion!. His remarks are
quite novel, and well worthy a close consid
eration: When we boil pare water the steam rises
'Tegularly in spheres from the bottom of the
e88el to the snrfaoe of the water. Steam at a
like temperature and pressure has at all times
the same number of molecules in a like Yolume,
and the true measure of its energy may be cal
culated with mathematical precision. Water
assumes three natural or allotropio forms
liquid, solid and vapor; in all these forms its
-qualities inhere. Wba. is true of a molecule of
water, ioe or steam, is true of the whole volume
of either these several forms beirg due en
tirely to a ehange of temperature. Water U the
most stable compound in nature; neither pres
sure, cold, nor heat alone being able to reduce
it to its original elements.
Many of oar most terri&o explosions take
-place under a redaction of pressure; in fact, I
have known instances wherein, just before an
explosion ensued, the steam gauge would recede
irom 60 lbs. to 20 lbs. pressure, and no sm nnt
of firing would bring up tne pressure snmcunt
to perform the work satisfactorily. If there
had been a scarcity of water there would hare
been a surplus of steam, ween Doners nre
easily and steam freely there is no danft-r of
any fearful disaster. If boilers give way under
auch conditions, it is simply from rapture, the
effects of over-pressure, and not explosions in
any sense of the term.
There can be no violent explosion from
steam made fromcl-an water, free from organio
matter. At least, after many yean close ob
servation, coupled with direct investigation and
-research, I have failed to nod au instance where
pure simple steam mide from clen wter evir
exploded within a range of from 15 lbs. up to 600
lbs. pressure to the square inch. But I do find
that explosions in fte im boilers revel in fll'b
and foul water. Take, for instance, the Mis
aisaiDDi and its tributrics. and it will be found
that sUamboat boiler explosion have been mutt
frequent in tue vicinity or large cute, ana sb
we go down the river. The Lower Mississippi
has been termed a graveyard, while in that
-portion of the river above St. Louis, including
the Illinois, where the waters are comparatively
pure and free from nitrogenous mat-r, explo
sions have been very rare, while the Obio, from
Cincinnati down, is noted for mny steamfco it
disasters. The most destructive and territto
explosions have occurred in the spring of the
year, when the waters were 1 aded withorgaUo
.substances, earthy salts nud oleaginous matters.
When we boil foul water we find it tumuliu
cms, accompanied with a low, bumping suut.d,
with fits and starts, so sudden and violent in
some instances as to jump bodily out of or even
burst an open vessel. This antagonism to the
boiling of any compound solution is cauied by
the attraction of these foreign particle fur
each other (ihemioal action and reaction),
-white in the boiling of pore water there is no
.chemical action whatever. Great rivers, lik
those in the Ohio, Mississippi and Mi-ouri
-valleys, are great natural sewers, and their
waters at certain seasons of the year are loaded
with organic remains in every stage of putie
faction, while city wells and those ar'und fac
tories frequently become great sink-holes And re
cep'aclei for matter. My researches bbow tht
such waters hold in solution and carry in sns--pension
from six up t sixty-three grains pei
gallon of organio substances, to which niav be
added copious quant ties of oleaginous ma'ter
Jn certnin localities and the salts of ammonia
N, B3. These substances find tbeir wav in'o
steam boilers, where they rapidly undergo
chemical change, distillation, concentration,
and sometimes violent decomposition that is,
culminate in terrific explosion.
These organio skeleton', glycerine salts,
-albuminous bubstances and ammoniacal gases
found in water, consist chiefly of carb n hy
drogen, oxygen and nitrogen, and it is omoog
such nitrogenous combinations and types that
we find some of the niott remarkable explosive
bodies. They are not only aeiiform, but they
are gases of the most subtle and potent charac
ter; gelatinous substsn 'es, in whuh the cliff r
erent elementary atoms are nil chemical y con
'bined in the same molecule, that are liable to
Buddea and violent decomposition wbenevei
the opposing forces to which tbey owe the r ex
istence become deranged by hi at or some
external cause. Their ufflniti. s are very fe bl e ;
hence tbeir frequent destrno-inn at high tem
peratures. Mirrly a molrcular disturbance of
auy kind may cause viol- nee. Tbeir cotubu
tion being internal and ins'antaneous, they de
velop a foice at least ten times greater and one
hundred times quicker tban that of st-aru
pressure sudden and violent enough to de
stroy open vessels. But in dean water we have
the most stable substances known, under the
three d s inot forms named, either of whicb
may be safely had out of the other by merely a
chanse of temperature.
As I said before, heat alone will not derom
Vose wat r, but electricity readily re olves it
D to its original elements, and chemical ac ion
bung the source of electricity, water in the
jnJjlst of fickle and treacherous company be
coa'es d em oral zd and loses i s virtue and sta
bility, and goes off in a caseous state in tim
of domical reaction. This frequently occurs
when boilers explode, as ceitber water nor
steam are ejected from them, but an infl imma
ble gas is evolved. Under such cot ditious the
engineer, dead or alive, is convicted of murder
for allowing the boilers to become dry, when,
in reality, a moment before the explosion his
boilers contajned a full gauge of water.
A New Utilization of Refuse Materials.
A very Important discovery has recently
been made by MM. Croi-sant and Bcetonniere,
of Mulhoose, France, which conxista in pro
ducing dyes of a large vaiieiy of brown hues
from substances not merely refme, but iu
themselves colorless. The pigments are ob
tained by the reaction ol alkiliue sulphides np
ion ordinary wood sadust, humns, bora,
eatbers, linen, silk, cotton, and taper watte,
gluten, Dlood, ana a number or oiber mate
rial. In certain cases, when treated with the
sulphides or polysulpbides, th sulphur direct y
comuiuvs wim tue urfuio uuuv, iu oiners bqi
phuretted hydrogen becomes sub.tituted for the
hydrogen atoms e imin .ted.
The same body gives different shades, ac
cording to the degree of temperature, the du
ration of the operation, and the propor ion of
auipnide employed, Tue longer m neailuii
ana the higher the degree, fie nearer the dye
approaches to black. Humus gives a fine
bistre shade, which does not fade, and is un
alterable by organio or mineral acid', c-u-Ue
lyes, soap, oxaltte of potax, etc. Wnh bran
a color I produced which subsequently, with
bichromate, yield a floe brownish yellow nr
resin color, which can be changed to gray by
the addition of carbonate of soda. Sawdust,
preferably of oak, chestnut, and otber non
resinous woods, givrs a solubli dye of a
brownish black, which appears upon tte fabric
of a greenish hoe. It la poead of high
coloring properties and u vtry permanent.
..WE AlE COMING!
TSitli tlie "Very JFinest heep Ever Offered For
Sale in Oregon.
' ONE HUNDRED THOROUGHBRED
Spanish Merino Ewes,
Our Flock Stands as high as any Flock in the United States. We are constantly importing from the
33 IE S T ZFLOCIKIS I HT T ZEEC IE- IE . S T,
And Breeding in California with so much care and success that our Flocks at the present time are acknowledged far
SUPERIOR
DREW
Among the rest the Sweepstakes, $75.00 over any class at Breed. Those who buy of us are
that the quality is exactly what it is represented.
Due notice will be given of our arrival in Salem through the local papers. Expect to arrive
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WBHnH bkd a oatalood.. f jjuMWLbb colliai.1
BoyU CksrU. ttM ifl 2& ?QST Sf K
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BAM raUSClflCO. Btawt (Qrad MoUl BsUldl-f), Urn rr-UeoT' OjMB&-aiMlSMI
iid a .Few
T
At the State Agricultural Fair last autumn we
TEN FIRST -
SEVERANCE
H TU U O.-:aUa--lt00..rl(,P.
Hj The Home Sewing HHHHr
K:H Tkiaaa machlnaauaa a abottla, straight neadle. --
tB sd make lbs lock StlUb.
Choice Bucks.
O ANY IN THE
CLASS PREMIUMS,
-l VXiliSS-;
! 4iilUra
WmSS&Sm
STATE:
assured of purity of Blood and
about May 5th.
& PEET.
rEWEY Ac CO.,
American & Foreign Patent Agents,
He best, speediest, and surest method for you
to obtain patents, file caveats, or transact
any other important business with the Patent
Office at Washington, or with foreign conn
tries, is through the agenoy of DEWEY a
CO., POBLISHEKS OF THE MINING
A?nS0IE1iTIFI0 PHESS. SAN FRAN!
U1SOO, an able, responsible, and long-estab-liHhed
firm, and the principal agents on this
side of the continent. They refer to the thous
ands of inventors who havo patronized them,
and to all prominent business men of ths
Paoifio Coast, who are more or less familiar
with their reputation as straightforward Jour
nalists and patent solicitors and counsellors.
We not only more readily apprehend the points
and secure much more fully and quickly the
patents for our home inventors, but with the
influence of our carefully road and extensively
circulated journals, we are enabled to illus
trate the intrinsic merits of good patents, and
secure a due reward to the inventor, besides
serving the publiowho are more ready to give
a fair trial, and adopt a good thing, upon
the recommendation of honest and intelligent
publishers.
To Obtain a Patent, J
K 'Jonstraoted model is generally first need,
ed, if the invention can well be thus illustrated.
m ?,u"m exoeed, 12 inohe8 Jength or
hight. When practicable, a smaller model ig
even more desirable. Paint or engrave ths
name of the article, and the namo of the
inventor, and bis address upon it
end the model (by express or other reliable
conveyance), plainly addressed, to "Dcwmr
4 Co., Mwino and SoiitNTxno Pnras Ornoi.
f Jbakoisco." At the same time, send a
full description, embodying oil the ideas and
claims of the inventor respecting the im
provement describing the various parts and
Also send $15 currency, amount of first fee ol
the Government. The case will be placed on
our regular file, the drawings executed, and
the documenUmade up, andsoon sent to the
inventor for signing.
As soon as signed and returned to us with the
fees then due us, it will be sent Ntraightwa
to the Patent Office at Washngton 7
For designs no models are necessary. Dupli
cate drawings are required, and the specific.
.. , j.ojjj. suumci do made np
with care and accuracy. In someinstanoes for
design patents two photographs, with the
negative, answer well instead of drawings
Fer further information, sead a stamp for ow
illustrated circular, containing a digest of Pa.
Wki Laws, 112 illustrated meohanfcal move
ments, and Hints and Instbuotions regarding
the biouts and pbivil-oics of inventors and
patentees, which will be furnished post paid.
Also a copy of NEW PATENT LATof Fb7(:
When the invention consists of a new article of
manufacture, a medicine, or a new compost,
tion, samples of the separated ingredients,
sufficient to make the experiment (unless
tbey are of a common and -ll.irn, -.v...
acter), and also of the manufactured artiole
itaelf.must be furnished, with full description
of the entire preparation.
For Processes, frequently no model ordrswinm
are necessary. In such case, the apphoant
has only to send us an exact description, and
what is desirable to claim.
Aden- DEW-BY A CO,,
rtrc-un-, Farm Asbtts am baaiva-e,.
Mo. tn awau suMt, a. r.