Willamette farmer., March 26, 1875, Page 3, Image 3

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Domestic EcoNopy.
Tomatoes for Supper.
Few people know how to prepare uncooked
tomatoes Id the way adopted in my family, and
incomparatively better thaa any mode 1 have
ever tasted. By this mode they are very de
sirable (or tapper or breakfast. For a family
of half a dozen persons take six egg, boil fonr
of them hard, dissolve the yolks with vinegar
sufficient, add about three teaspoons of mus
tard, and maBh as soon as possible; then add
the two remaining eggs (raw), yolk and white,
stir well; then add salad oil, to make altogether
sauce sufficient to cover the tomatoes Tell: and
plenty of salt and cayenne pepper, and beat
thoroughly till it frosts. Skin and cut the to
matoes a tnll fourth of an inch thick, and pour
ma sauce over, and you nave a dish at for a
president. Though a little troublesome to pre
pare, yet if once eatenby people who are blessed
with palates to enjoy good things, they will be
pronounced to be far superior to any other
moae oi preparation, ior dinner they are Dest
stewed, but they should always be strained be
fore sending to the table. Cor. Germantoum
Telegraph.
To Boil a Ham. Take a ham weighing about
eight or ten pounds, soak it for twelve or
twenty-four hours in cold water, then cover it
with boiling water, add one pint of vinegar,
two or three bay leaves, a little bunch cf thyme
and parsley (the dried and sifted will do, or
even the seeds of parsley may be used if the
fresh cannot be procured); boil very slowly two
hours and a half, take it out, skim it, remove
all the flat, except a layer about half an inch
thick; cut off with a sharp knife all tha black
looking outside, put the ham into your dripping
pan, fat side uppermost, grate bread crust over
it and sprinkle a teaspoonful of powdered sugar
over it; put it in the oven for half anhour, until
it is a beautiful brown.
Eat cold; cut the nicest portion in slices; the
ragged and little odds and end can be chopped
flue and used for sandwiches; or, by adding
three eggs to one pint of the chopped ham and
frying brown you have a delicious omelet for
breakfast or lunch. Tbe bone should be put
into the soup kettle. The rind and fat should
be rendered and strained for frying potatoes or
crullers. A ham prepared in this way will go
-twice as far as when cooked and carved in the
ordinary manner, besides the conviction it gives
ithe housekeeper of being economical, and at
the same time placing neat and palatable dishes
before her family.
An excellent breakfast dish can be made from
the remains of a ham. Take about a ppund
and a half of the ham, both fat and lean, pat
it into the mortar and pound it. Boil two large
slices of bread in a pint of milk, add thie
boiled and mashed potatoes and one egg. Mil
it with the ham, beat up well and bale it a rich
brown.
Good Tabts. Pare and core about a dozen
slice apples, put them into a saucepan to stew,
adding a little water; stir them frequently, and
when they are cooked to a pulp, add a pound
of currant3 and enough sugar for sweetening
nicely. To this add a teacup of rich cream,
flavored with vanilla. Line a deep tart dish
with puff paste, pour into it the apples and
cream, and cover it with auother piece of paste
of the same thickness and size, and press tbe
edges closely together. Place in the oven and
bake to a rich brown. Serve with vine sauce.
Potato Chops. Boil and mash some nice
mealy potatoes then, with one or two well
beaten eggs, make them into a paste, work it
well, dust it over with flour and roll out. Take
some nice thin neck of mutton or lamb chops,
carefully trim off the fat, pepper and salt them
on botb sides, cut the paste into shape,
cover over like a puff, pinch tbe edges
and fry of u light brown; thev look better if
About an inch of the bone is left visible.
Iciso that will not Biieak. Take one
pound of pulverized sugar and tbe whites of
three fresh eggs, well beaten. Mix them well
together, and flavor with the juice of one lemon
or add a teaspoonful of Btrong cider vinegar.
Pulverize one teaspoonful of wheat or corn
starch and add to it. Flour the top of the cake
as soon as it is taken from the oven, and put
on the icing with a large bladed steel knife into
warm water, and then smooth the frostiDg
with it.
Suoabed Pop-cons. One cup of white sugar,
half a cup of water, boil till it taffus, and
sprinkle in tbe pop-corn as much as the pan
-will hold. If nicely popped this will sugar two
quarts of corn. Stir well, so that it does not
stick together. The grains ought to be sepa
rated. Raised Waffles. One pint of sweet milk,
one teacupful of butter, three egg?, a teaspoon
ful of thick brewers' yeast, one quart of flour,
and another cup of milk, in which dissolve a
teaspoonful of soda. Let it all rise until light,
and then bake like other waffles. Serve wit
batter and sugar or maple syrup.
Taste of Pine. A pine curbing to a well or
spring which has but a small discharge where it
comes in contact with the water, often causes it
taste of the wood. If boards so used are soaked
in milk of lime, or a solution of potash and
soda before being put into the well, there will
be no trouble.
Qood HeV-TH-
Diphtheria Symptoms. Treatment and
Prevention.
The following information, from a no less
authoritative source than the Report of the
Sanitary Committee of New York, and which
embodies deductions from the investigations of
tbe latest and most competent medical author
ties, ought to be generally diffused:
Mode of atUok. Diphtheria is caused by the
inoculation of the air-passages with tbe diphthe
ritic poison, which from this point infests the
whole system; the local inflammation is at
tended with tbe formation of membrane (exu
dation); the fever and general symptoms are
the result of Ibis local infection.
How it Spreads. Diphtheria is therefore a
contagious dUeaae (not, perhaps, as marked
as scarlet fever), induced by contact with ob
jects infected. It may be diffaeed by the ex
halations of the tick and the air surrounding
them; or directly by tbe exudation, as in tbe
act of kissing, coughing, spitting, sneezing; or
by the infecud article! used, as towels, nap
kins, handkerchiefs, eto. The poison clings
with great tenacity to certain placet, rooms,
house, where it may occasion case after the
lapse of raontba.
Symptoms. In ordimry attacks the poison
begins to act the moment it lodges upon the
tissues; bat, like a vaccination, at first causes
bat sliaht sensible effects. In from two to five
days there U marked prostration, dryness of
throat, and pricking pain in swallowing; the
throat becomes red, and patches of white exu
dation appear, and tbe glands of the neck swell
In mild cases these symptoms subside on the
third or fourth day from the appearance; if
more severe, these nvmntnma mw h n-nlnnoais'
if unfavorable, the fever increases, the local
inflammation spreads, and exhaustion rapidly
follows.
Predisposing Conditions.
The Person. Diphtheria attacks by prefer
ence children between the ages of one and ten
years, the greatest mortality being in the
second, third and fourth years; children of
iceuia uuiiBuiuuons, ana inose weaKenea Dy
previous sickness, and those suffering from
catarrh, croup, and other throat affections.
Social Relations. All classes are liabla to
diphtheria where it is prevailing, but those snf-
ter most severely who live on low, wet grounds;
in houses with imperfect drains, or surround
ed by offensive matters, as privies, decaying
animal or vegetable reiuse; in damp rooms, as
cellars; in overcrowded and unventilated apart
ments. Seasons. Diphtheria is not affected by either
heat or cold, drought or rain.
Precautions The Dwelling or Apartment.
Cleanliness in and around the dwelling, and
pure air in living and sleeping rooms, are of the
utmost importance wherever any contagious
disease is prevailing, as clean'iness tends both
to prevent and mitigate it. Every kind and
source of filth in and through the house should
be thoroughly removed; cellars and foul areas
should be cleaned and disinfected; drains
should be pat in thorough repair; dirty walls
and ceiling should be lime-washed, and every
occupied room should be thoroughly ventilated
Apartments which h tve been occupied by per
sons sick with diphtheria should be cleansed
with disinfectants, celling) lime-washed and
wood-work painted; the carpets, bed-clotbes,
upholstered furniture, etc, exposed many days
to fresh air and the sunlight (nil articles which
may be boiled or subjected to high degrees of
hat should be thus disinfected). Such rooms
should be exposed to carrents of fresh air for
at least one week before reoccupation.
Well Children. While diphtheria is prevail
ins, no child should be allowed to kiss strance
children nor those suffering from sore throat
(.tne disgusting custom of compelling children
to kis every visitor is a well contrived method
of propagating other grave diseases than diph
theria), nor should it sleep with, or be confined
to rooms occupied by, or 410 articles, as toys
taken in the month, haudkercbiefs, etc., be
longing to children having sore throat, croup,
or catarrh. If the weather is cold the child
should be warmly clothed with flannels.
When Diphtheria is in the House or in the
Family The well children should be scrupu
lously kept apart from the sick, in drv. well-
aired rooms, and every possible source of infec
tion, through the air, by personal contact with
the sick, and by articles used about them or in
their rooms, should be rigidly guarded. Every
attack of sore throat, croup and catarrh, should
be at on-e attended to. The feeble should have
invigorating food and treatment.
Sick Children, The pick should be rigidly
isolated in well-aired (the air being entirely
changed at least hourly) unligbted rooms, tbe
outflow of air being as far as possible through
the external windows by depressing the upper
and elevatine the lower sash, or a chimny
heated by fire in an open fire-place. All dis
charges from the mouth and nose should be
received into vessels containing disinfectants,
or upon cloths which are immediately burned.
wnue scarlatina, small-pox and enteric lever
are scourging numerous cities in England,
diphtheria is now prevailing in nbiut half the
ciiies with which this bureau holds correspond
ence in the united states, and it is more fatal
in numerous interior towns and cities thau it is
in this city, where its increase seems to be
stajed.
A Layer of Hydrogen Above Our Atmos
phere.
In a paper read before the Manchester Liter
ary and Philosophical Society, Henry H.
Howorth observes: "It is clear that if under
certain conditions hydrogen be an exception to
the general law of tho diffusion of gases, and
follows rather the more general law of gravita
tion, it will exist in a stratum above the atmos
phere and beyond the reach of direct observa
tion, in ms experiment upon tne oc:ineion
of gases, Mr. Graham examined several aero
lites and found that under tbe air pump, they
parted with a very lirge quantity of occluded
hydrogen. If. as is prob tble, the gas was oe
eluded by the aerolites when at a red heat, and
this red heat was coincident with their passage
through the layer of tbe upper atmosphere in
which the phenomena of the shooting stars
and of the aurora occurs, it seems more than
probable that this stratum is a layer of lndro-
gn. This is confirmed by what we know of
tbe spectrum of certain auroras, which resem
bles those of the zodiacal light and the solar
corona. The spectrum of the corona has been
the most attentively studied, and Janssen, per.
! haps the greatest authority on it, speaks most
continently about Its distinguishing feature be-
in? tbe hydrogen lines, while a special line
which characterizes both its spectrum and that
of aurora, and which is different to that of any
to.MDtial Gntialanno la onnaAe.rtiA hv "Pntltur
' flAnMii tf Via nn nlinni-mfll livilrnfrn Tinn Tir
Dalton long ago argued, as Mr. Baxeudell has
reminded Mr. Howorth. tbat tbe peculiar fea-
I tures of the aurora rould best be explained by
the hypothecation ol a stratum ol some pecu
J liar gas above tbe atmosphere. A gas of n 'fer
ruginous nature is the expression ot ur, uaiton.
Now, hydrogen, in the higher chemistry, is not
only classed among the metals, but Faraday
and others have shown that in its relation to
magnetism it is nearly allied to iron. So that
a stratum of hydrogen above the air would
seem to exactly answer Dr. Dalton's postulate.
If it should exist tbe earth would resemble the
sun in one remarkable feature; for we now
know 'that the sun is girded with an immense
layer of hydrogen. Lastly, be would add tbat
tbe heterogeneous texture of the great nebula
in Orion seems to argue tbat the law of tbe
equal diffusion of gases does not prevail here.
Youno Men, look well to th end. Before
beginning, look well to tbe end to which this
beginning is likely to lead, and, when once
begun, have a care until the etd has been
reached. Let not intermediate successes en
gender a carelessness which will cause tbe final
accomplishment of the whole design to slip
through your fingers.
How often one finds in life that an idea
which one may have met in youih, made visi
ble in words, bat also veiled in tbem, which in
this shape bas haunted one with a vague tense
of something divine, bat dim and inscrutable,
becomes, at tbe call of conscience or when real
events give it iti fit body, the open aspect of a
messenger from heaven, and the familiar triend
of all one's after days.
Have tbe courage to give occasionally tha
which you can ill afford to spars. Giving what
you do not want nor value neither bring nor
deserves thanks in return. Who is grateful for
a drink of water from another's overflowing
well, however delicious the draught? Have
tbe courage to wear your old garments till you
can pay for new ones.
WILLAMETTE FARMER
PodLTHY Yawo
Fattening Fowls.
The following from the Journal of Chemistry,
gives tbe quickest known method of fatttuiug
fowls. Whether fowls fa'tened in this manner
would be as wholesome food as if fattened in
the ordinary manner, is left for our readers to
determine. It is hopeless to attempt to fatten
chickens when they are at liberty. They must
be put op in a proper coop. And this, like (he
other appurtenances, need not be expensive.
To fatten twelve fowls a coop may be 3 feet
long, 18 inches high and 18 inches dep, made
entirely of bars. No part solid neither top,
sides nor bottom. Discretion must be used
according to the size of the chickens put up.
They do not want any room; indeed, the closer
they are the better, provided they can all stand
up at the same time. Care must be taken to
put up such as have been accustomed to be to
gether, or they will fight. If one is quarrelsome
it is better to remove it at once, as like other
bad examples it soon finds imitators. Diseased
ohiokens should never be pat up. The food
should be ground oats, and may be put up in a
trough or on a flat board running along the
front of tbe ooop. It may be mixed with water
and milk, the Utter is better. It should be well
soaked, forming a palp as loose as can be, pro
vided it does not run off the boaru. They
must be well fed three or four times a day, the
first time as soon after daylight as possible or
convenient, and then at intervals of four hoars.
Each meal should be as much as tbey can eat
up clean, and no more. When they have done
feeding the board should be wiped" and some
gravel spread. It causes them to feed and
thrive. Afier a fortnight of this treatment you
will hao good fat fowls. If, however, there
are but five or six to be fatted tbey must not
have as much room as though there were a
dozen. Nothing is easier than to allow them
the proper Bpaoe, as it is only necessary to have
two or three pieceB of wood to pass between
tbe bars and form a partition. This may also
serve when fowls are up at different degrees of
fa'ness. ThUmay also serve when fowls are
up at different degrees of fatness. Tliis requires
attention for fowls will not keep fat and healthy.
As soon as the fowl is sufficiently fitted it miiBt
be killed; otherwise it will not get fatter, but
will lose flesh. If fowls are intended for the
market, of course they are, or may be fatted at
once; but, if for home consumption, it is better
to pat tbem up at such intervals as will suit the
time when they will be required for the table.
When the time urrives for killing, whether they
are meant for market or otherwise, tbey should
be fasted without food or water for twelve or
fifteen hours. This enables tbem to keep for
some time after being killed, even in hot
weather.
Scurfy Legs in Fowls.
A correspondent of the Field writes: "One of
my hens, an old golden-spangled Hamburg, is
much disfigured by excrescences on the legs
and feet. She looks as if she had been treading
in dough, and as if the dough bad hardened. I
examined her minutely to-day and rubbed off
some ot the scurty matter, it was removed
without much difficulty, but the part beneath
was quite raw. Curiously enough, what look
like small toes are growing on her feet, and
quite a long spur has been developed at the
baok of one leg. Another hen, a young silver
spangled, shows symptjms of the same disease,
and her spurs have grown considerably. The
hens show no signs of uneasiness. Sever 1 of
my pisseons have died lately. They mope,
gradually grow weaker, and weaker, and at
last are quite unable to fly. They linger, some
for three days, some longer; but none have yet
recovered. I cannot account for the mortality
among them. Perhaps you will enlighton me
with respect to bjth fowls and pigeons, and
suggest some remedy." To which the editor
replies: "Tbe scurfy matter on tbe lees of the
ben is very common in Cochins and Brahmas.
It bas been examined microscopically with
great care by Dr. Moxon and Mr. Tegetmeir,
and it has been ascertained that it depends on
the presence of a minute ecaruB nllied to the
itch insect in the human subject. The remedy
is to soak the legs in warm water, eo as to re
move the scurf without injary, and then apply
sulphur ointment, or the ointment of greeu
iodide of mercury may be dtd, as it is very
destructive to acari, and is a sptoiflo in mange
in dogs. With regard to the pigeons they are
probably bred from weakly parents or are too
closely interbred."
A Nickel Mine in California.
We have lately referred to new discoveries of
copper and chrome iron in our neighborhood
and havo endeavored to show up the ninny ad
vantages to our ci'izens to be derived from tbe
working of these newly found deposits, and the
sure influx of a large immigration to our county
as a necessary sequence to the developing and
working of our mines, of whatever kind they
may be. The latest new discovery is that of
nickel. Mr. Fiuley, who lias been prospecting
for the last few years, while in the neighbor
hood of Pihn Flat a few days since, discovered
an immense ledge of this metal, which may be
added to the many mineral productions of our
section of country. The value and usefulne-s
of this metal cannot be overestimated. Its
uses are various, principal among which is the
manufacture of our new Amerioan cent coin,
of which twelve parts in one hundred are nickel
and eighty pans copper. Aside from ttis
newly found ledge in our neighborhood, we
believe there are but two other mines in the
United States where it can be obtained; one is
in the State of Connecticnt and tbe other at
Lancaster, Pennsylvania; the latter being tho
mine which supplies tbe nickel for our new
one-cent coin. It is also used for making need
les for the compass, having the advantage
over iron, inasmuch as it does not rust, This
metal would be more generally used in the va
rious arts, judging from its adaptability for
manypurpoaes, if itwere more generally known,
and if larger quantities of it could be procured.
Other metals, such as iron, lead, cobalt, cop
per, together with sulphur, are usually found
in small nnantities where this metal is pro
cured. Ores of a similar character have also
been discovered in North Carolina, but as yet
no great development of tbe ledges have been
made. Missouri also claims to have some dis
coveries of this ore, but the proof of its exis
tence is vet wanting. We have most unbound,
ed faith in tbe recent discovtry of nickel in our
vicinity, and, like onr copper and chrome iron
mines, it only needs a little capital iu conjunc
tion with labor to unetutb and bring to light
another source of great wealth to our State,
This discovery is situated about two miles from
Pine Flat, and near tbe Occident, Brother Jon
athan and Woodpecker quicksilver claims.
The astay of tbe latter shows the presence of
copper, and as (his Is usually found in con
junction with nickel, and as all three of these
claims are in close proximity to tbe recent dis
covery, we see no reason why we should not in
fer tbat the region iu which these claims are
situated should not contain nickel in large
quantities. Nothing is now wanting bat capi
tal to develop .CaiWooa Prtu, Feb. 13.
A pafes has this advertisement: "Two
slaters want washing." We frsr tbat millions
of brothers are in the same piedicament.
Shall the Productions of the Soil be
Patented.
The press especially the agricultural por
tion of it have given some space of late to the
discus'ion of the merits of a bill now before
Congress, which, in its design and provisions
make tbe productions of the soil patentable
The bill provides that every resident of any
State or Territory of the United States, 'who
has been or shall be tho originator ot or discov
erer of any new and valuable fruit or plant,
being a new varltty of any grain, vegetable,
vine, herb, root, tref, wood, plant, shrab or
flower, or tbe seeds, roots, scions, bulbs,
o rs, ores or cuttings thereof, and wbich shall
not have been sold or publicly offered for sale,
shall have the sole right and liberty of growing,
propagating and selling such plant for the term
of seventeen years.
Those who are, or profess to be, especially
concerned, for the rights of the agriculturist and
horticulturist, declare that they cannot see why
n man who produces an Improvement iu these
departments should not posess the same right
in them that are granted to 'mechanics and
others. But, putting in this claim, is, to say the
least, hardly oportune at the present time, when
farmers are making a special effort to restriot
patents, if not to ignore them altogether. But
we do not really believe that the classes for
whose interests this bill is supposed to provide
desire its passage. In the first place, they
would not derive any direct benefit from such
patents, for such improvements do not origin
ate with these classes. It is to the enthusiasts
in these matters, isolated individuals, retired bat
ardent worshipers at the shrines of agricul
ture and horticulture, mat we trace tne improve
ments in fruits, grains, flowers, etc. Tho ama
teurs who were dependent upon commerce and
the trades and professions, or who were inde
pendent of all these callings, have produced
most of onr improved varieties of grain, fruits,
Uowers, eto.
The originator of the celebrated Goodrich
potato, was Dr. Goodrich, physician to the N.
Y. State Lunatio Asylum. The grounds of the
asylum afforded a good field for his experiment
al cperations, and ne found recreation from his
arduous professional labors in the efforts which
resulted in this celebrated seedling, which has
been as widely known as any potato that has
over been produced.
we could mention many cases of a similar
ch trader, but will merely refer the reader to
tho brief sketches of new varieties of grain,
v getables, fruits and flowers, which, in a large
proportion of cases that inform us tbey were or.
iginated. by Borne physician, clergym in, or re
tired merchant or capitalist.
So if there is any royalty to be paid for those
improvements it will come out of the pockets
of the farmers instead of going into them; and
there is a probability tbat a monopoly will (has
bo built up, more obnoxious to the agricultural
clnB'es than any now cxis'.ing. The producer
and the consumer will alike be taxed to sustain
a new and powerful order of middlemen. It
is safe to predict that it will be new in every
respect; for if money is to be the incontive to
experiments in this field of invention, wo may
expect to see the euthusiastio, unselfish men to
whom we have hitherto been indebted, slacken
their labors, and their places supplied by an
entirely different class 6f men. Tbey have
not, as n general thing, sought peouniary re
ward; as a class they have boeu remarkable for
their modesty and disinterestedness. Still they
have not, by any mtaus, lived lives of self sac
rifice. The man who is, through a long course
of years, employing his leisure hours in per
fecting some seedling, grain, fruit or flower, is
no more an object of commiseration or reward
than is tho trout fisher on the bank of some
favorite stream. In mechanical inventions and
scientific research groat sacrifices of time and
money are generally made before anything sub
stantial is gained; but nothing of the kind is
required in securing suah improvements as this
bill would make pateutable.
Even though justice and the interests of ag
riculture and boiticulture required the proposed
proteoiion by patents, is it piacticable? If a
Iarni6r buys at a high figure a potato or an ear of
corn ot some new auu expensive variety, will
he not dispose of the incroase from these as he
Hunks proper (Jan he dictate to the purchaser
thereof whether be shall eat all tho potatoos, or
plant a portion of thorn, nod tho came with tbo
corn? And tbe surplus scions und runnel s
wbich we remove from off our trees and vinos;
shall we be allowed to give tbom to friends and
neighbors? It will be r ither haid if we are do
niod thisprivilego; but without this restriction
a patent on fruit would be of little avail; for a
very largo portion of the increase (f choice
fruit is brought about in this way; and the same
rule applies largely to plain agricultural pro
ducts. These patents are, it seems, to be good
for seventeen years; but wo apprehend it would
require a larger increase of office holders to
manage this thing seventeen mouths, even,
than tbe country would submit to.
We have as jet heard nothing said in con
nection with live stock; but the sacrifices are
greater in producing a clearly defined, valuable
breed of cattle and lion-en, sheep or fowls, than
any of the products referred to above; while
the benefits which tbe country receives from
tbe frmer ure quite as tangible and perma
nent, and common justice would grant the
stock breeders a patent as readily us it would
to the originator of a variety of grain or fruit.
But in tracing out the proprietary rights of tbe
cattle or poultry breeder, what a fearfully be
wildering sories of cases of mistaken identity
present themselves to tbo imagination 1
Is tbero not reason to tear that if tho im
provemouts referrred to were produced under a
system of patents, there would be more spuri
ous, worthless articles palmed off on the com
munity than under the pfeseut svetem of hon
erary rewards, or with no reward at nil, but
tbat which the true enthusiast receives from
the gratification cf bis earnest desire for Im
provement? I'acllic Hural l'reat.
Aluminium jok Enoinkebino Instddments.
Mr. S. B. Clevenger recommends the use of
aluminium for engineers' instruments, its
great recommendation being that an equal
bulk weighs but out-fifth as much as brass, an
ordinary transit weighing 11 pounds iu brass,
weighing bat 3 pounds in aluminum, and with
in the limits of practicable weight such instru
ments could be made very much larger and
moie accurate than in any other metal. Alu
minium cohIb about half as inach per pound us
silver, and does not rust or Urnisu so eaaily as
braaa. It combines the ductility and mallea
bility of copper with vastly more than the
strength ot steel (it is placed by some as thir
teen times stronger), and the lightness of
chalk. .
Recipe fob a Cement fob Me.idino Htkam
Boilkiu, Mix two parts of finely powdered
litharge with one part of very fine sand, and
one part of quicklime which bas been allowed
to slack spoutaneoualy by exposure to tbs sir.
This mixture may be kept tor any length of
time without injuring, in using it a portion
is mixed into paste with linseed oil, or, still
better, boiled linseed oil. In this state it must
be quickly applied, as it soon becomes bard.
Whin a young man who parts bis har In
the middle goes down on an orange peel, no
body seem to care whether he ever gcU up
again or not.
Climatic Changes In California.
At a recent meeting of the California Acad
emy of Sciences, Dr. Henry Gibbons, 8r., read
he following paper on climatic changes in this
State:
An opinion prevails 'that the climate of Cal
ifornia has changed since the American occupa
tion, and tbat further settlement and cultivation
will produce fdrther changes. It my be well
to inquire whether this be probable or, indeed,
possible. Tho peculiar features of the climate
of a country depend on two class -s of causes,
the one fixed and the other capable of change.
The fixed causes are monntalns and plains and
permanent 'bodies of water. The chsngeable
causes, such as man can modify or remove, are
forests or the absence ot forests, cultivation of
tbe surface and drainage. The climate of
California depends mainly on fixed causes. We
have on the east the Sierra Nevada mountains,
presenting to the winds nn almost impassable
barrier. Hence, east winds are almost unknown
and will over continue so. On tbe west we have
tbe ocean, with a constant current from the
north, bathing the coast with water of the tem
perature of h'i degrees at San Francisco. Winter
and summer this is the same. At high tide tbe
thermometer plunged Into the bay at Meiggs'
wharf shows this temperature in July as in Jan
nary. Besting upon the ocean is, therefore, a
body of air always cold. It follows that at all
seasons, and under all circumstances, the sea
breeze will have marly the same temporature
when it strikes the land. It is the great equal
izer of temperature on the line of the coast,
and wherever it can penetrate. Where the coast
is skirted with mountains the ocoin wind is
walled out, just as the east wind is walled out
by the Sierra.
Between the Coast mountains and tho Sierra
'are other rauges running nortoward and south
ward, which also modliy tue uireotion oi ine ,
atmospherlo currents. The southerly storm
winds of winter pour through the intervening
valleys like water running in troughs, and, of
course, t ike the direction of the valleys.
Our climate is modified also, to souio extent,
by the great deserts in the southern part of the
State, and beyond. Those deserts become
heated in the winter season, the superincum
bent heated air rises, and its pluoe is supplied
from tho colder regions of the northward.
" Northers" are. thus produced. They ore fre
quent in the southern counties, where they are
called "sand storms" occasionally they sweep
tho whole State from its northern limit.
In tbo the summer, when the valloys and
plains thronchout the Stato become heated, the
nir rises in like manner, causing the cool air of
the coast to pour in at evory possible break or
depression iu the mountain barrier, and to dis
tribute itself through tho interior following the
lines of the valleys. Now, all these oauses and
conditions are permanent, and no amount of
population or cultivation can change them. If
man could level the Sierra, wo might have east
winds and a different olimato, it ho couiu re
move the coast mountains, the sea breeze would
sweep the State in its length and breadth. If
ho could, on the other hand, bold up tbe de
pression of tho latter, and oloso the Golden
Gate, wo should have the climate of Arizona
everywhere. If ho oMild convert the Mohave
desert iuto n garden, or wall it out by a moan
tain range, we might pofsibly get rid of our un
welcome northers.
So much for the permanent causos of our
poouliar climate Now let us look for a moment
at those oauses which man can control or
modify:
First. The removal of forests. This dimin
ishes the ruin fall, and reudera the climate
drj or and warmer, but there aro no forests in
California except among the mountains; and
there a new growth of trees would spring up
before the process of deslruollou would begin
to toll on the climato.
Second. The drain ago of marshes and lakos
would have the samo effect. But this is not
likely to bodono to an extent sufficient to pro
duco tangible results, even if those results wore
dc-irable.
Third. The cultivation of the soil, by which
a surf.ico comparatively barren may bo covered
with verdure, would tend to render the air more
coul and moist. But the difference would, in all
probability be so slight as to exhibit no marked
change of climate.
Fourth. The planting of forests, or patches
and lines of trees, will hnveau effect similar to
ordinary cultnro, and will also present n de
cided impediment to the surface winds. Most
persons have noticed tbo increased force with
which the wiud blows over a raised causeway,
or even over u wide and level plain. .Many op
portunities have boen afforded in this Stato to
witness tbe effect of un orchard in warding of
the sea breeze for some distance to the leeward.
This process, it is trae, would not produce any
cbaugo in tha gonorul climate, but it might be
employed in proper localities to serve the inter
ests' aud comforts of tbo inhabitants, and to
protect them in a measure botb from the rigor
of the ocean wind aud from the drying and
blighting influences of tbq northerly gales.
My conclusion, therefurn is that the climato
of California and the adjacent territory is
undergoing no p.riuanent change; that no suoh
change is possible; tint the winter season will
continue to give its rains in uncertain quantities;
tbat the dry season will continue to be dry;
that summer aud winter, seed tune and harvest
will continue to succeed each other with no
essential deviutlon from the goueral typo as ob
served since tho American occupation.
WnoLKULtc Dkstiiuctioh of Siikkp. There
being no law to proicct settlers' iu Colorado
against roving herds of shoep, which nibble off
their pastures, the cattle owners have been
obliged to take tbe law in their own hands, and
a law as bloody as that of Draco they have
made for the poor sheep. A particularly noto
rious case i that of a sheep grazier named
Chllds, wLo about a year ago, took up his resi
dence in Huerfano county, aud when certain
cattle owners ordered him to " move on " under
penalty of barm to his sheop, said he was him
self prepared to meet all anih contingencies.
The cattle men, however, bided their time, and
one day when tbey knew Chllds was away, rode
lo his ranob and quietly cut the throats of 000
sheep, more or less, including a number of fine
Merino bucks, worth $125 each. For this
Childa, as y.t has bad no reparation; nor io It
likely tbat ho soon will. The next largest mas
acre of tbe innoeenls took place lust month,
when a party by the name of. l'ollook, also liv
ing In Huerfano county, had COO shoep poisoned,
ono night wben it was so cold that all his watch
dugs hud been driven in'doors. One hundred
and twenty-five of the sheep died before morn
ing. Besides these notorious casus there have
bjen a number of minor massacre, resulting
in tbe slaying of between 2,000 and 3,000 sheep.
To remedy this state of affairs the Stock
Growers' Association prepared a resolution de
precating further progress of this barbarous
oil of hostilities, recognizing tbe right ol the
sheep to the public domain, and proposing tbat
tbe two interests should oo-operate aud unite for
tbe suppression of what was a mutual injury to
botb, '
Tfli Centennial arrangements are progress
Ing finely, Tbe expenses of tbe building have
been cut down very materially from tbe original
esilmnWa but tbey will be all tbat is really
needed, either for performance or utility when
tbey are completed. .