Willamette farmer., November 27, 1874, Page 3, Image 3

wtt'tamette farmer
3
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The Fall of the Leaf.
, The phenomenon o( the " fall o( the leaf,"
common, as it is, is very difficult to explain
satisfactorily. The following are the facts, so
far as we understand them, which are exceed
ingly interesting an 1 instructive : It seems
that nature begins the provision for separation
almost as soon as the leaf is born, in spring.
When first put forth into the atmosphere, the
stalk of the leaf, supposing one to be present,
is continuous with the stem. As the leaf and
its stem grow, however, an interruption be
tween their tissues (fibrous and cellular) occurs
at the base of the leaf stalk, by means ot
which a more or less complete articulation or
joint is gradually and ultimately formed. This
articulation is produced by the continuation of
the growth ot the stem after the leaf has
attained its full growth, which it generally does
in few weeks. The growth of the leaf being
completed, the base of its petiole, or foot-stalk,
is no longer able to adapt itself to the increas
ing diameter of the stem, and a fracture between
that base and the stem necessarily ensues; the
excision advanoes from without inward, until it
finally reaches the bundle3 of woody fiber
which form the main support of the leaf.
"While, however, nature is forming a wound,
she is at the same time making provision to
heal it, for the cuticle or epidermis of the stem
is seen to grow over the surface of the seal, so
that when the leaf is detached the tree does
not Buffer from the effects of an open wound.
The provision for separating being thus com
pleted, the leaf is parted from the stem by the
growth ot the twig at the bud base, the force
of the wind or even by its own weight. There
fore as soon as the glorious colors of the
autumn leaves begin to fade, this provision for
separation is completed, and the winds sing
their death dirge as tbey carry them away from
their summer's home, on the branches of the
trees, and scatter them in countless numbers
upon the ground. The fall of the leaf is there
fore the regular vital process, which commences
with the first formation of the leaf, and is only
completed when it is no longer useful to the
tree. There is no denying, however, that the
frosts of autumn, by suddenly contracting the
tissues at the base of the leaf stalk, accelerate
the fall of the leaves. All must have noticed
on a frosty morning in autumn that the slight
est breath of air moving among the decayed
and dying leaves will bring them in complete
showers from the trees to the ground. The
leaves of the beech, hornbeam and oak die in
autumn, but frequently remain attached to
these trees throughout the winter months,
provided that the trees are not so situated as to
be exposed to violent winds. Such leaves
when examined will be found to be continuous
with the stem, and therefore without that
articulation or joint which so naturally assists
in the separation of the leaf from the tree.
Those dead leaves fall off when the new leaves
are put forth in spring; they are in fact pu-hed
off by the expansion of the stem when the
growth of the season commences. The leaves
of evergreen trees and shiubs, and of conifer
ous trees, as the pine and fir, do not fall in
autumn, but in spring, when the growth of
the reason is proceeding; and as this annual
leaf-fall is only partial, consisting of one-half
or one-tbird at a time, there is always a suffi
cient number of leaves' on such trees to keep
them clothed with perpetual verdure. 'Hence
t is that their foliage consists of leaves which
have been attached to, the stem from one to
three or five successive years. London Qarden
An Automatic Time Indicatob. The Terre
Haute (Ind.) Journal gives the following ac
count of an arrangement for recording the time
of trains, a specimen of which is now in use on
the Terre Haute & Indianapolis road: "In the
caboose, attached to one side, is an iron box
with a glass front, the key to which is kept by
the officers of the line. There is a common
clock in the box. 'A spiral thread is fastened
upon one of the axles of the car which turns a
wheel over the axle. This communicates its
motion to a set of rods, which in turn move
another small wheel under the edge of the cr,
and it again moves a small rod which projects
upwards into the iron box and moves a pencil
point slowly back and forth over a narrow
sheet of paper wound upon a small drum,
which is turned at constant speed by the clock
work. The paper is ruled in red lines into
small sections, every fourth line the short way
being dotted and representing a mile. The
movement of the paper being uniform and that
of the pencil being regulated by the axl, tin
diagonal lines traced by the pencil will show
the rate of speed at which the train has moved.
For instance, if the car has gone a mile in four
minutes, the line will cross just four sections
in going from one dotted line to the next. If
the car is standing still, the pencil is at rest
and draws a straight line on the paper. The
stations being marked at the proper places on
the paper, at the end of the trip the roll will
show what rate of speed was made at every
part of the road, and where and for bow long
stops were made."
Vaeiabilitt op the Sun's Diameteb. The
disagreement in the observations of. the diam
eter of the sun, made by different astronomers,
has thus far been ascribed to faults in tki
instruments or errors by the observers; but P.
Rosa, assistant at the observatory of the Roman
College, after having corrected those discrepan
cies which were the results of errors, finds that
different observations with instruments which
give for the diameter of the moon a constant
quantitv, give different diameters for the sun
at different times, while the errort of observers
or instruments are easily determined by com
paring the simultaneous observations made in
different localities. When-comparing the ob
servations made from 17G0 to 18(0, it becomes
evident that the sun's diameter is really varia
ble, and the question arises; Is it the photo
sphero which changes' its size or form, or is it
the influence of the solar heat in the instru
ments ? The last supposition P. Rosa thinks
liighly improbable, and ho adheres to the
first the reality of a variation in the sun itself.
Even as our little moon exerts an influence on
our ocean, by producing the tides.and thus
changes the shape of the liquid of our terres
trial surface, so the large planetB Jupiter and
Saturn cause a kind of tidal wave in thegaseous
photosphere, and probably even on tho liquid
nucleus of the sun, and in altering the 'form
may contribute somewhat in elongating and
shortening some pf its diameters. Ex.
It is not alone in tho United States that steel
rails are growing in favor to the exclusion of
iron. All of the contracts lately given out by
the Belgian government for the State- lines are
for steel. These amount to no less than 29,
000 tons.
Ego Staio Squibbkl. After missing
eggs for a long time, a poultry owner discovered
a ground squirrel packing them off. Several
dozen were found tn the rodent's hole.
Tat rainfall in Solano Co., as reported by a
'Dixon correspondent, on the 26th ult. was 1.65
in., with more coming.
The cross of the Italian drone and the black
queen is said to be preferable to the other
cross.
A New Antiseptic Salicylic Acid.
From Mining and Scientific Press.
Hitherto salicylic acid has possessed only
theoretical interest on account ot the occurrence
of its methyl ether in wintergreen oil, and be
cause of its close -relation to the phenols and
benzoio acid. But Professor Kolbe has shown
a possibility of its extensive practical applica
tion and has at the same time discovered a
method of making it oheaply in large quanti
ties. He says: "After many months' trial, I
have at last succeeded in gaining the cluo which
ha? led me to the discovery of a new, simple,
and productive method of making salicylic
acid. In dissolving sodium in hot phenol in
the presence of a stream of carbonio acid there
is always found, besides sodio salicylate, more
or less sodio carbonate and phenylate. And I
observed that the more of tbe former salt there
was, tbe less was found of the two latter. I
further observed that a product rich in sodio
phenylate and relatively poor in sodic salicy
late yielded richly of the latter salt when further
heated in a stream of carbonio acid.'
His attention being arrested by this fact, he
began a series of experiments, which resulted
in the discovery of the process which he de
scribes as follows: "The method of manufac
turing salicylic acid, npon which I finally
settled and by which I have already prepared
about 50 pounds, is the following: Saturate ex
actly commercial crude soda lye of known
strength with crystallized carbolic acid
previously fused, evaporated in a shallow
iron vessel. The sticky, dough-like mass is
now heated moderately with constant stirring,
being finally powdered with a heavy pestle.
This dried product is sodio phenylate. It is
always a reddish yellow in color, perhaps on ac
count of partial decomposition by the oxygen
of the air during the evaporation, is very hy
groscopic, and must while yet hot be bottled
and kept well stopped. If the sodic phenylate
is moist, or contains ether, free alkali or carbol
ic acid, the results are not good.
"The sodic phenylate thus prepared is heated
slowly in a metal retort in an oil or air bath.
When the contents of the retort are about 100
degs. (cent.), begin to lead into the mass a
moderate stream of carbonic acid. Let the
temperature slowly rise, till after some hours it
stands at 180 degs. After further action of the
cwbonic acid, phenol begins to distill .over to
wards the last in greater abundance. Finally
raise the temperature to from 220 to 250 degs.
The operation is finished when at this temper
ature, under the continued influence of carbon
ic acid, no more phenol distills over.
" When the reaction is finished the residue in
the retort is (if the operation has been con
ducted properly) a grayish white mass of
sodic sodium-salicylate. The following equa
tion represents tbe reaction:
C8H5ONa) .- 0
C6H5ONaf Vi
C60O4ONa(0NaHOH
" Tbe salt dissolves easily in water, to a dark
brown fluid. Upon the. addition of hydro
chloric acid the whole forms a thick paste of
of salicylic acid, which contains only traces of
phenol. It mny be perfected by the usual
methods." Curiously enough, upon repeating
the experiment with pola3sio hydrate, not sal
icylic acid, but its isomer, peroxybenzoio
acid was formed.
" Knowing that salicylic acid may be easily
made from phenol and carbonic acid, and
on the other hand that it is decomposed into
phenol and carbonic acid on heating it above
its boiling point, I came to suppose that like
carbolic acid it would retard or entirely prevent
fermentation and putrifaction. Prof. Thiersch
and myself having experimented in this direc
tion find surprising confirmation of my con
jecture." To solutions of amygdalin, mustard, grape
sugar and beer, was added a small quantity of
salicylic acid, and these solutions were com
pared with others to which none had been
added. The results were most satisfactory,
fermentation being checked by the addition of
a very minute quantity and completely pre
vented by the addition of a somewhat larger
amount. In the preservation of meat, too,
experiments were tried with a most satisfactory
showing for this new antiseptio agent. After
a month's exposure to the air the meat re
mained perfectly sweet, tbe salicylio acid with
which it was impregnated being not at all disa
greeable to the taste. The Professor looks to a
Erobable practical application of that discovery
y the South American meat preserving estab
lishments. nrtnermore tnis aciu oners a sub
stitute for carbolic acid in surgery as an appli
cation for wounds.
Prof. Thiersch reports: "Experiments thus
far give good grounds for hoping that salicylio
acid has all the good properties of carbolic acid
and none of its drawbacks."
Simme and Inoenious Device. The liability
of water-pipes to burst from tbe effect of frost
is one of lhe most prolific sources of discomfort
and expense both in households and in manu
facturing establishments, and no effectual safe
guard from the evil has hitherto been found.
An English inventor now proposes a method
which has certainly tho merit of Ingenuity, and
seems well adapted to attain the object uimed
at. Tbe increase in bulk of water, in freezing,
is about one-twelfth, and th expansive force
thus exerted is so powerful that no pipe or ves
sel vet made can resist it.
But this inventor adroitly avoids the difficul
ty by passing through the water pipe an India
rubber tuue oi snen dimensions mat me space
iukide of it is a little more than the increase in
tho volume of water in treezing. The rubber
tube is kept full of air, its supply being acted
upon by the water pressure in such a way that
the equality oi tension is automatically pre
served. When tbe water in tbe pipe freezes and
expands, the rubber tube simply yields toil and
thus gives space for the necessary expansion.
Wind Poweb. There are said to be upwards
of a hundred private mansions near New York
city which employ windmill power for pumping
water, sawing wood, grinding, threshing grain,
etc. Tho American Manufacturer states that
in many instances tbey are superseding steam
engines, water wheels, hydraulic rams, horse
power and caloric engines, being run without
cost, exeept for lubricating oil. These mills
are not only noiseless, as now constructed, but
tbey are also self-regulating.
Putbefaotion. Meat does not oxidize or
putrefy in compressed air, though it undergoes
changes of color, texture and flavor. Certain
fermentations may be arrested by oxygen at a
high pressure. Wines may be prevented from
nndersoin- the acetous fermentation by the ac
tion of compressed air. il.'Paul Bert, in Lts
Morula.
A 6,000-Ton Steaucb fob the Mississippi.
Parties in New Orleans are proposing build
new style of boat, of iron, three hundred feet
long, of six thousand tons capacity, abl to run
twelve mile an hour either way, with a con
sumption of leas than one hundred tons of coil
, m a round trip from St. Louis,
UsBfllL IftpOUfdJIOrl.
Strength of Various Kinds of Glass.
Acquaintance with the strer gth of glass, in
the various forms in which it is employed in
art and industry, has generally been quite lim
ited, and the result of recent experiments
shows some interesting facts, not commonly
understood, as to the tenacity, the resistance
to compression, and to bursting and collapse,
characterizing this widely used material.
The experiments relating to the tenacity of
glass, made by tearing specimens asunder,
showed the tenaoity per square inch, ot flint
glass, to be 2,413 pounds; of green glass, 2,898;
of common glass, 2,146; these, of course, being
the mean results.
To test the resistance of the material to
crushing, small cylinders and cubes of glass
were crushed between parallel steel surfaces by
means of a lever. The cylinders were cut of
the required length, from rods drawn to the de
sired diameter, when molten, and then anneal
edin this way retaining the exterior and Urst
oooled skin of glass. The cubes, however, be
ing cut from mucb larger portions, were conse
quently in a less perfect condition as regards
annealing. Without attempting to present tbe
details involved in this part of the investigation,
sufBce it to say, that the specimens were
crushed almost to powder by the violence of
the concussion but it appeared that the frac
ture oconrred in vertical planes, splitting up
the specimens in all directions. Cracks were
noticed to form some time before the specimen
finally gave way; then these rapidly increased
in number, splitting the glass into innumerable
prismB, which finally bent or broke, and the
specimen was destroyed. The mean resistance
to crushing was, in the case of flint glass, 13,
130 pounds; green class, 20,206; crown glass,
21,867.
Mine of Liquid Sulphub. It is reported
that a few miles from San Martino, near Pal
ermo, a mine of liquid sulphuris being worked.
That is to say, the snlphur is being removed as
it runs from the fissures in the rock, at the
rate of 400 to 500 quintals (about 40 or 50 tons)
a day. The sulphur proceeds from a mine in
tne interior ot tne mountain which is in a
molten state. The men are often obliged to
stop up the fissures from which the molten
sulphur runs so as to give it time to cool
sufficiently to be removed, after which tho fis
sures are again unstopped. It happened at
the end of July, on unstopping one of these
fissures, that no sulphur was found, and the
idea entered the beads of the workmen to re
open the hole by blasting. They succeeded in
re-establishing a communication with the
interior, but the pressure had become so strong
during the obstruction, that the expansion of
the gas produced a terrible explosion, which
blew the workmen out of the mine and even
sent them flying 50 meters (nearly 55 yards)
into the air. Five were killed on the spot,
four were seriously injured, and two had to be
left in the mine, whence it was impossible to re
move them, owing to the suffocating smoke
which was evolved Not one of those eleven
workmen came out safe and sound.
Cause of the Rusting of Ibon. It has
usually been supposed that the rusting of iron
depends principally upon moisture and oxygen.
It would appear, however, from Dr. Calvert's
experiments, that carbonio acid is tbe principal
agent, and without this the other agencies have
very little effect. Iron does not rust at all in
dry oxygen, and but little in moiBt oxygen;
while it rusts very rapidly in a mixture of moist
carbonic acid and oxygen. If a piece of blight
iron be placed in water saturated with oxygon,
it rusts very little, but if carbonio acid be pres
ent, oxidation goes on so fast that a dark pre
cipitate is produced in a very sbon time. It is
said that bright iron placed in a solution of
caustio alkali does not rust at all. The infer
ence to be derived is that by the exclusion of
moist carbonic acid from contact with iron rust
can be very readily prevented.
To Extinouisb Kebosene Flames. Tho
alarming frequency ot accidents from kerosene
flames, coupled with tbe great diflloulty en
countered in subduing them, renders the ac
quisition of any roady and convenient means
of extinguishing them a matter of much im
portance to every household. Perhaps one ot
the most ready means is to throw a cloth of
some kind over the flame, and thus stifle it;
but as the cloth is not always convenient to tbe
kitchen, where such accidents most frequently
occur, some one recommendsiour as a substi
tute, which is always at hand in the kitchen,
and which it is said promptly extinguishes tbe
flames. It rapidly absorbs tho fluid, deadens
the flame, and can be readily gathered up and
thrown out of doors when tbe fire is out.
Explosive Papeb. Make a mixture of salt
neter. 8 parts: chlorate of potash. 5 parts
charcoal powder or pulverized coal, 1 part;
fine saw-dust of hard wood, 1 part; and a little
mucilage, gum or otner binding material; put
water enouub on it to change it into a past
moss, work it well through, and soak strip of
heavy blotting-paper or its equivalent in it. ii
you dry these strips, you obtain explosive
paper; if you roll them up tightly when wet
and let them then dry, you obtain little blocks
which, when confined und fired, will explode
with great violence, but will not easily go off
by percussion or friction alone.
A Cube Fob Coons. A French medical jour
nal reports tbe cure of the most refractory
corns by tho morning and evening application
with a brush, of a drop of a solution of the
perchloride of iron. It states that after n fort
night's continued application, without pain, u
patient who had Buttered forty years from a
most painful corn ou the inner side of each
little toe, was entirely relieved; pressure was
no longer painful, and the cure seemed to be
radical. Other and similar cases are reported
as equally successful uuder the treatment.
To RfcMOVE PEBsriBATION FflOM KlP GLOVES.
- Where tbe coloring matter of dyed gloves
bos been affected, we Know of no method of
renewal except re-dyeing. Where benzine fail
to remove the dirt, you tau try the following
French invention: Curd soap (in small shav
ings) 1 part, water 3 parts; mix with beat and
stir in essence ot citron 1 part. Tho glove is
stretched on a wooden hand of appropriate size
and the compound rubbed over the glove (wiih
a piece of flannel, alaays in one direction)
uuul'it is sufficiently clean.
To Make Good Dutch Cheese. Set tbe tour
milk on a warm stovo until the whey separates
from the curd; then put it Into a large, coarse
towel or (bin cloth, and tie it up. Lay it in a
pan and lit it lie. Occasionally turn off the
whey until no mora whey runs out. Then put
it in a dish, and with the bauds work in it salt
to taste, and a piece of butter and cieam to
make it adhere sufficiently to make into balls.
Some persons hke to eat it with sweetened
cream.
How Eggs are Hatched.
People have an idea that the hen Bits on the
eggs tor a time, and when the time comes for
hatching the chick bursts forth. There never
was a greater mistake. The chick, until lib
erated from the shell by outside aid, is as in
capable of motion as if it formed a solid egg,
which it nearly does. Yon might as well in
close a man in an iron boiler, and tell him to
get out of the shell without help. The chick
glows on the inside of the shell, until at laBt
tbe excrescence on the point of the beak of the
bird presses against the inside of the shell, and
bursts up a very small scale. Of course when
it does this, it at the same time "breaks in that
spot" the inside ot the egg. This admits the
air; in a Bbort time it breathes and gets strength
to cry loudly. The hen then sets to work to
liberate it; she brings it forward under the
feathers of the crop, and supporting it between
tbe breast-bone and tbe nest begins tbe work
of setting it free. She hitches the point of her
beak into the hole formed by the raising of the
scale by the chick's beak, and breaks away the
egg-skin or shell all around the greatest diame
ter of the egg. The joint efforts of the hen
without and the chick within then liberate tbe
prisoner, and ha struggles into existenoe, and
gets dry under the feathers and naturil heat of
the hen. All female birds which sit on their
eggs to hatch them have tbe hook in the beak
strongly developed. Even the broad-billed
duck and goose have those books specially de
veloped, and with them tbey liberate tneir
young. In Australia, where everylng soems to
be by contraries, it is the cock of tbe bush tur
key that hatches tbe eggs, and not the hen. It
would be interesting whether the hook of the
beak is better adapted for this service in the
male bird than in the female. The hook of
the beak of the ordinary cock of the common
fowl is quite different from that of the hen it
is adapted for wounding in fighting, but not for
hatching of eggs.
DopEspc Ecoftopy.
Economise Your Strength.
Household details are so numerous and com
plicated that the mother of a family is often
obliged to atteud to many of them at once, and
she ought to learn to mingle tho lesser tasks
wltti tne greater, ho mat one set ot muscics Is
resting while another is called into action. In
this way some intervuls of comparative rest can
be secured, and the work move along more to
tbe purpose man it tnero were no partial breaks
in the endless chain from mornina till nishl.
For instance, if pies or apple Bauce aro to be
made, when the breakfast dishes are washed,
sit down to prepare the apples and it will not
infringe our code of domestio by-laws if you
should happen to mix the pie-crust also while
sitting, for rolling it out and finishing the pios
will be more easily done after tills brii-f rest.
When the coffee is to be browned, it is well to
civo that process close attention, though somo.
times mending stockings or reading will not
interfere very much with the roasting, if one
eye is kept on the oven.
In many houses the washing machine has
shorn Moud y morning of half of its discom
forts, but genius has not rescued us from the
thralldom of ironing day; so here necessity bo
comes tho "mother of invention." We find a
board like those used tor ironing dresses aud
skirts furnished with four legBJust long enough
to come over the lap is very convenient. On
this one can iron all small articles, and, if
necessary, even shirts and large garments,
though not quite so rapidly at) at the table,
and the change of posture, for a short time, is
S
n
a relief wbon tbere Is a large ironing to do,
uuttmg garments oun table ib tiresome worK, or otter portions relating to the animal exist
and the ironing bench can be used for this pur- enoe; the former, howevor, ho thinks, are con
pose, but a lapboard is better. It should be ' trolled by tho will,
about three feet in length by two feet in width, '
wltb a nail circle cut out on one sldo to ut the
form. After a few hours of bard work in the
kitchen, the eary housewife will opprtoiate commop inan a raomm niany persona to nave
the advantage of being able to prepare gar- ? tr tath ,im,B0 , ''? 'DLif'
nu-utsfortho sewing machine without extra hedsss a daily babt. Dtlitely organized la
exertion --" - dios not uutrequoully have established tho samo
Perhaps a healthy, energetic woman might co'Uhe, considering it conducive to the health,
despise these fdup o eip.dienU for lifting , ?ta Impression that it invigorates the
heavy burdens; but in time even she may have ' individual, hardens the muse es and Btrength
amnle need for some strength held in reserve; " eo-UtnUoii. Tbe sudden abstraction
while there aro thousands of tecble women who ( ,calr.ic ' vital warmth in that way has not
gratefully accept any suggestions that will, in ?nlv 'W ' bu dMtK"'i.?.V !u5T
the leastf lessen their labors. If they do the 'benefited thereby. A reaction, as it is called,
best they can, there will be many wide gaps in , aioT?' ,T"mtJ,?m olSnl
the course of the year which they can not fill; '"rect drat upon the system to meet a sudden
and without wishfng to be misunderstood, or U8 of vita hty is by no means as beneficial as
to appear as an advocate for sloth aud "in- theoretical y magincd. A tepid bath makes
glorious ease," I believe that the ambitious nL!hy.Sote '"
wife and mother who does tho most of her own not injurious to those of a frail structure,
work is more apt to do too much than too
little. She can well afford to economize I Bone Felon. Of all painful things can
strength and preserve health, thereby securing I thero be anything so oxcruciatingly painful as a
more time for her own mental culture und re- i bone felon? We know of none that flesh is
u iuw uuum ui umu vrur 111 me
turning tbe ability to wisely superintend tho
moral and physical education of her children.
lluth Lee in Moore's Jturul.
IIkue is a recipe for muking Graham biscuit
without yeast, soda or cream tartar. Take
cold water say one pint or quart, acoording to
the quantity one desires to make, or the size of
the family demands and with one hand sift in
tho Graham flour through the flutters, fetirnnu
with the other till you have rather soft dough;
tben Knead It lor ubout nve minutes; roll to
about three-fourths of on inch thick; cut out
with a common biscuit cutter and prick with a
fork (this is douo to prevent blitonng over
top) and place in a very hot oven to bake 30
stove,
... . ..........-, ..v,-. ...... ,u . Ui. . juui
Care should be taken not to burn tbe
biscuit,
This plan will make very light aud
sweet Graham biscuit,
SriOKD Tomatoes. To four pounds of large to keep their books closer to thcir'eyeH than U
red tomatoes take two pounds of gold brown , necessary for correct vision, ami to ulve thorn
sugar, a pint of cidor vinegar, half an ounce of i a chance to exercise their eyv periodically and
cloves, und half an ounco of stick cinnamon, ' often at distant objects.
Stew altogether, in u preserving kettlo, over a '
slow tire, until the tomatoes uru nearly cooked. nwa ANU iTII,At last science grupples
rko tbem out and put them ou di,he to cool, witu tliU -various compound. Tlfe utten
lotting the syrup go on simmering slowly. 0, tho uve,K8 Now y0'k boarding house
When the tomatoes are cold return tbem to tho kecpor u dltluA to the words of Prof. Red
syrup and finish cooking. Let them boccmo fw7w0 condemns tho procot of cutting up
cold below putting thein into jars, 'lhe sjrup I mlai InUi HUJull Mockll aj ,jM1, Hlowjl,K thB
must be boiled down until as thick as molasses, , cfft.ct of wb,cll ,a that tha aIbuultn ln tliB ',,
and poured cold ovr tho toiuatoos. lie their (HerfHCe o( eaei, block becomes 'firmly sot, aud
down with bladder or waxed paper. tlie anor(,H u)jont ,migestibl 0 musn
as can well bo imagined.
Lkmon Tabtlets. Ifnb a teacupful of sugar I '
in lumps over tne nnd oi a fresh lemon s us
to absorb ull tbe essential oil; squeeze thejulce
of tbe lemon over the sugar; truth it flue with
a spougo; add to it two eggs well bouten and
two tuuitsposniuiB oi sweet uuiter; Peal all
together ftnd bake in little patty-pans, liued
with puff paste.
8uoab Bkai-s. Ono cup of butter, two cups
of sugar, four cups of flour, one eg; stir sugar
and butter to a cream; add the egg- well beaten,
and a small teacupful of water with a quarter
of a teacupful ot soda dissolved in it; stir halt
a spoonful of cream tartar into the flour; roll
out very thin, and bake in a moderate oveu.
Qood IV-TH-
Good Food and Good Health.
Upon this topi'o Prof. Blot expresses himself
as follows : "The man who does not use bis
brain to select and prepare his food is not
above the brutes that take it in the same state.
It is to the physique what education is to the
mind course or refined. Qood and well-prepared
food beautifies the physique the same as
a well-directed education beautifies the mind.
People's taste is in food as in dress, differing
not only in colors but also in shape; therefore,
by our variety ot dishes and our different styles
of dressing them, by tbe ease with wbioh they
can be prepared, in the cheapest as in the most
costly way, we think we meet all wants ana
tastes. In fact, to make a very little remark,
you cannot make a gentleman by feeding him
on codfish."
There is no country where there is so much
dyspepsia as in America, because our people
pay but little attention to food, and eat too
mnch meat for the exeroise they take. If one
has mental labor fish every second day at least
is a requisite. Soup sets all the glands at
work, and prepares the stomach for the most
important functions of digestion; and therefore
should be taken at dinner every day. Beef
broth is to old age what milk is to the young.
Cookery, properly attended to, keeps man Tn
health. If the stomach is out ot order the
brain is affected.
We have the hard and soft parts in our anat
omy, and the bile, and therefore it is requisite
to vary our food. We should eat more fruits,
vegetables, soups and fish. Fish and cheese
are the best articles of diot to give to children.
The United States has the most money of any
people, and tbe greatest abundance of tbe raw
material; yet they live more poorly, in com
parison, than any civilized nation. For in
stance there is a millionaire in Brooklyn, who
has pork and beans every second day for din
ner. Wrinkles are produced by a want ot va
riety in food. Ex.
What Oibls Should Drink. Dr.
Lewis, in his book, "Our Girls," Bays: I
Dio
am
astonished that a young woman who is am
bitious of a clear, fine skin, Bhould drink tea.
It is a great enemy to fair complexions. Wine,
coffee aud cocoa may be used without tinging
the skin, but as soon as tea drinking becomes
a regular habit, the eye of tbe discriminating
observer detects it in the skin. Tea compro
mises tbe complexion, probably, by deranging
tbe liver. Weak ten or coffee may be used
occasionally, in moderate quantities, without
noticeable bnrm; but l advise all young women
who would preserve a soft, clear skin, and
i quiet uervos, to avoid all drinks but oold water.
ft is an excellent plan to drink one or two
glasses of cold water on lying down at night
and on rising in the morning. If you have
good teeth, and can help the food into your
stomach without using any fluid, except the
saliva, it will, in tbe long run, contribute much
to your health.
Red and White Muscles. M. Ranvler
Eoints out that tbe red and whito musoles of a
ody very clearly s-en by removing the skin
of a rabbit which exist mingled in the same
region, are different both in struoture and
properties. On applying the electrio current,
tho white portions cjutract almost instantly,
and respond even to rapid and continuous
shocks. The red portions, on the contrary,
I nru wuuu uiuru BlugpiB t it require- u,uc(iuiu
time for tbem, apparently, to feel tho excite
ment, wnue, on quicic interrupted uiscuarges
of electricity being administered, they simply
assumo permanent contraction. It is believed
by tbe author that tbe latter aro involuntary
ntwl nf tliA nAtiiru nf thn inilRMnH ftf tlin liAurt
Batihno in Cold Wateb. Nothing is more
. ., . , . t
heir to. As this malady is qulto frequent, and
. the subject of much earnost consideration, we
give the last recipo for its cure, which is given
by that high authority, tne Loudon Lanetl: As
soon as tho disease is ft It put directly ovor the
spot ti fly blister, about tho size of your thumb
nail and let it remain for six hours, at tho ex
piration of which time, direclly under the sur-
co of the blister, may bewail tho felon, which
can instantly betaken out with the point of n
neocllo or a lancet.
TNMiL'iutr tiU MifmtT.fSfnilTt iijpjtt Tlmrn fa
I no doubt that tho Jargoh increasing number of
Hhort-slghted persons lcstilu from the Imperfect
, m0li0 0f touching and learning. It is, in u
, iurg8 meosure due to tho unnatural positions
icuuurcnare compeiiuu 10 assume uy reason oi
the construction of thu desks and seats, and to
the imperfect lighting oi tho school buildings.
It is high time that steps be taken to remedy
this increasinir evil, bv not ullowintr children
Tniuurnsor Sciecb. A caudle ,13.000 ft.
distant obincs with u light .0,000 limes more
brilliant than do some uebolni. Yet tbe consti
tution of these nebula) btve been determined;
and are found to consist of hydrogen and nitro
gen. We know the nature of woridssituated at
distance inconceivable! And the relative ages
of tbe stars we know. The white atari are the
i... . i ...... . mi.,. i . i.
uuiin nuii jr-uugu-b. un oiiuw aiara, in
cluding our sun, are older; while the colored
sura are not so not, ana are still older.
Ufwabds of 500,000,000 tvas were importe
into tbe United Kingdom from Franco Ugd
year.