Willamette farmer., March 05, 1875, Page 6, Image 6

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WILLAMETTE FARMER.
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frtlSCELLEOdSr
Broom Corn.- No. 2.
From the Pacific Kuril rreig.J
In the Phess of last week we gavo a review
of the commercial points of this subject; we
will now examine it agriculturally.
If yon can grow good Indian corn on yonr
land you can grow broom corn; if the former
will not succeed you had better let the latter
alone. In fact, broom corn ia even more' ex
acting in its requirements than Indian corn, as '
it is particularly desirable to have a uniform
growth' of brush. On this nccount the level
river bottoms thai are subject to annual over
Sowings are preferable to the undulating sur
face that varies more in quality of soil. But
although both Indian and broom oorn thrive
best on a rich mellow soil the character of the
atmosphere is really of more importance than
the quality of the soil. Neither of them re
quire a long season; a Bhort season of rapid
uninterrupted growth, suits them best. For
this reason, hot, sultry nights are favorable to
the growth of corn. This is a crop that does
not figure much in "mixed farming." In
favored localities it generally predominates to
the exclusion of other crops. In Dew York the
lower portions of the Mohawk Valley are famous
for growing broom corn; and in California the
valleys of the Sacramento and Feather rivers
have been proved to be good localities. It will
not do well along the coast; fogs and cold
winds being detrimental to it.
When the proper locality is found prepare
the ground as for Indian corn. Do not plant
until there is no longer any danger from frosts;
about the first of May is early enough. Plant
in drills three feet apart; using about 12 pounds
of seed to the aore. The seed will vary in price
from eight to 12 cents per it). Cover to the
same depth as you would Indian corn; and if
you could go over the field after planting with
a light roller, it would be well. During the
growing season it should have at least two
courses of cultivation, while three would be
still better. Whon the plants are well out of
the ground, about eight inches high, go
through with a light cultivator and, if the
weeds are at all dominant use the hoe. When
the growth is about "knee high" give the field
a little deeper cultivation. Clean, thorough
work, it. u field of broom corn will pay if there
its nuy jmy iu ijjb urufJ, lur 1 is oi ino nrst iin-
porlanco that tho bruuli bo kept (clean and I
attain a straight uniform growth. 'Fields are
usually planted year after jear with this crop,
and II it is started under a thorough, clean
system, it can easily bo kept so, as the seed is
not apt to become, foul. There are no agricul
tural districts that present a more agreeable
view to the beholder than those where broom
corn is grown.
Mnoh depends on the management of the
brush after it is grown. No matter how per
fect tho ttrowth may be it will be of little value
unless the several processes of harvesting and
preparing for market havo been properly at
tended to. Tho first of thoso processes is
breaking donn the brush. This should bo
done when the stalks have attained their full
growth, and when the brush is just beginning
to turn from green to yellow. This is very es
sential, for as tho brush becomes yellow it also
becomes brittle, losing the tough, springy qual
ity that forms one of the points of a good
broom. Manufacturers and dealers insist on
this iib one of tho essential marketable qualities
vi iuu uruuuet. iTiicu me urusn is ready to
'toblo." no between two rows breukinr tim
brush down without severing it from the
Btalk leaving tho tops at right anglos with the
stalks. They should be broken about eight
inches below tho base of the brush. As you
pass along between the two rows bond them in
ward, placing the brush of one row on top of
that of tho other. This is called "tabling."
It should remain iu this condition about
three days, when it is to bo cut and placed
where tho prooess of curing is to be completed.
In all bttiges of its handling eeo that tho brush
is laid bo as to avoid breaking, or over-bending
of the twigs. Whilo curing it should be stored
where it will remain perfectly dry, exposed to
the air if convenient, but not 'to tho sun, as this
is injurious to the color
When thoroughly cured it cau bo threshed
and baled for market. The labor and expense
of threshing are slight. All the uiaobiuery re
quired is a revolvlug cylinder, lined with long,
slender teeth, and ruu by any available power.
A one horse-power attachment would bo suffi
cient for any amount of brush grown on one
ranch. This revolviug cylinder operates like
a oomb upon the brush, removing the seed and
other foreign matter. The roau feeding (ho
thresher has oulv to nlooe earth heml r l.m.l.
on the cylinder which revolves from him, and
it is olenmd at once. It will oleau tho brush j
about as fast as tho feeder can pick it up and '
placo it ou tho machine, We cannot give i
the exact cost of a broom corn thresher, but
they should not cost moro thau twenty-flvo dol. !
Urn, inclusive of the power. j
When threshed tho brush is ready for baling, i
In this process, and in all others as was sug-1
Rested above, tho handling ahnnM lu Hnn. i
carefully, and the brush placed in proper or-1 an angle of 22, representing tho true cord by
dor. hen thus mauaged a good deal of pressure dotted lines and what is usually considered a
may bo applied to it without injury to tho ' cord by wood-choppers, by the straight black
brush aud the bulk thus materially reduced. lines. 11 X, is a horizontal line. Figure 3
To an intelligent person many points will , shows it piled at an angle of 45 degrees, and
present themselves iu cultivating and man- the loss of wood may be easily seen to be more
aging this crop, whereby labor and time may j than a quarter. Figure 4 shows it piled at 60
be saved; and it la one of those piodticta lhat degrees, in which instance, although the out
call for particularly good management and strict side measurements are the same, more than a
economy, aud if broom com districts havo gen- half cord is lost. The usual method of nieas
r rally been prosperous ones and such ia the uriug the wood is the same iu each case. The
fact it is tecause tlie trowing or this crop baa
developed close and judicious management, and
not from large returns from the crop. There
are localities within this State well suited to
either broom or Indian com, but they consti
tute an area comparatively small, and should
be reserved for one or the other of these pro
ducts. And we would suggest here, that those
who are endeavoring to develop diversified
farming in California should give more con
sideration to the diversity of climate and Boil
here; and bear in, mind the fact that the system
of "mixed tttiDq.M as It is denominated In the
East, undarJafclon every farmer ia expected to
produce ueautyjpet-vthing required by hist, it
not applicable to California. Even at the East
it it uow considered ty many at a sort of Uto
pian scheme, prorogated by those who have at
aurntd .lb position of guardian angels of the
farar, and wbo expect to eecure bit isolation
from otbrr indtttriet and profusion, to the
salvation of the farmer and the rain of all the
world betide. There are many producu be
tides broom com to which certain districts
should be almost exclusively given, and, in oar
opinion, the mllltniem Till be brought about
sooner by Increasing the dependence o( section
upon section, and class upon class, than by
striving for independence end isolation.
Piling Wood on a Side Hill.
We have received the following letter from a
correspondent in Auburn :, " Will yon please
answer this question: a man buys' a quantity
of wood, and the seller hauls and piles it on a
smooth, sleep side hill. The wood is pild be
tween two stakes, just eight feet apart, and
four feet high. The stakes stand perpendicular,
but one is, raised high above the other, as the
hill side "raises, the pile of wood lying up and I
down the hill. The hill rises at an angle of 45 !
degrees. The wood was piled up to the full
hight of tho stakes in a satisfactory manner.
Now, the wood man claims that there is a
cord of wood in the pile while the other party
., ... ., f ,.
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says there is not a cord.
stakes are eight feet apart, and this space
filled up to the full hight with wood of the
proper length, the question is is there, or is
there not, a cord of wood in the pile on the
side hill. The subject has become one for
general discussion here, and many of us are
interested to know who is right."
A cord of wood measures eight feet in length,
four feet in hight, and four feet in width.
Filed on level ground, it contains ,128 cubio
feet of wood. But when piled on a hill at an
angle of 45 degrees with the same measure
ments, in the way it is usually piled, there
would be only 90.56 cubic feet in the pile.
Therefore when piled on a hill rising at an
angle of 45 degrees, the buyer would lose 37.44
cubiofeet of wood.
This does not seem apparent at first glance,
wo have' heard some warm arguments over the
question, but a little investigation shows it to
be. true. ,We have prepared a few diagrams 'to
illustrate the decrease in cubical contents in a
simple way. Figure 1 shows a cord of wood
eight feet long, four leet high and four feet
wjde. Figure 2 shows how it would appear at
Fig. IV.
tij-
stakes are perpendicular and the pile measures
four feet iu hight by the stakes and eight feet
in length. Nevertheless, as the angle in
creases the cubical, ooutenU decrease in pro
portion. While the stakes would not decrease
in length and the measurements would remain
the tame, by increasing the angle, there would
not be auy wood at nil
Any one can illustrate this for himself by ta
king a iniall piece of board and inserting two
pieces of wire, each say fqur inches, long and
two inches high. These can be placed npright
in the board as if enclosing a pile of wood oi
certain dimensions. Now cut a number of
small pieces of wood of equal length' and fit
them in between the wires. After that remove
the pieces of wood, set ths board at an angle of
45 degrees, snd bend the.virea so as to stand
perfectly upright. Then pile the pieces in
again and yon will find that you have more
wood thau yon can get in between the wires.
This will illustrate the question practically to
those who fail to see it themselves.
Although people do not always bay wood
piled on hills of 45 degrees, they often bay it
on hills nearly as steep, and perhaps few have
thought it mads any difference as long as the
pile measured the same at both ends and was
of proper length snd width. Oar diagrams
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rhj. 111.
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Fig. II. I
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Fiil I-
1 will show that they do not got as much wood a"
is ciuing to thftn. Our wood-choppers may
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i ... .? . . .r . . ...
sire foil measure they ought to insist upon it.
I be -"practical man" who is Bkeptlcal and does
not believe "but that there is as much in each
piles, had better pile a cord upon a level and
then pile it between his stakes as usually set on
a side hill, and he will find that hiB wood goes
up over the top of the stakes. Scientific Press.
Assembling in Machine Making.
The system of making the component parts
of a machine or implement in distinct pieces
of fixed shape and dimensions, so that corres
ponding parts are interchangeable, is known a
'assembling." The term is, however, more
I strictly applicable to tbeir fitting together, after
i bein8 separately and accurately made, accord-
mg to nxed patterns, and constantly compared
by gauges aud templates which test the dimen
sions. This system of interchangeabllity of parts
was first introduced into the French artillery
service by General Gribeauval about 1765. He
reduced the gun carriages to classes, and i-o ai
rauged many of the parts that they could be
applied indiscriminately to any carriage of the
flats for which they were made. The system
was afterward extended into several European
services, and into that or Ihe united States.
The first firearm attempted to be made on
this system was the breecb-loader of John H.
Hall, of North Yarmouth, Massachusetts. 1811;
of which 10,000 were made for the United
States, $10,000 being voted the inventur in
1836, being at the rate of one dollar per gun.
Some of them were captured in Fort Donelson,
February 16, 1862. They were probably the
first breech-loading military arms ever issued
lo troops.
The extent to which the system of ranges
was carried with the Hall arm is not accurately
known, but it is doubtless true that tho princi
ple was brought to a high etate of system and
accuracy by Col. Colt, of Connecticut, in the
manufacture of his pistols. Among the most
important of extensions of this principle has
been the making of special machines to fashion
particular parts, or even special portions of in
dividual pieoes, so that each separate part may
be shaped by successive machines, and bored
by others, issuing in the exact form required
This plan requires large capital, and will not
pay unless a great number of like articles be
required, but haB been extensively introduced
into this country, and from hence into Eng
land, and to some extent on the continent of
Europe. All the Government breech-loading
fire-arms are thus male. The greater number of
the military arms of Europe and Egypt are
thus ma e in the United States for the varioiu
' countries. The Snider gun, a modification of an
I American model, is made at the Enfield Arse
, nal, Eucland.on special machines made for that
purpose in duplicate at the (Jolt works, Mart
ford, Connecticut. Pratt & Whitney, of
llarttord, are just completing for Germany a
. full set of special machines and gauges for the
manufacture of the Mauser rifle, adopted by
Prusbia for the confederate German States.
The first watch made on this pi m was the
"American" watch, of Waltham, Massichu
setts, the system extending down to the almost
microscopic screws aud other small parts. All
the prominent sewing: machines are so made;
the same with Lamb's knitting machine, aud
probably others. Many kinds of agricultural
implements, including plows, harvesters,
threshers and wagons, are made of interchange
able parts. The system bus been c irried into
locomotive building; about seven grades of en
gines, it is understood, are employed on the
Pennsylvania Central railrotd, corresponding
p irts of a given grade being precisely similar.
, so as to fit any engine of the class. This U the
American system ot "assemoiing. Jiarper s
Magazine.
Wintering Farm Horses.
I have noticed for some years, that farm
horses have had a hard time during the winter
months, not because of work, but of the want
of care. Farm horses wear out as fast, if not
faster than horses that work during the year;
now there is n cause for all this. In the flrut
place borses that have been in tbe open air
and sunshine, should have these hygienio in
fluences all of the time, and horses that have
been in active exeroise should still be allowed
ample room and opportunity for what exercise
nature requires. Thon again horses that have
been fed high should by all means have enough
feed to so recruit them, that they will look
sleek, and have fat enough to keep tbeui warm.'
1 Therefore when horses have accomplished
1 the work of the season, and are to rest for some
! weeks or months to' come, the first thing to be
done is to have the shoes taken off, then give
them their regular feed for a few days at least,
that is till they look fresh and their eyes look
bright, and they show signs of good rich blood
in their veiuB; then drop the noon feed of grain,
and go on for a time with two feeds per day,
and then leave off the morning feed of crain,
and finally drop the feed of grain at night;
still I would never let a horse stand and paw
or ask for food at nieht. for it is a loss rather
than a gain to try aud cheat a horse out of his
nonest living.
As the noon feed is withdrawn, give some
greon food, say potatoes, carrots or turnips,
but I would limit the roots to a fourth or a half
peck for a few days, then give once, twioe or
thrice a weeK as the case may D. lly nil
means give plenty of hay, and good, fresh,
pure water, with salt as they may require.
Now as to exercise, after the horse has eaten
his morning meal, turn him loose in a good,
large yard, aud let him remain till noon; after
the noon feed turn him out again nntil night,,
theu put him up aud feed for the night; of
course stormy days I should keep him in the
stable. If horses are kept at work part of the
tiniti, keep the'shoea on and feed according to
the work, but by all means give the yard exer
cise whenever he is let up from work. Massa
chusetts Ploughman.
Df nokrs of Benzine Scodbino, M. Dumas,
at a recent meeting of the French Academy of
Science, stated that, in examining the process
of scouring fabrics as usually practiced by clean
ers of old clothes (washing in benzine), he had
discovered a uovel and dangerous cause of fire.
Workmen engaged in this industry had fre
quently comrjlaiued of tbe beuzine becoming
inflamed during the scrubbing; and in order to
test tbe question, M. Dumas caused a piece of
cashmere to be dipped in for a length of 18
feet. Every time tn stuff partially emerged
from the bath, while being rubbed between the
bands, a sharp pricking sensation upon those,
members and ou the face waa felt; snd finally
sparks were emitted from the fabric, sufficient,
if the scouring had been briskly continued, to
have ignited the inflammable fluid.
MutSLS. The Calistoga free Press under
stand that this epidemic it prevailing there,
snd has become quite wide spread. It is most
ly confined to children, and that which hat,
thus far, made its appearance, is ot a mild type
and readily yields to care and suitable attendance.
Landscape Gardening No. 2.
IFrom Psctfic Kuril Press.1
I have already shown in part the rristakes
likely to occur to the amateur in landscape
gardening. I now hope to show how to guard
against such mistakes. Should it occur to the
minds of any that I have not gone fully into
the question I hope they will bear in mind that
these remarks are general, and not intended
for the craft, but for the public at large. When
the intention of improving the landscape is
matured, givo tbe landscape gardener an op
portunity of seeing the place, after which it
will be necessary to let him know about what
sum you propose to spend on it. This is of
the first importance, as he will be able to make
a plan of improvement to suit the amount to
be expended. When this line of business it
not strictly adhered to, disappointment is quite
apt to occur. In many cases that have came
under my notice, gentlemen have accepted
plans of improvement which have never been
Hilly carried out, and which at present look
like a man's head with the hair eaten off in
snots. This is often their own fault, laborine
under the impression that it will not cost so
much.
The next step will be to have a topograph
ical survey made. This done, the next in order
will be tbe location of the house and offices.
The style of these are of great importance, as
it will be necessary for him to harmonize the
grounds with the buildings. For instance if
the mansion be of tho Boman style, then the
entrance ought to be directly in front, and the
aider the better, because the more width there
is in tbe roadway the more imposing and grand
the houe will appear. This style also calls for
trees and shrubs of stiff habits, more especially
on the line of the road, taking care to keep the
largest growths well in the back ground. On
the other hand, if the buildings are of the
Swiss cottage, or a combination of different
htyles of architecture, the house never ought to
be seen from the entrance. It should be so
bidden by the shape of the drive and character
of the planting as to create surprise by its sud
den appearance. In all cases the drives look
better to have good width. Trees and shrubs
of loose and drooping characters are best suited
to this kind of places. There are many of this
character of trees and shrubs which will not
giow in dry, arid or Bandy soils, while there
are some which do best in these soils.
It is important that this matter should bo
correctly understood, lor it is very dishearten
ing indeed to purchase things which will most
assuredly die.
Men pretending to understand landscape
gardening, without a good practical knowledge
of trees und shrubs are not fit to be intrusted
with the spending of any money but their own.
There are many beautiful trees and shrubs that
nave never been introduced into the state ot
California, but which would do well in and
around San Francisco. Under the head of
Shrubbery I notice a very great waut; and in
answer to inquiries am told that such and such
will not grow here, while before your eyes are
things of the same nativity, similar in habit
und growing. quite as well as in their native
pi ices. I am not afraid to s iy that even on
the sand hills arcund San Francisco Bhrubs
will flower better if due preparation is made
before planting, than in the made soils of the
parks of New York. There the soil is too rich,
which encourages more growth than flowers.
Personal Equation.
It his been found by observation that there
is a great variation in the power of different
individuals to determine small intervals of
time, or in the time occupied by them to bo
om e conscious of a fact passing before them.
This is a matter of much importance in making
astronomical observations for instance the de
termination of the time of the exact contact or
obscuration of heavenly bodies. The correc
tion or averaging of this difference is called
"Personal equation." Some years ago, at a
meeting of the Albany Institute, Prof. Hough,
the astronomer iu charge of the Albany Obser
vatory, read an interesting paper upon this
subject, illustrating it by means of an instru
ment called a chronograph, which term, liter
erally interpreted is a lime-writer or an instru
ment for recording intervals of time. It con
sisted of a di-k covered with white paper, and
revolved by clock-work. From the center of
the disk radi were drawn to the circumference,
dividing tbe disk into equalparts, representing
miuute divisions of time. Over this revolving
disk was placed a stylus, actuated by an electro.
uiaenet.
A circuit-breaker was connected with I
this electro-magnet and held in the hind of the
observer, whose personal equation it was de- I
sired to determine. Another disk, upon which i
tt uirvuiar umvjk eui wiu uiuiru, wan tusu
caused to revolve by clock-work. Before it
was placed in an opaque bar, which eclipsed
tbe black spot at each revolution of the disk.
The exact time at which the edce of the black
i-pot reached the obscuration of the bar was '
automatically registered.' The observer bold-1
mg tho circuit-breaker in his hand stood in'
nuui ui iud jcvviviuh ut-ft, uuu was uircuieu IU
operate the circuit-breaker in order to make
the mark upon the disk the moment the black
spot reached the bar. The difference in the
time of registering by the observer and tbe au
tomatic registering of the instrument consti
tuted the persornf eaimft'on. It varied consider
ably .with different persons. We do not now re
member what the maximum variation was, but
we recollect distinctly that with some it was
nearly double that of others, ibis difference
in the power of determining precisely when an
event happens, as Been by the eye, depends
primarily upon peculiarities in nervous struc
ture. It may, however, vary in the same ob
server from time to time. Professor Hough
remarked, in his interesting paper, that he
fouud his personal equation increased always
when he felt ill.
The Puxsicii. Forces ihe Modes of Etheb
Peissukk. Prufessor Cballis, of Cambridge
Univereity, after long and exhaustive researches
upon galvauio aud moguetio action, concludes
that the hydrcdvnamic.il theory of action is
alone correct. The theoretical explanation of
galvanic and magnetio phenomena is to be
sought by meaus of mathematical deductions.
Tbe author believes that the science of theo
retical physics, laid down in Newton's "Prin
cipia," is by no means confiued to physical
astronomy, but comprehends the principles) of
all departments ot natural philosophy which
have relation to physical 'force. His conclu
sions on galvanic snd magnetic action have
been reached in conformity with Newton's
rules and principles. The author's main con
clusions, relative to the modus operandi of the
physical orot, to whioh this system of philos
ophy seems to point, are: That they are all
modes of pressure of the ether; that the forcet
concerned in light, beat, molecular attraction
and repulsion, and gravity are dynamical
results of vibrations of the ether; and that elec
tricity and italvanic. and masnetic forces are
doe to its pressure in bteady motions.
Paor. Johann Wilhtlm ZettertdL of th
University of Land, the eminent Swedish nat
uralist, died at Stockholm on the 4th insL
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vuuuuuubiui Mfctoo, uuu ajjpiiuBuia ior pat
ents can rest assured that their communi
cations and business transactions will be held
strictly confidential by us. Circulars free.
Engravings.
We have superior artists in our own office, and
all facilities for producing fine and satisfac
tory illustrations of inventions and machinery,
for newspaper, book, circular and other
printed illustrations, and are always ready to
assist patrons in bringing their valuable jis
coveries into practical and profitable use.
DEWEY & CO.,
United States and Foreign Patent Agents, pub
Ushers Mining and Scientifio Press and the
Pacifio Rural Press, 224 Sansome St., 8. F.
The Mining & Scientific Press
SUrted In I860, U one ot the oldest weekly Journals now
Eubllihed In Bin Francisco. It luu been conducted
j its present proprietors for ten years, daring which
period it has been repeatedly onlarged and conitantlr
improved. The active and Bteadfast efforts of ita pub
lisher have gained lor It conduct an amount of practi
cal experience greater than any other publiaaers have
accumulated on tblt cont, of a weekly Journal.
The aum paid by ua for the beat editorial talent ob
tainable for our special class Journal; for engravlngi,
for Interesting news and correspondence, and for print
ing a large-alied, handsome aheet, Is unequalled by that
af any other American weekly west of the Ulaalaalppi.
As a FaacncAZ. Mcrnra Jodimu, it hat no rival on
thla Continent.
It Is the only Michinioh, and the only Bcmrronc
Journal ot the Pacific States.
Miners, Aasayen, Ulllman, and Metallurgist In the
United States ahould take it.
Pacific Coast Mechanic. Engineer, Inventor. Manu
facturer, Proieetlonal Men, and Progressive and
Industrial student ahould patronize it column of
treh and valuable information.
Mining Engineer. Sunerlntendenta, Metallurgist. Mine.. "
Owner and Mine Worker throughout the wpsld
ahould profit by IU Illustration and description
of New Machinery, Proceaaee, Discoveries and
Record of Mining EvenU.
Intelligent thinker throughout the land, in high or
humble attuatioa, wbo wonld avoid literary trash
tor genuine information, hould 8UBSCKIB1 AT
BBWBT ek CO.,
No. XA BanaonM street, 8. T
Erery Mechanic
Should have a copy of Brown'
607 XSCHAMIOAX, XOVXXXNT8,
Oluatnted and described.
Inventor, model maker and smeaiure mechanic
and atndent. will find the work valuable fax bevond
IU cost Published by Dswst k Co., Patent Anna
and publisher of the Mining and Scientific Press?
Price, post paid, f 1.
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