Willamette farmer., March 26, 1875, Page 6, Image 6

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WILLAMETTE FARMER.
rtlSCELLEOlJs,
The Evolution of the Phylloxera.
From Pclflc Rural Press.)
If the roBfarebes of Mr. IialbUul, upon the
Phylloxera of the onk, have not been forgotten,
it will, be remembered that tbe tudy of this
vegetable pest, in the mind of iho author, was
bntithe introluttion to the Napoleon o( the
family, the worst aud raoU nnschevioin of its
members to tho vaslutrix in short but so dif
ficult is tho history of this last named, tbat
after six months of risearchrs. made in the
center of the invasion at Montpelier, from the
end of May to the 1st of November, the most
active period of tho insect, th6 author, in giv
ing an account of his observations in a long
memoir, of which wo give tho best part, ac
knowledges that the most important facts re
main still in Iho came obscurity as befcre.
The awakening of thi phylloxera, according
to Mr. Faucon, who has followed the pheno
menon day by day, taken pbice at the beginning
of April. At the ond of May, the insect has
been somo time freo from its winter torpor.
The laying nud hatching su'pended during the
cold season had begun again, even among the
ponderous mothers; bnd egg', in process of
development, could be teen in great numbers,
the first born of the year; easily recognized by
tholr bright, beautiful, golden yellow color.
They were not nymphs, their time had not yet
come, uor, for a'still stronger reason wore
they winged insects. Such was at that time
the condition of thophylloierian population.
It is upon the radicles of tho plant, that tbo
brood fir their residence, and principally unon
the swellings that thoy have the art, or rather
tho property, of determining by their punctures
upon the extremities of those radicles. Later
on, these last boing dead, the insects accumu
late upon tho large roots, and so active is their
multiplication, that by September the mass
colors tho root a yellow, so uniform, that ono
might nftlrni they had been pniutod with n
brush. This multiplication has two causes:
First, in order to fecuro reproduction, tho spe
cios become all malts, then all females; all
femules fruitful, all cpgs second, Tho laying
of tho eggs is the second, cause, which never
oocupies more than eight days; and even still
less tiino when tho thermometer makes 25 to
30 degrees centigrado. Towards tho month of
July, u certain number of the young, at tho same
time that thtir genial growth continues, swell in
front and elongate behind, tbe thorax and ab
domen becoming one, until the Bhapo is like a
pear. Then upon their sides, near tlio middle,
nppear two little, black nppeudages, laying 11 it
against tho body. Aro these iugs? No, not
oven w ing coverings, but tho ludimtnts of them ;
and nt the Batno tituo that they appear, bohiud
thorn tho trunk cipamls, till thorax, abdomen
and trunk aro one. Thus developtd, tho insect
is promoted to tho rank of vymph. It is only
when the phjlloxora has taken this form that it
leaves the roots; and coiniug to tho light of
day, aud on tho surfaco of tho ground, the
metamorphosis takos placo, which leaos it a
perfect winged iuhect.
This has never been found on roots iu places
that have novor been disturbed, or on those
which have boon extracted from tho vineyard.
In tho groves, whoro Mr. 1) ilbiaui has proservtd
roots, covered with phjlloxern uudor a bed of
earth more or Iosh th'.ok, ho has always ob
served tho nymph reach tho top of tho ground
to transform, and oven climb higher to tho tup
of the glubs covor.
As no one has yot caught one in the act of
climbing up tho vino or coiliug, wo are roduced
to tho single fact given by Mr. Cornu, ono of tho
delegate H to tho Academy, who, on a vine at
Ohurento, found a nymph full of life and activ
ity. Ab to how this insoct renchoi the surfaco,
whether by tho fissures of the soil, or following
tho ramifications of the roots up to the stalk,
Mr. ilalbliini has yet to boo. The phase of ex
istence whluh this insect outers when endowed
with wings, is jot moro difficult to (race.
Scarcely has it made its appcarauco than upon
tho wings of tho wind, or its own, it escapes
obserxntlou. It could doubtless be confined iu
a bottlo, but it is uot from a life iu confinement
that ono can loam its habits whou freo,
It was on tho 35th of August, that for I Up
first time on n vine at St. Savior, near Mont
pelier, ono wag toen, winged and free. It was
precisely iu tho same placo that was seen, for
tho first time, the wingless insect moving on
the surface of tho ground.' Tho soil is a clayey
earth, white, oompaot aud much oraoktd. For
tho greater part tho winged insects kept in tho
neighborhood of tho stalk, under the partial
shade of the foliage. From tho 25th of August
to tho 1st of September, huge quantities were
noticed each day. At the latter date the num
ber diminished, aud by tho 4th had entirely
disappeared. Wtiro do thoy go? To what
place do the winged phylloxera direot itsllight?
"What becomos of it trom tho moment when it
disappears from the eye, trying in vain to fol
low Its aerial flight? At last, aud nbovo all,
demand Mr. llulbiaui, what is the bond be
tween tho colony whioh they abandon, and
that which they go to found.
Theia is but ouo resemblance more betwoen
the phylloxera of tho vine ud that of the oak, '
aud it Is to Mr. llaldwln that we are iudebted
for the knowledge of this. Among the first of
these two spe ok, as among tue last, the sexual
generation U accompusuoa uy me wingless
ndividual. much later tliau by those with wines.
Whllo those last, in the species vastatrii, come
out in August, if uot iu July, the former do
not aimear until Ootober. Kxcent in this par
ticular, the rcaemblfcnee botweeu the subterra
nean and the rurlan is complete. Besides it is
often that the sexual phylloxera is not fouud
upon all tbe roots in thu same vineyard, one
vine may nourish hundreds, uud auolher be
totally exempt but there is always enough to
sustain the Vitality of tho colonics.
In n history where there is nothing but vixi
tious for the practical agriculturist, the exist--euce
of this sexual generation is an aggravation,
inoe it is not permitted us to hope that organic
weakness resulting from a long period of un
sexual production, willletd to the spontaneous
-dUappeatauoe of the parasite, Aud this fact
oxplatus how the same colony maintains itself
for years on the roots of the same stalk. For
a history so incomplete, it is, one might ray,
very complicated, What would it be if the too
technical work of our American ontomob
ogist, Mr. 0. V. lllly. should be placed before
our readers? The number of American species
actually kuown and which the author declares
all good and some doubtlul," is 10; alt natives
of the United States. Tbe description of one
of them (the phylloxera rellgll.) shows as that
even in this species the insect presents Itself
under ten different forms. From the hiberna
ting mother, to the first appearance ot the
winged form, at the end of July, there are at
least five generations; aud Mr. Kitey believes
that this winged form presents itself twice
itch year; that is to say, there are each year
two cyoles of development.
One would think that we had enough ot
our own proper species to occupy us, bat there
I- also something of interest in those of the
United States; for I see in "nature," that ac
cording to that entomologist, all oar species
ii
have come from that country, even that of
the tmk. with the vegetation on which they
live. However, I find no trace of this asser
tion in Mr. Riley's note of Deo. 14th.
It is not necessary to say in an arlMe upon
the phylloxera that nothing is known touching
its extirpation. Mr. Balbiani concludes by a hy
pothesis of the oak "a kermes" and that of the
vineyards; and as they first travel not by isolated
individuals, but by troops similar to swarms of
bee, ho supposes, founding his opinion npon
some facts of observation, that that they may
be the same, the vastalrix. Among these facts
we oite the resemblance, as we have seen, be
tween tbe winged individuals in the habit ot
clustering around vhe stalks, aud suddenly dis
appearing, which is, up to this time the last
authentio word on their history.
The same analogy exists in their mode of
laying. The insect of the kermes, deposits its
'eg?s on the branches of the oak; that of the
vine among mo uraucuesauu ivuvum. oumo c&'
neriments in the laboratory, instituted to sup
plcment direct observation, nppear to indicate
tbat there is among tho female n certain ten
dency to act in the aamo manner. But there
Is little as yet to bo depended npon. That
which has altogether another value from mere
conjecture, is tlio discovery mat me wingless in
dividuals that remain under ground, give birth
as well as the winged ones, that take the per
fect form only on the surface; a female genera
tion. Tbe President of the agricultural school at
Aix has taken the initiative 'in an experiment
which will prove of immense value. A little
below the surface of the ground he has had the
iloo cut off, then the ground has been worked
and sown in grain, and in every way well culti
vated. The experiment is on a large scale, and
will be a long one, ns it will take at leaist four
years to decide whether tho phylloxera is ex
terminated or not. Whatever the result may
be, the soil will not remain unproductive as it
would bo under the metnod recommended oy
the Academy, of tearing up the vines by the
roots, which would be, to say the least, very
inconvenient. Mrs. J. F. MoortE.
Present and Future of California Fruits.
From ftclflc Rural Press.
Editors Pitsss: Can any good reason be
given, or valid excuse offered, for the people of
our State continuing to devote their energies,
talonU and capital to objects almost wholly
speculative in character, when so many legiti
mate channels aro open in which thoy might bs
diroctod to odvnntago; interests which, if but
pnrtlally dovelopod, would pay more regular
and larger dividends than any of the famod
bonanzas of the Oomstock.
At this point I proposed to loavo tho high
way of generality, following the narrow path
way of a specialty whioh is destined, ere a de
cade shall have passed, to becomo the d iminant
interest of this const. There are soverol vari
eties of fruit, the most popular of which it is
conceded can bo produced in no other part of
the world in such perfection nud excellence as
in tho valley and on tho western slopes of the
Sierra Nevada nnd Coast Hange of mountains:
California will undoubtedly monopolize tbe
grapes, apricots, nectarines, plums nud prunes
almost wholly, and go fnr in doing so with
peaches nnd pears. This- can be said of
the apricot and nectarine, plum nnd peach al
so, ns here they escape tho numerous foes
which commit Mich depredations upon them in
tho older Statts aud Europe, ns to disoournge,
in a great measure, their planting nud cultiva
tion. Taking our figures from tho last report pub
lished of tho Culifornia Sttto Agricultural So
ciety for the years 1870 nnd 71, thero was in
the State 27,000,000 grape vines,. 80,000 npti
cot trees, 32,000 nectarines, 250,000 plums,
20,000 prunos, 1,000,000 peaches, C00.000 pears,
which, if apportioned equally among the farm
ers, would give to oaoh 900 grapes (an acre),
V, apricots, 1 1-1G nectariues, Glt plums
nnd prunes, same of pears, ond 33J4 peaches
Hardly enough, we would imagine, tor supply,
ing the fruit growers themselves nnd their fnm
ilios, nud yet mo find, in tho case of the
grnpe, thnt after meotiug homo requirements,
the local and San Francisco markets, tho Ne
vod i and mouutaiu trade, tons were dried or
made into raUins. This is not all, as tho report
shows that there was manufactured thnt year
3,705,729 gallons of wine, nnd 157,961 gallons
of brnndy, whioh would hnve required fully
70,000,000 pounds of grapes. Tho ciop can
safely bo put down at a hundred million of
pounds, which would then average V, pounds
to tho vine. To the number of trees and vines
given In the report from whioh we quote, fully
one-third to one-half mora may now safely be
added ns showing tbo actual number as well as
increase Bluce that date.
It is nioBt satisfactory to note the ohange of
sentiment manifested by the people throughout
our Slate iu regard to fruit culture, nud see
how energetically BOine of the longest headed
nudBhrewdtst luve taken hold in developing
it. When comparing tho fruit product of Cali
fornia with what is required for supplying the
demand of the Atlantic States alone, it mmt be
evident to the dalh st comprehension, thnt no
part of tbe world offers as favorable and broad
fields for intelligently diroctod industry. Iu
order that those of your readers who have
uover given this subject their attention, may
better appreciate its value; a few facts and fig
ures will be given, which cannot fail of con
vincing tbe most incredulous, that fruit grow
ing iu California is not, nor is it po-Biblo for
it ever to be "played out."
Iu the year 1874, ovor fifteen million dollars
iu gold was expended for dried fruits that came
from southern Europe." Every pound of which
could have been produced in our State. Fif
teen millions of California gold gone into the
pookets of foreigners to supply the wherewithal
for 'satisfying the appetites of a tew ot our
countrymen. Five millions more for freight
and charges, aud we find that if it had been re
tained at home and divided equally among our
fruit growers thero would have been $1,988 for
e.irh, or $0015 for every farmer in the State,
Running through tbe manifests we find the
item of ouo and a half million boxes raisins of
( 25 pouuds each, ) which, with those
In other form of paoksges, make over fifty mil
lions of pounds, which at eight oents per pound
is four $4,000,000 for dried grapes alone. To
this sum we can add another million of dollars
foriipe grape, shipped to the U. 8. in barrels,
kegs and boxes, which fruit is offered by deal
ers and venders at the street eorners, in all the
principal towns and cities in the Uuion.
I purposed in beginning this communication
to give the result of gleauings while among the
fruit dryers, buyers, producers and merchants
of the Eastern States, during an extended trip
a few months since, which will interest, and
perhaps benefit those engaged in fruit culture
!u this Btate. Having already exceeded the
limits you oan possibly grant an individual,
where so many with a hearing, I will reserve
for another occasion what I saw and learned
about several kinds of frolt dryers from those
who hsd, aud were operating them, gaining in
this way much valuable information that would
have required years of personal experience to
have acoulred. Uv oomnarlan their respective
coit of construction, operation, quality of pro-
ducU, etc, it was an easy matter w seieci.
a, o. rsiBsoM.
The Hair Worm, or Horse-Hair Snake.
A lady ftiend, who resides on Bnssian Hill,
has sent us a lively specimen ot that singular
species of animated nature, commonly known
as "the hair worm," or "horse-hair snake."
It came into the possession of our friend from
the faucet in her dwelling, connected with tbe
8pring Valley water works. She intimates that
it is just a little dangerous to indulge in aque
ous potations from the faucet in the dark. We
should think it was. In answer to herinquiries
as to its origin, and how it came all tho way
through tho pipes, we append the following:
Most of our readers are doubtless familiar
with the form and appearance of this singular
worm or snake, and many of us, when boys,
and some of us when full grown men and
women, were fully impressed with the belief
that a hair from a horse's tail, when left in a
pond or other still, warm water, would turn in
to one of these singular creatures. It has been
a popular belief that if incautiously handled, it
will bite the ends of the fingers and occasion
that peculiar sore or gathering called a whit
low. But the microscope shows that it has
neither jaws nor other instruments by which it
cin either bite or sting. Iudeed, it has not even
a mouth but obtains its sustenance by the
absorption of fluids through a membrane over
that part of its body where tbe raouth should be.'
Joseph Leidy, a well known Philadelphia pro
fessor, onco tried a series of exhaustive experi
ments to prove tbat this popular notion of its
origin could not be true. The microscope and
seientiflo investigation, however.have more fully
proven that this, like every other living crea
ture, springs from an egg in the first place.
Science informs us that this is not an insect,
but belongs to that class of puMsitio worms,
which live and thrive, for a certain length of
time in the intestines or substances of some
other body, like the tape worm iu the human
system aud the trichina; in the hog. Tbe name
of the genus to which this worm belongs is Oor
dius, aud there are quito a number of different
species. The most common species of this
genus, nnd that to which the one now before us
belongs, live in tbe bodies of grasshoppers,
crickets and various other insects; but when
nearly mature nnd full grown, they bore their
way out of their insect home, nnd take to the
water or moist earth, wbero after a few days
they lay their eggs, which are nlmost innumer
able. They are laid in long strings, which look
liko very tine, white Rewinc cotton. One of
these worms wns seen by Professor Leidy,
while be wns experimenting, to lay a string
ninety inches long! These eggs nro exceedingly
small to small that upwards of 1,200 of tbem
havo been counted in one forty-fifth of an inch
as thus laid in a string. This would give some
thing like six millions of eggs ns the product oT
tho single worm obseived by Prof. Leidy.
The eggs, exposed to tho warm summer
sun, hatch in about one month, nnd liberate
worms which have very little or r.o resemblance
t J their p irents. The Professor, durincr his
investigation, succeedtd in hatching several
eggs. Tney produced small tadnole-sbaped
creatures, with a spine and two circles of sharp
hooks six in a circle which could be pushed
in nnd down out from thu head. This forms n
kind of boring npp iratus, by which the tad
pole can ponotiate the bodies of such insects
as may approach them. Tbe Professor placed
some of the larva) of May Mies m tbe vessel in
which the eggswero hitched, and soon the
young tndpolo Oordu, were seen to bore their
way into tue larvro. ineywero also Beon to
penetrate the delicate membrano nt tho joints
or tue legs oi cricKeisanu grnssuoppers wnicn
were coufiued nnd placed iu the vessel. They
were carefully watched, and it was found that
thoy gradually ascended among the muscles
nnd other orgauB of the bodies, etronelv i
reminding cue of the similar but slower move
ments of tiichinroin the muscles of man nnd I
the hog. .
Ut course, their change from the tadpole
condition to the worm, takes place within the '
body of the insect in which they take up their
temporary homo, living and increasing by the !
nutritious fluids thero found until nearly or i
quite fully grown. That such is the ense'has
Uldll vav.Hl.I l.i' n .cnn.t t rm M , .1 , ?..,o II. nn
"flU 1 V,.l. V J . UJ.VJ. V . (V.U M4. . vuuo VI (III U,
who somo jears since wrote to the Michigin
firmer, us the result of his observations, that he
had discovered that the cricket resorts to tbe
water during tho month of August to rid itself
of its uuwelcome intruder. Mr. G., bad
beon led to believe that tho hair worms, which
were numerous in ft certain locality, issued
from the bodies of crickets, whioh were also
numerous in Iho 'same locality, nllhough he
was uuncqiuiuted with the manner in which
thoy found their way into the crickets.
One day, after he had been experimenting I
uy piuciug cricxeis in me water to oocun nair
worms from them, and had succeeded in secur
ing two specimens, ho noticed a oricket crawling
upinoside cl nis water pail. It jumped into i
the water, lay quiet for a moment, produced a .
hair worm seme six inches in length, and then
made its escape nimbly over the edge of ihe .
pail. About the same time he found a worm
soma seven inches long in a dead oilcket which j
ho found under a stone.
He further remarks that tbo hair worm will
livo n long time in moist earth. They are
sometimes nearly black and again of a greyish1
color, and present an almost exact resemblance,
ucii iiinguiueu, to u lamprey eei.
Prof. Loidy says thnt on ono occasion he ob
served immense numbers of hsir worms at a
locality on the shore of Lake Champlain so
numerous tbat they could be gathered up by
the handful all along the edge of tbe water. At
times large tangled bunches of them would be
seen writhing about. At the same time the
ground and weeds near by wire almost cov
ered with the large, black, common field crickets.
They undoubtedly leave the crioket at the pro
per time and place, moved by an instinct ot na
ture to enter the water In order to perpetuate
their species. SAtnXXfia Press.
Poison in IUuuoo. It has recently been dis
covered that the bamboo contaius a dangerous
poison, which the natives of Java extract from
tbe cane in the following manner: The cane is
cut at each joint, and iu the cavity is found a
oertain quantity of small, fibrous matter, of a
black color, which is covered w.th an almost
imperceptible coating of tissue, which contains
the poison. If swallowed the filaments do not
pass into the stomach, but remain in Ihe throat,
and produoa violent inflammation, and ulti
mately death. Experiments are to be made
with various kinds of bamboo to test the exist
ence and nature of this alleged polson.-Aafure.
Ons PoJTMiSTtB-QiNiBiL, It is said that
our Postmaster-General is not only a Jewell,
but a veritable diamond. He has certainly
struok corruption a smashing blow on the head
in his late promulgation against the contract
tings, who have been swindling ths govern
ment out ot hundreds of thousands of dollars
in the carrying of its malls.
A vkim of black lead has been found in the
Baton Mountain!, Colorado, and the owners
have refused $50,000 cash for it.
s. F- Mwt fEro,vr'
At Wholesale when not Otherwise Indicated.
DOMESTIC PRODUCE.
Baro
liatter..
Vem.
Put.,
3
13
Sm'l wh, opt .. 3 (fi
HKUUM IVKA.
Perl) S & 10
COTTOJf.
Cal.lTH "
l)AIBY PRODUCE.
BDTTEB.
Pt. chnlc a.... 9 .10
Klrkln 30,
Inferior H 8 ffi
clhee.e. Cl 16 W IT
EMtero IS g 20
JEGIM.
rl. fre.b 30
DacU' M 30
KAitteni s
Oregon
FKX.
Bran.rierioii.,.. II a IS
Corn Mm! 33 00 Ml U0
II.T 9 0015 00
Middling! ' iVi
uu cifce meal... &w w
Straw, V bile... 79 '0 811
FI.UVB.
Extra 4 a I 25
Superfine 4 00'rfi 4 a
FUKNII MELaTr
Baef latqnalltrBi. 8 biS'i
a i
t
6 W
s'.a
re
(4
I 45
150
I 170
I 1 w
I I 21
hecood do 6
Third do 5 it
Lamb
Mutton
Pork, undraased
do.dreiaed.,..
Veal
OBAIN, KT
Hariar. coast. . 1
do brewing 1 40
Buckwheat. .. 3 Oil
Corn. White... 1 65
do. Yellow.. 1 45
Oata. chilca... 1 7n
do common. .1 fiO (gi 1 TO
Rre I 20 M 1 25
Wheat, coast.. 1 41) (3 1 45
do BhiDDina-.l 45 iSl
do milling , 1 50 (3) 1 b'lii
California, 1814.. 319 40
Eait'rn. It ch'ce 50 55
MISCKI.I.ANi;OiIN.
Beeiwu.perln.. 25 & 2i'
unneyin comD.. if 19 z
do Strained.... lu g 12
Onioni 1 H fall 75
Pulu BVu) UOi
n uin-uuuniau.
WmmnDAT v., Feb. 21, 1875.
Sic. Hirer.. .....1 '0 (31 "5
3K Sallnaa 175 Ul 85
4 St Barbara
314 "sweai. perowt.. 3al 3
lft Toniales. 175 Ot 90
3M fOUl.TIlV A SINE.
Drniisre, email... uv u i w
do large 5 00 (5.6 00
Doves, perdozen (a 7
Ducks, tame. di.fi 00 (37 00
decs, per pilr 2 00 ml 50
uarv, r uui..., w m- ai
Hens per dl... .6 tO W 50
Litre i nrKe7s,aens
per v. ......
doEobblers
do dresed .... 16
Mallard Ducks.. 3 0
do small
Prairie Chickens! 50
uuatl.perdoz....
iUhMta 175
do ume doi 10
Roosters, i oung.
'arge 5 50
Snipe, Eng doll 25
vpnison,periD,.
Wild Oeese.gra3 50
do white I 50 'ml
PROVISION!.
Cal.Raci.n.L'ght 15 S)
ao Aieainm ...
do Hfivr
Oal.SraokedBeef
eastern do
asst'rnShould's
do new hams
Hams, Pal
do Whlttakers
do Duffield. th
do srmrur..,. la 16
do Bord'a....
do Stewart's. '&
t.ard Wis 16
SEEDS.
Alfalfa. Chill.. . 10 a 14
ao California. 16 (at 18
Unnarv 10 M 15
Uover Red 17
Alm'ds h'rd sh'l
desoft 21
Brazil do 14 15
Oal. Walnula.... ID 12'
O Peanuts per lb 8 'oi 9
Chile Walnuts . 9 Cd) 10
Cocoanuts, 1000.. 50 OObO 00
Hlt.ertJ 17 at 18
Pecanuts 1 (dt 17
POTATO KS.
Bodegl 1 75 'a 60
I'ullef Oove 1 81 & W
it. ju. nav
Humboldt 1 80
Mission
Pigeon IPt 1 80
a
SI 90
m
gl SO
Wi'a
14 (2
17
15
(3) 19
3SSS
WJ 00
IX
6 00
160
ri oo
wl no
65
m
do White
Cotton
Flaxseed
Hemp
Italian Rye
Kr. Blue Grass,
ao'M quant?.. 4U i&
do 3d quality.. 30 S
Millet 10 n
Mustard, white. IX
do. Hrown 134A
Perenniado.... 20 (i
Rune It 4a
Sweet V Grass.. 73
urcnarauo...
Ued Ton do..
Hungarian do
30
25
Lawn do 50 la) M
Meeauit do... 15 lot 20
Timothv S 10 11
FALL-
Defective 10 12
Fair irrade 14 i 15
Good to choice.. 18 ('it 20
Heavy iree in m is
Hides, dir lSjal
do wet salted 8Ki5
Tallow 6 (3
do Kenned... w
1!K
FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.
FRUIT jrAItKF.T.
Tahati.Or. 51 - la
Lonta,do 0,
Uot. do 15 50a,30 (K,
Limes, tl M.... 15 UOo.20 Oil
Cal.Lemons,?4 M15 OOq.25 00
Australian do . filo 0C
dobicih Vb'l.U 0ft u.11 10
Bananas, tinch 2 50 a 3 (0
O icoanuts.fUOOC.'O O03ll0 K)
Wednesday m., Feb, 24, 187S.
Pineapples, $4dz.7 00 (at 00
Apples, '0 box... 75 Ml 75
(Jherrlcs Ifit
Blackberries....
do wild
Huckleberries.. - tq)
Strawberrlearltn O
(looseberrles.... l
Raspberries ($
Currant at
do black
Apricots ftj
Plums - la,
Peacne-i. bskt , (s
do, "fboi (a)
do ext Mount-
tain tb O
Fears, Bart'l, bx I 00 (al 50
do Cooking ...1 00 Ml 23
Crab Apples
Nectarines tot
Wafrmel'sfllOl (of
MudkmTstliOO
Pomegran'sl00 a
Figs "... - $ -
Grapes.Bl'k H'g - (o
do Muscat.. 'a
do Malavo'e.. (nl
do Sweetw'r. w
ao Mission .... 1st
do Hose of Perot (g)
do Tokay vtt
do Moroaoo (a)
do St. Peter. .. m
JIKir.M Fit U IT.
pples. S s s fa 6'
''ears, V B 8 310
Peaches V tb...'.'. i) ia)h)
Apricots,.! tt I2,'jll5
Plums, Will B 3 s
Pitted an, W I. .... 15 !1S
do Kxtra. ib.. 15 13
Raisin, it 3 2 4'15
Black Flg, II St.... 5 6
White, do 8 812.'
Prune. 8 (413
doucrman 14 (dt
''itron 35 i 37f
Xinte Unrranta. 8 (at 9
Dates Wi'a
VEflETAHl.TCl.
Aspangus 50 75
tleets 20 (a 2 5
CaDDHge, V HKI Ib)..50 'at 75
Carrots, perton...,6 00(c$IO 00
Cauhtlower, doz 1 25f)l 50
Oelery, doz 40 (50
Uarlic. $ a lla.12
Green Peas ($
Green Corn $ doz,, &
Suin'rbnuash per ion 3&
MarroMat ba'ao.tn n15 00
Artlchokes.fi doz.. 751 23
String Beans, Yt .. ni-
Lima Beans dt
Parsnips 15 (20
Shell Beans 44
Peppers, green, box 3
Okra. Green a
Oucnmbers.box .... fcl
Tomatoes, box u
ngg Plant, box 'at
Khubarb Art
T-ettuco 25 14JO
turnips, ton 15 00
FIl U ITS, ETP., PBESKRVKD BY THE
ALDKa IMtlll l.SN
Apricots, pared, f na.. 35
uo unparea pmT... at
Peaches, do, ft fbt 15
do pared. l tt. 331-f
do do rltbt 30
Rirtte tPeargpared.lb 50
Pears, pared (sliced) nt 30
Pears, lo-tb boxes.fainily
use.extra 35
Currants, stemmed, fbt. 30
Royal AnnCberriea pit
ted. ( H., 75
KentiabCherries.pitted,
Hill 5.5
Apples paredtring) fct 16
do do (whole, ) tbt 16
Apples, 10-tb boxes fam
ily UBU.CAira. .,..,,,,,
Plums, pitted, fl Bit....
ao ao i id-
Rhubirb.tllbr 40
I'orn, n 30
Means, p idt .
m
Potatoes, ft tbt 14
13
40
10
75
in
dio
Sweet Potatoes. !h
OnloilK.W tbt
Ueet.fl Ibt
Tomatoes, ! tbt..
squash, tbt
Honev. Strained lloht...
Honey Dark 53 7
Honey Comb light I8M2
Honey Oinib Dirk ...I0$15
tin bulk. Mn caddies.
S. F. RETAIL MARKET RATES.
Wedkeidat M., Feb. 24, 1875.
POCE.TKY. 41AM E. I Choice D'meld. IS !u) 21
Spring Chickens SI 10 75 I PISH. MK.VT.S. KTCJ.
Hens.., 75 14 1 no .Flounder, tb.,..!! 15
- loaimoD, f. B..,.3U (gt
Eggs Cat 30
do Kdstero..., 30
do Ducks'
do Farallones.
Turkeys, HI D.. 20
Duoks, large, prr 75
40
25
SI 00
do suia t. Dr.. 37mr2 .Ml
Tame, do ...150 (s!2 00
Teal t pair 25 iVi
Geese.wdd, pair. 75 00
Tame ir pair. .3 50 I 00
Snipe, doi ...J 01 &2 ;0
do English,. 110 3 00
Quail, prr dozenl 75 (1 00
Prairie Ch'k'a,ea --
Pigeons, per pr.. 50 o 75
Wild, doa...... ffllOO
Squabs, doz... 4 00 &4 VI
Hares, eacb ... 25 ko 50
Rabbits, tarns, ea 50 S 73
Wild.do.Vdl.100
Squirrels ea 10 m 15
Beet, und.V . - & 15
Corned, w & B V
Smoked. Si . 10 ft 15
Porterllou.eSt k 25
Sirloin do 15 '5 li
Round do 6 M 10
Pork, rib, at. a 15
Chops, do, 15 (A 20
Veal, V - ..... li'O 13
Cutlet, do 15 23
SIutton-chopa.ft 15. &C
UfMnlton,)) Si tt 25
Lamb. Vft lo a 34
Venison 13 5 20
Tonfuas.beef. .. B) 1 75
ao, ao.smoKea ,o miw
ta
ninokea xc
Pickled. t D.. 5 M
do Spr'gp'kt'd a
Salmon bellle. 14 1H1
Rock Cod. lb . 12Wi
Cod Fish, dry, lb a
ao rn'SH uu
Perca. swater,Ib
.- iv.ii w.r,uj
T01
Hi.
Uama.Cal.
Hama.Croa' so US
Toniuea. Dig. b lit a
Bacon. UaI.,W ft 18 a 20
i, B, IB M 15
10
10
13
75 a
- 5
Lake Big. Trout A 21
Smelts.large'SlIb vo 15
mau ameits....
Herring, Sm'kd,
do fresh
Pilchards. W lb..
Tomcod. V St.... 10 a 15
Terrapin, j doz. 3 00 as 00
Aiacaerei. p R,ea liHVi
Frestr, do b,,, $
Sea Bass, V St., , - a
Halibut. Gl 79
Sturgeon. W ft.. 5 tie a
Oysters, 100... 1 00 a
Ohesp. ? dot.. SO a 75
Clams V 100.,.,, si 50
lala i4)a S
Turbo t - idt 71
0b dox....l u0 el 25
ao doh odiu, u II j
Shrimp 10 S
Sirdinai ID d -
Ancbofiei ,, 10
lei 37S
VToudiE 8ftlmonH
Salmon Trout el 00
Skftt,0AQh 25
VMllUbAit., tt .
Orwflh "t lb,,,
urcen runio,,,
JoB
12
ai 50
mi ov
200
10 a u
- 8 -
rKUaTa. VECIKTABI.ES. ETC
Lady Apples Vlb
Apples, pr lb....
Pears, per Ib
ADrtoou,ft
Peaches, ft
Plums...
PlnaApples-eacb
Crab Apples....
Grapes
Bananaa-Vdoa..
Maskmetona.,,,
Watermelons., .
blackberries....
do wild
Cai. Walnota..
Green Almonds.
Craaber'ea, Or..g
do Kaatera
Ituokleberrics..
titrewbemee. ft
CtuUStn'txrriM
Kaapbernee. ft,,
GooMberriM' ..
Cherries. V V.,
Neetartnee
Oraa4rea.V do,
guinea... ,
MBBoaia.....
Lim,perda.,
rict-driedCai.,
rifS, treaku....
riga. Seajrne, k
AiiJeboiiee. doa.
do JerawalesB..
BaW.fdoa.
PoUAoaa, Vft...,
PaAaaoee. tweet..
HreteoU. sacsu
Oaalltewer. . ..
OrsenPeaayft.
UH 20
b is) 10
US 313
1
73 Ml 00
50
"3
HAM
- a 7
a
73 jalM
tl 4 33
a
3 ilM
It
i
3
s t
M si 3
It M 1
i II
Cabbage, per hd.. 10 a
Oyster Pfnt.bn 6iaT 10
Oarrota, V doa... i it
CeleryTVda..... tl 3 II
Uuoumbere. del. -
limatoes, Vft a
String Beans..,. a -
Kgg Plant, ft.... (3
Oreaa. V dot ban 20 3 35
Onions 3 w 3
Turnips. doi
Duacnee 30 fts 15
Brussels SprouU s M II
Eschalot U t)
Dried Harba.dol 30 S 17
OarlloW .,. JO a 23
Oreen Com. doa.
ultc,isaoa., m an i
saint, ft nuDcn, a I
Mushrooms. ft It a M
Hone radiab, 11 3 II
Okra. dried, V ao 3 30
ao iretn. p m u
Pamnklna.lt k. 1W3 1
Pinaipa,ilsi., to 4 a
Partlty 2U 9 13
Pieklea.frth.1la) 8
Radiahae, dea.. MAM
Sag 9 34
DBaaaaar Hauaa M
ttarrswut. at' J m t
UBbbanl. do S
UrautateaBa-fr'sh 9
do (reah shelled -- d
do drr aaelled II at II
Batter Betas... I J
nvtaaga, bakt. 13 S
Hiabaib-. ...... - I 3
Greta Chines.. - 8
oo pry. ...... as u
Eaat Chaatanla.. A 11
lul. Cheeuata. It 3 N
DEWEY & CO.
American & Foreign Patent Agents,
OFFICE, KM SANSOME 8TBEET, S. F.
PATENTS obtain'ed promctly; Caveats filed
expeditiously; Patent reissues taken ont;
Assignments made and recorded in legal
form; Copies ot Patents and Assignments:
procured; Examinations of Patents made
here and at Washington; Examinations made
of Assignments recorded in Washington;
Examinations ordered and reported by Tele
graph; Rejected cases taken up and Patents
obtained; Interferences Prosecuted; Opinions
rendered regarding the validity of Patents
and Assignments; every legitimate branch of
Patent Agency Business promptly and
thoroughly conducted.
Our intimate knowledge of the various in
ventions of this coast, and long practice in
patent business, enable ns to abundantly
satisfy our patrons; and our success and
business are constantly increasing.
The shrewdest and most experienced Inventors
are found among our most steadfast friends
and patrons, who fully appreciate our advan
tages in bringing valuable inventions to the
notice of the public through the columns of
our widely circulated, first-class journals
thereby facilitating their introduction, sale
and popularity.
Foreign Patents.
In addition to American Patents, we secures
with the assistance of co-operative agents,
claims in all foreign countries which grant
Patents, including Great Britain, France,
Belgium, Prussia, Austria, Victoria, Peru,
Bussia, Spain, British India, Saxony, British
Columbia, Canada, Norway, Sweden, Mexico,
Victoria, Brazil, Bavaria, Holland, Den
mark, Italy, Portugal, Cuba, Boman States,
Wurtemberg, New Zealand, New South
Wales, Queensland, Tasmania, Brazil, New
Grenada, Chile, Argentine Republic AND
EVEBY COUNTRY IN THE WORLD
where Patents aro obtainable.
No models are required in European coun
tries, but the drawings and specifications
should be prepared with thoroughness, by
able persons who are familiar with the re
quirements and changes of foreign patent
laws agents who are reliable and perma
nently established.
Our schedule prices for obtaining foreign pat
ents, in all cases, will always be as low, and
in some instances lower, than those of any
other responsible agency.
We am and do get foreign patents for inventors
in the Pacific States from two to six months
(according to the location of the country
sooner than any other agents.
Home Counsel.
Our long experience in obtaining patents for
Inventors on this Coast has familiarized us
with the character of most of the inventions
already patented; hence we are frequently
able to save our patrons the cost of a fruitless
application by pointing them to the same
thing already covered ly a patent. We are
always free to advise applicants of any
knowledge we have of previous applications
which will interfere with their obtaining a
patent.
We invito the acquaintance of all parties con
nected with inventions and patent right busi
ness, believing that the mutual conference of
legitimate business and professional men is
mutual gain. Parties in doubt in regard to
their rights as assignees of patents, or pur
chasers of patented articles, can often receive
advice of importance to them from a short
cnll at our office.
Remittances of, money, made by individual in
ventors to the Government, sometimes mis
carry, and it has repeatedly happened that
applicants have not only lost their money
but their inventions also, from this cause and
consequent delay. We hold ourselves re
sponsible for all fees entrusted to our agency.
The principal portion of the patent business of
this coast has been done, and is still being
done, through our agency. We are familiar
with, and have full records, of all former
cases, and can more directly judge of the
value and patentability of inventions discov
ered here than any other agents.
Situated so remote from the seat of government,
delays are even more dangerous to the invent
ors of the Pacifio Coast than to applicants in
the Eastern States. Valuable patents may be
lost by the extra time consumed in transmit
ting specifications from Eastern agencies back
to this coast for the signature of the inventor.
Confidential.
We take great pains to preserve secrecy in all
confidential matters, and applicants for pat
ents can rest assured that their communi
cations and business transactions will be held
strictly confidential by us. Circulars free.
Engravings.
We have superior artists in our own office, and
all facilities for producing fine 'and satisfac
tory illustrations of inventions and machinery,
for newspaper, book, circular and other
printed illustrations, and are always ready to
assist patrons in bringing their valuable dis
coveries into practical and profitable use.
DEWEY & CO.,
United States and Foreign Patent Agents, pub
lishers Mining and Scientific Press and the
Pacifio Rural Press, 221 Sansome St., S. F.
The Mining & Soientifio Press
Started In 1SS0, It one ot tbs oldest weekly Journal! now
published In San Francisco. It hit been conducted
by its present proprietor for ten vein, daring which
period It his been repeatedly enlarged and contUntlr
improved. Tbe active and tteadf ut efforts of IU pub.
llabera hare gained for itt conduct an amount of practi
cal experience greater than anr other pnbliahen hare
accumulated on tela coatt, of a weekly Journal.
The turn paid by ut for the beat editorial talent ob
tainable for our special claaa Journal; for engravlngi,
lor Interesting newt tad correspondence, and for print
ing a large-tUod, handsome theet. It unequalled by that
of any other American weekly wett of the Uitaiwlppl.
At a Piucuou. aiuraia Jocbxai, It hat no rival on
this Continent,
It it the only If axaixxciL, and the only Scxcarrsno
Journal ot the Paclno state.
lUner, Aaaayert, aflllmia. and Metallurgist In the
United State thould take It.
Pacifio Ooaat Mechanic. Engineer, Inventor. Manu
facturer, Froleaalonal Men, and Progreatlve and
Industrial student thould patronlia lu column of
treeh and valuable Information.
Mining Engineer, Sunuiatendent, Mttallurgttt, Mine
Owners and Mine Worker throughout the world
thould profit by IU Uluttratlon and detcripUoni
of Mew Machinery, Procetaei, Dlacoverie and
Record ot Mining Event.
Intelligent thinker throughout the land, la high or
bumble altuatlon, who would avoid literary treeh
for genuine Information, ahould 8UBSCBIBS AT
DEWEY CO.,
No. lit Seneoma street, 8. F
Erery Meohanio
Should hire a copy of Brown'
607 XBOKaVMZOAZ. KOVWOOfM,
niuttraUJ tad deecribsd.
Inventors, modal maker and anettar mechanic
and ttudenta, will and the work valuable far beyood
IU coat. FublUbed by Piwst k Co., Patent Agent
tad publltaert of the Mining and Scientific Pre.
Frio, poet paid, tl-
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