Willamette farmer., July 31, 1874, Page 6, Image 6

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WILLAMETTE FARMEf:.
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Typographical Errors.
From the Pacific Ilnral Presa
The proof-reader has tbo floor. It is so sel
dom that tills much abused individual has an
opportunity to speak for himself, tint ho sua;
perhaps bo forgiven if for ouco he becomes
garrulous, and oven a little spiteful. Any one
who is acquainted with newspaper work under
stands tho peculiar aud not over comfortablo
position occuplod by tho proof-reader, but for
tho benefit of tho uninitiated tho situation is
briefly revlowcd. To descrlbo it geometrically,
a squnra may bo imagined, in tho center of
which stands tho proof-reader; at each corner
nro hit) natural enemies, tho writers, tho print
ers, tho great reading public, itud last and worst
of all bimsolf. A crossllro is usually consid
ered a very bid thing to get Into; but when tho
cross is ilouuleci, so to speak, it becomes moro
iiiun iiuinnu naiiiro can well Dear, J.110 writ
ers agonlzo if u word or a comma of their
precious manuscript bo nltcrcd; the composi
tor nlso row If "copj" is changed; tho grmt
publio wonder how thnt stupid wretch of a
proof-reader got things ho mixed; mid bis own
conscionco troubles him bcuitiso ha has not
boon moro rolonllcss, even at tho risk of offend
ing tho first two cIuhhcs of critics. Ho stinds
alono, iu that center of never ceasing fire.
Truly it needs n martyr's courage, or n stole's
indiltbreiico, to maintain n calm front. Hut
thin, if ho is thus ussailod, ho also has just
grounds of complaint against ut least two or
ders of foes. Tho writers perversely say what
they evidently don't mean, or say what they do
mean In a 1 uigiiugu that might us well bo Hyrluo,
or do their worst in covering errors of hiiiro
ami ot grammar urelcr illegible chirography.
Ami tho printcm nro not much better. Time
is money tu tlicui, if to any; and tho first in
terpretation to tho ofttlmcs cabalistic hiero
glyphics they nro ciltcd upon to "sot" Is
ncct pic d mill acted oh, n gflrdlt si of tho frc ny
of tho horror-striclceii author, or tho bewilder
metit of tho long-suffering reader.
Hut as tbn contributors urn generally tho
loast merciful, our proof-render proceed to no
ciiso them flnJ. Tlio must direct mode of con
viction Is to pin a few instances of thn nmnner
in which they pirplex mid ovcrwhilni both
printer and proof-render by carelessness In
consti notion of sentences, etc., which liavo
required only n moment's limn, perhaps, to
put upon paper; but which call fur careful
study or lucky guess-work, occupying much
lime, Ix'furo they become) intelligible to Ihu
reader. Much slips nro most frequently lining
merely ton want nf care, but sometimes, mid
not seldom, lira ilun In a pent tho contempt for
thn simplest rules of speech, To In gin nt
homo '
An altni In-nf this ofllcn, wheiio manuscript
ifbfottiinulely c'liuiei to our proof-rcadc r's no
tice, in ii single article s guilty of the follow
ing "IIiiIh are iiiuiiufuitiirid in nelnin es
tablishments, not more than three, however,
being of nny size To powder factories,
or rather, wei should say, exploshn faetories."
Pre It) rough em Ihu hats iiud tho powder fae
tories, that. It is hardly ueeessary to speclfy
wlnch Particular seetlou of tho ould counthry
this editor hnlls from,
Another gentleman who wrilus for (he Piikhi
Is hoiiii limes n little care lesi about his spoiling.
This don't matter much In ordinary cases, but
when It comes to "Msgecror," for stuggeror,
mid almost Illegible nt Hint, it becomes n mut
ter for tho minutes' prujtirful consideration,
lint nlwiijs rewarded by success. In this con
nection it must bo remembered that Andrew
.laeliHun was licensed of Imel spelling, but John
llitiilolph difinlul him by declaring that "n
man must bn n fool who could not spell words
ninrei wnvstluin one."
Ill thn Pmm officii nil of Ihu edilnrs would
not lie absolutely curtain of carrying eiii'rprirc
for piumniishlp;biit so liingns thorn Is l.'ngllsh
nt the boltoiu of tho obscure) pothooks anil
hangers, there U iiIwiijh n fair thanco offsetting
at it, and nobody complains.
Occasionally, however, thero is nniuss;ns
win u, for lusliineo, n correspondent, in writing
of tho wonderful reHluratleiii of (Ihioigo since)
the file, grows clasHical nud spi'aks of "A'eyifiine
rising fiom Ihu mlies;" or when n repotting
riiuitnittcci man deliberately says: "Visiting
niriuhirs worn Incited Intake seats on lAeyliior.'"
On the whole, it isn't u bid Idea, niter all,
to wiite Hindi r.itely plainly. This conclusion
Is reached em rivalling n seute nco of emu of our
Or ilign friends, whieii should hn mid; "Wo
are not tnliiug the rug-tag mid bob-tallsof ores
Hull into iiur Orib r," mid which was sji pen
ned that the, compositor was really jiistlllnl In
calling iifnic, and sending In n proof-sheet
with , " Wo are time Inking the) rug-lag mid
1)ob tails of creation into our Order I" n piece
of news which wiluld ooitalnlvhiive astonished
the Orange rs nt large, ns wilfas the pirliculnr
correspondent.
We noticed ill dfiiijc s M Wir- I'm Air mi
account of lln linhlu conduct nt n Newfound
land ileix, which bravcl) plunged, to rescue n
drowning person, " (nun a blull full) fifhtn
del out of thewn'er" It would ho hard to
say whether tho coioponltor was to blame for
hts evident coiisc ixitlsui in the matter nf
llgurcs, for prohubl) llui "copy" was here end)
ii conundrum,
Piiliettintiiiti is it mutter for which the. com
inisilor mid proof render me responsible, ye I.
in some cases, the fault, if thern be one, should
bn attributed totlie writer The Importiimvof
correct punctuation was strongly illustrated,
recent!) at ii inciting of the Vn)s and Menus
Oiinintttic, when It whs.h1iowii thnt n comma
In eiiiii place win wotlli J'J.tHIJ.tHKJ, In thotier
itrbill which went ititei cited Aug. 1, th72, the
Irto list was extended by the addition of several
hundred articles, Among the iiiiuiKt added
were "fruit plants, tropical nud seiiii-tinploal,"
for the purpose of propagation nud cultivation,
I ii engrossing the bill, or in the process of cop)
log it fur official printing, n comma was iu
hi rlevl alter "fruit,'' nud nil fruit was thereby
pi iced upon the fne lit The custom officers,
hirwoirr, not liotlciug thn change, coutlniird to
collect duties on fruit until the error wus dis
covered. The Wn)s mid Mean Coiuuiittee
reported a bill In remove the comma, in accord
mice with thoiiitrnt of the law ot 1872 The
amount of Ink illegal! collnled Is not far from
fj.000,000.
The comma, like (he tongue, It n little thing,
mul like it will mid.e good sense or noiiSf use,
just according us it is used. Take, for liu
Btauce, the old nursery rhyme. With the com
mas inUplaced, It Ik so nonsensical that il tierds
a commentary to explain it:
Elirjr UJr Iu Ilia lui.l
llu fweiilj lull, on i-aoh lisu),
rill ui.Mwrulyuu kind and fcrl
Tnle Ittru II limit ilrooll.
Alter the position ot the commas and the
meaning is cle nr
rvrrr U.lr la th I nut
Hit lrnlr nell, en urh hu.l I
KlT, kit iwrutr eu baud suit litl.
TUU U Irut without dmll.
The omission of a comma has frequently
glwn a very awkward lurn to a aeuteuco. Wo
remember an epitaph which suffered severely
from such an oversight. It ran pretty much
as follows: "Kroted to the memory of John
Phillip, accidentally shot at a mark of afeo
tion by his brother.'1
A printer medilllug with the verdict of a
Coroner's jury, etruok out a comma after the
word " apoplexy," making It read thus: "De
ceased enmo to his death by execssivo drinking,
producing npoploxy in tho minds of the jury."
A correspondent introduces a piece of pootrv
to the editor ot an American newspaper in these
words; " The following lines were written
fllty years ago by ono who has for .many yoars
slept in his grave merely for his nmuBemont. , now one for nrrlvlng at a knowledgo of tho
A comma al ' grave" would have rondercd m y Onron or steel , h aviug been used with
tho "ontenco, at nl ovonts, comprehonsible, p Access for n long tlmo. Borne kinds of
though nothing would efface itsnbjurd diction. Jron oxhlWt whnt ,s knsowu BS ,ho paS3,V0 gtrtt()i
, I and are unacted upon by acids until this stnto
Wood Chopping in California. tas uoou destroyed by htnting; another dlsad-
vantngo was that tho surlaces thus prepared
From tbo P.clAe nurt l'ress.l , v"e inclined to rust very soon. After a series
.' of experiments with nitnc, sulphuric and hydro-
A few years sinco, tho writer, while on an chlorio nclds, nnd etching solutions of copper
Indiana rollioad train, overboard somo fellow- salts, I'rof. Kick found thnt a mixture of equal
passengers convorslng on the subject of Kait- parts of hydrochlorio acid nud water, to which
..i w .). . .... i. t-i was added n trnco of ohlorldo of antimony, was
orn nud Western corn growing. They wore tbo host etching solution. The chloride of an-
evidently Westorn people, nnd of courso could tlmony soems to render tho iron loss inclined
soe nothing good coming from tho Last, and their to rust, so that, after washing thoroughly in
comparisons of tho two modes of corn culture warm water, and nppl)lng n coat ot Damarvnr-
..... , .,,,. nish, tho etched surface may bo preserved quite
wero extremely disparaging to their Kastorn cienn. The smooth surface that Is to bo etch-
fdlows. Thoy wero particularly sovoro on tho ed Is surrounded with n ridge of wax nn inch
fussinoss of tho Now York stylo of corn grow- n'B n'' '8 dno 'n otchlng copper plates, nnd
ing, onumorallng tho stages of labor, nnd glv- tAliu "cidJ" 'i"? '"rrft0 r-8Ui lbUr '!lm0(1
, , n ,, .? ... At n temperature of C5 to Cj degs. I. tho no-
ng nnd oxiggorntlng tho nmotint of work ton goon begins nn shown by the gas evolved;
bestowed by them on an elgh-acro field of com, in winter tho itching Is poor. Tho tlmo re
supposing, in i their Lnstern glninlicUy, tliat IhU , qnMd ,, U8Ualy ono to two hours, but tho
sideof tio i.lcturowasghenMso; slightly ex-
oggoratcd of oourse. Ihe clght-acro Held in
Now ork was placed beside ono of eighty
.,,.n ....., .i..i.Uu,.Iikui--iu. iiiun mu winiuiii
..T1,',. ."',' "ll"K '" ' isiiniaiipn chlorielo of nntlmony Is added to
of the. Wes trn eulogists ii nst space to be do-1 black preclpltato .will soon form,
vocd to o Held of grain. Hut Iho elcht).ocrooft,y,b0,i1,stingu,b0,ifrom tho ci
Hi-Hi oi "" ' ""'en iuiso ciiiumiasiio .imp of chlorido of iintimony to tho quart of
chaniploiiH of Western farming boasted so nud U sufllcient When the.ctching is finished,
much, nro as nothing coinparcil with those of tho wnx rim is removed, tho iron washed flrst
California, which uru est mat-d by thousands Wttlor containing n littlo alkoll, then In clean
of inns, somo of tin in be lug e.v.r twenty thou- water, brushed, dried nnd varnished, lfinn
niiiiii iiurin in i-iiiiii
ium, nowever, uns noiuing to no Willi wooil -
chopping; wo only allude to gralu-giowing iu
California in order to show how it coincides
with our scale of clumping; mid the ocular etched is essentially us follows: Soft or siuowy
proof of tho magnitude nf our woodcutting wrought Irdu. of excellent quality is attacked so
operations which thu remains of tho mighty trcoi equally by tho ncld, and so littlo carbon is sop
now fallen, mid the tiionsters yet slaiiiling, will nrntcd, oven after several hours' nctlon, that
Induce our Haste m friends to dispense with nil tho surfneo remains bright nnd smooth. Fine
allownncis Tor WoHtein ' blowing." They can
oomii mid Mm for themschis. itud nolo down
thoHo proofs among tho inlerestln points in
uieir tour; inn iiiero is ititio romalico in u lontly ly ncltVtlinu tho nbovo. In IU minutes,
UO,(lUO-iiern grain Held, and n proposed luspec- , especially with tbo latter, tho surfaco is black.
Hem of It would he mi) thing but luvlting. JJutlAfter thirty minutes n black slime cin bo
syhati romance stems to iticrcasa with tho washed off, nud tho surfaco will romaln black
magnitude of the trees nud Ihu extent of the in splto of repented washings, nnd exhibits mi
forests. Thiisoof us who iireut iillnciiunluted meroiis little lioles. Certain parts of tho iron
with life in the wood, as It Is pissed in those nm usually eaten doeper, whilo others, although
of the middle or northern portion of llm All in- black nnd porous, offer moro resistance, fly
tlo Htnloi, will, wo venture to my, look upon allowing the acid to act for mi hour or so, then
tho lime thus spent us among tho hnpplest washing, drying mid polishing with n file, ndis
porlods of their lives, and that they will also tluct picture Is obtained. Malleable cast iron,
declare that the wintry seasons pissed thero, wo know, rusts moro enslly than wrought Iron,
cold, bleak mid barren ns they nro, bring with nnd it is Interesting to know Unit tho action of
their Memories nssocintions oven plena inter ' nclds Is nlso violent, tho surfneo bciugnttnckeel
than those of uilupltioiH Juno or "September very violently. In puddled steel tho color, nf
brown." tor itching mid washing, is gray, with quite n
Tho siiminoi woods have been so ovcr-ilnsidl uniform slinde, nud tho lines nto scarcoly Isi
by the written mid puiiite d fundi s of artists, bio. Cement steel has it ve ry similar nppenr
Unit tho forest N, iu reality, considsrcdni inoit nuco, tho lines being ury weak. In Ilossomcr
adorned wh-ju iiiiiidoriie.l. A largo percentage nnd cast steel tho etched surfaces are of n per
of tho pleasure which u summer visit to the fietly uniform gray color, with few, If nny, un
woods should allure! is ilisdimtcd in the fear, eventdnces. 'Iho softer tho sleol tho liahtor
on the part of tho visitor, of being mistaken
ior a pou un imnmeiy tiumnging suspicion,
Hut in winter, n man goes Into thn woods with
u purpoio; nnd whether Ibis bo labor or pious-
lire, it is followed with nhjtical energy, mid
with n vigor of spirits, that Insure heuflv un.
jin incut, nnd make it pleasant to renicmhv-r.
no iiinugui wo wiro perlnrmiug rents of tlionelil nttneks tliat Tor wliich it has tho great
iiroueiisiu cutting down iree-s that wero lline cr iifllnity, whlln Iho other is loss nctcd upou
feet through ut the huliV-nud when n mnii re. than If it wero alono. Ktchiui! alto enables us
mines the greatest obstacles that stand iu his .
way, no iiiny jusuy iusi some cretin to uimselt
but when we go into the ordinary woods nf
yitiiiwi (Kit, mill I'UlllilH lll-n ii Vllllipillgll llglllDNl
trees that measure) eight feet through the trunk,
our former fents with tho nx seiiu to us us
mere child's play.
Iu order to convey an inlnpiuto conception
of Ihu mngliittido of these cliopping under-
takings to mir Kustern nailers nud the ltunu, -
I'nm Inn ii good in my leuihrs iu the Atlantic)
8tatis we extract from thn Ouklind fen is-
fii( JUiniltr a few iiarngraphs from nn interest-,
iug article, eulllled "IiOgglng in Iho Kedwouds
of Oaliliiriilii."
The choppers, especially, must bo men of Iu
telllguico nud expeiirtice. A great deal more
than mi re strength to swing Iho in for eluu'ii
hours a day la required to make n good ehoji-'
per. After tho treo is selected thn ground
ileitis careful looking after, us n slump or fallen
Irt e, nr any inequality of tho earth, would, as a
gentle iu iu of the profession reiiiarlit d, "Knock
the biggevt on 'em into smlthere s." It Is n
pteitllurit) of rtdwood to split Into long mid
jirnlltlisH ihlu ktrlps uiioit small proincutioii,
mill the Inexperience el c)i glancing over Ihe
ground (hut bristles with nil sorts nf obstacles,
st in little hope) of any Ire o one iiilng destruction,
Aud It Is only Ihu extreme skill ol the choppers
Ih il iniiUiH the disaster uiicnmmoii. 'lhe can
drill) n stake with Ihe biggest tree in the iorent
when thn ground Is clear, When Ihtre is not
sufficient iqieuiiig iu n din ct line, n common
etpedient is to fell the treeo Unit it will stiil.e
iu its eUseeiit tho trunk ot another. Culeul.
atlng the b.nincu well, marks unaccomplished
ehepper.
telling u seven nr el
din's work lor tlmo men
seven nr eight-foot tree is half n
I lie eliopiiers htauil
,1. . .. S 1
some six or eight feet from the crouud. each on
u narrow bit of board, ons end nf which is
llirusi inio a uoicii in ilia nark, nud this un
steady fueling is nil they have, while they hack
nwii) with tin Ir long axes hour alter hour
When a ten or lUteeu-footcr Is encountered, n
platform ol luirk. Willi the stand nn bonnlt for
support. U bulll, and nil exlru chopper nut ou. (0i. U U detergent when freely nnd vigor
1 wo cuts are made in the tree; thai on the side OU8K- brushed over an nlieadv rutted surfneo,
on which Ihe minister Is lo full being much hceniiiiglv looseulug the bulk elf the rust, while
larger nnd stiiiiewhiit lower than the one on Ihe it nso darkens that which remains; ami it like
other side. 1 bus Ihe w eight ot the tree is made wis,, nets as a vnrnisli, if applied lifter Ihe
to servo for its own overthrow. It is treuieu- e cleamiug has been etlis-led. or to new and
dously lumlwork, nud wears the strongest man .bright work. Its superiority to vegetable or
out In from three lei fourjiiir. iininuil oils depends upon tho fact that the bulk
When the tree begins to "eoiiiiisiti." ns the of Ihe oil in the latter cue evaporates, nnd
shrill, vibrating, cracking noise is nptly called, leave only n ver) tine film behind. If the oil
the choppers give a long warning wall (bat U light, and fully n lined, II evaporate to com
send all the workmen iu tho neighborhood plelely in to do but hltlo ifod; but if tinged,
cainperlUK to n safe distance. A nvoud cry or "ouco-rim" oil of sufudcutly high grnvity bo
tell that thetreoiswnveriiig, aud the choppers ued, the resinom or cirlioiiacoous matter
themselves leap from their ierehi aud run which gives the tinge to Iho oil remalus behiuii,
for it. The giaut yield alowly nud with a, nud form a thin, protecting film of vamlth.
mighty Brumbling. Then, iu apite of himself, , Ordinsry varuiUi Icavesi fr too thick nnd ob
ho leans over pniufully, aud with a frlgbUoiuoe viou a film, while the film of the ouce-rpn ell
booming anil eraokllng sweep to tho trembling ,ioe its work of protection without dUplaving
earth, Iho foliag whUtltng and screaming like iuolt. A regard the denity of tho oil re
theriggiugofa shlpln a hurricane Thoshock qnireil tor thU purpose, that which stands be
Uterrillc, nnd retemble uothliig so much in an twien burniug oil nud good lubrlcatiug-oil is
earthquake. Cloud of dust, mliigle.1 with (ouud to U tho best. 7VAikVv;tt,
flying fragments, are thrown iuto tho air.
Kvery Iraneh is knapped off, and brokrn to SittM-KNiMi IUiors. The followinij item is
pllnters. Tho thud 1 heard and felt mile fnm our valued exchange, Iho Newark JAmii-
wy flicfunr, on whose authorit) wo reproduce it:
( It i said that the Amplest method of shnrpeu-
8roirrNKoi' Comujirrto"! or Hay. From iug a razor i to put it for half un hour in water
the olwervations aud experiment of I'rot, to which one-twentieth of it weight of muriatlo
lUnke, it apHar that the charcoal resulting or aulpburio acid hat beou added, theu lightly
from partial combuation of hay i pyrophoric, wio it off, and after a few hours act it on a
but under what coudition the hay cau so in- hone. The acid hero supplies the place of a
create in temperature a Itf form this charcoal, whetstone by corroding the whole surface
ha not been established. Fermentation doubt- uniformly, o that nothing farther than a
lea produoe the heat, which eauuol bo ditii-1 smooth polith is necessary. The proceaa never
ited, oVIng to the bad oouducllug power of injure good blades, while badly hardened one
the malarial. ' are frequently improved by it.
Etching Iron.
Prof. Kick, iu Prague, has devoted much
tlmo and attention, to studying tho subject of
etching Iron with acids. This method is not a
niclilnir slinn III un nn until H.nlnTl
etching should go on until tbo texturois visible.
Every linlf hour tho acid can bo
. without romovlng tho wax, the car
0ff mid tho surface examined. If
poured off
carbon rinsed
too much
Iho acid, n
which, can
lly bo distinguished from tho enrbon. Ono
I few hours it begins to rust, tho varnish should
' no removed with turpontino, which will also
I tnko off Iho rust, nnel then varnish again. The
' nnnenrnnco of different kimlx nf iron when
grained iron nets Iho snino; tho surfaco is still
smoother, but n littlo darker. Course Drained
and cold short iron is nttaoked much moro vio-
the color. On etching, tho finest hair-liko frnc-
lures nro reueiereci prominent. A piece ot stool.
' which looked perfect before etching, nftcrwaid
exhibited a hair-liko frncturo throughout its
whole length. Gray pig irou nets llko steel;
i Iho etched surfaces unvo nuito n uniform crav
color. When different kinds of iron nro mixed
to dctermino with considerable accuracy tho
mil nou oi preparing mo iron, ns tncnsooi rails,
ns well ns (ho kinds employed. IronAiit.
Tiik Moon anii Yiiimatiov. A corn spoil-
dent writes: "It Is n popular belief nniong the
muHs of farmers thnt the influence ot tho moon
has un important bearing upon various young
plants ns they happen to come forth either in
tier llpht, ns full moon, etc., or in her wane.
This iden Is ildiculed nnd entirelv disbelieved
by wbal nro called Ihe mest In'telligi'iit and
sclentlllo farmers. Is it not n fact that tho light
of the lull moon on n young plant just come
forth would have somo effect on It. different
from the durkntss which prevails in Ihe moon's
absence, nnd do not those tender plants require
eitru sleep, as nn infant does And Iu Iho
absence of it, does it not issentiully change
their character nnd production VJ When Iho
moon is shining, the clouds are wholly or in a
grent part absent, and the elb ct of the nbseuco
of clouds becomes very evident when n ther-
moiueter Is placed iu Ihe focus of u silvered
mirror mid tinned towards the unclouded sky.
'Iho thermometer lulls with grent rapidity, its
heat being radiated out into tho nbysses of
space, which are estimnted lo have n temporn-
turn vaxtlv be low the zero of our Ihermoiuetrlu
so lie, When a cloud passes between the
mirror nud the skv, the thermometer rises
rapidly, tho loss of heat being interrupted,
The clouds net like n woolen blanket, prc ent-
iug the escape of heit. Now what the Iher-
mimiotcr is in this experiment, so in nature is
the nluut. On n mooulli'ht (cloudless or iiartlv
clouded) night, it may radiate so much liea't
that injury may u'rise to its tender orgniilznlioii.
The Uarlof Kossh's great telescope has detected
tlie lieat ratilateil ny llie moon, but it is an in-
It). I !...... !, 1 1
credibly minute
effect on vegetation
mil, nun eiiu iinv e no
Scifhfiuj.fliiifrloiiii.
PuksKiiv iNei Iuon Kxpcriinenta on the pre-
seTMitioti n f iron surfaces show tho ndiautngis
of costing such surfaces with henvy mineral
nil Tim n,.iin nl il,. ml I, .,i,i i i,.. ..
Making Match-Sticks.
From the Pacific Rural Press.)
The process of cutting small, round sticks
used for matches is on interesting one, and in
writing this description wo shall endeavor to
make it clear to the reader in as simple lan
guage ns posBiblo. It must be borne in mind
that making match-Btlcks is one branch of busi
nessapplying tbo composition another. After
the plno logs aro reduced to plank, tho next
operation is to cut them into blocks four and
five inches In length, by means of small circu
lar saws. Thov are then assorted by boys, pre
paratory to being fastened to tho great wheels,
to bo cut into match sticks. Pine slabs, ob
tained from tho sawmills, to manufacture
blocks, lire found to answer tho purpose well,
ns tho lumber in them is of the boat quality.
In thus utilizing tho refuse lumber there is
grent saving. Few peoplo hnvo a correct idea
how match-sticks nro made. In tho first place,
there Is an immense wheel, 20 feet in diameter,
with two six-fcot faces or breasts, much re
sembling an old-fnshloncd " overshot" water
wheel, ou which these blocks nro fastened in
rows by means ot clamps or screws. The. ma
chinery is of such a powerful character that tho
frame-work on which this ponderous wheel is
hung, is composed of heavy oak Umbels,
12 by 10 inches, resting on a solid stono foun
dation, 25 foet by 12, and Z1, feet deep, laid in
cement. The necessity for such a Arm founda
tion will bo readily f-eou, when tho nailer is
informed that this wheel makes 21 revolutions
in a minuto, nnd mast not vary n hnlr's breadth
In its motion. The face of the wheel being
"loaded" with blocks, the process of cutting
tho sticks is commenced. A rest, similar to nn
iron lathe, Is placed iu front of tho breast of
tho wheel, which is moved right or left, on the
lathe principle, by means of screws, etc, on
which a number of small steel cutters, with
holes llko an eyelet, nro fastened. Theso cut
ters are ndjusted so ns to faco tho blocks, and
as tho wheel revolves, ench ono cuts a splint
out of tho wood, and drops it below. There
nro 1C of theso cuttors, or punch-like chisels to
each wheel, nud tho number may be iucrcasod
to 32, if necessary. Tho priuclplo upon which
tho mutch-stick h made is the snmo as that
used iu olden tlmo for making rake-tooth
round, which consisted in driving a pitco of
wood through n steil tool, hnving n hole in it
with sharp idges. In this case tho large re
volving wheel serves in the propelling power,
and forces the faces of the blocks, that aro
securely fastincd to its outer surface, through
tho small steel eyolet-like hole in tho end
of Iho tool, nnd n splint is cut out almost
with tho rapidity of lightning, and dropped
bolow. Tho machine is so perfectly adjusted,
and works with such exact minuteness, that It
cuts 100 splints from every solid inch of tim
berno moro, ;io less. This fact bus been
demonstrated. Tho dellcnto cutting tool nre
moved horizontnllynt right angles with the faco
of tho wheel, by n screw which moves tho row
of cutters exactly tho thickness of n match
stick, from left to right, nt each roiolutlon of
tho large wheel. Lach pair of cutters hasn
section of blocks to pass through, six, eight to
ten Inches, ns tho cuss may bo, which, whon
performed, tho tender, by tho turn of a small
wheel, brings them back to tho starting point,
sets tho cutters by tho turn of another stun 1
wheel, nud they start again ncross tho breast of
tho largo wheel. As the round splints nro cut
out ot tno i.ico oi tlio mock, it assumes u corru
gated nppearance, not unllko tho faco of nn
ordinary washboard, nnd when the uinchino
starts on tho next cut, the projections, formincr
one-nan oi tno splint, are cut out, tnus alter
nating tho con ligations. The two machines
thus iu operation will cut 21 gross of sticks
(7,200 to Iho gross), per minute, with 10 cutters
to ench, or, in the aggregate, 172,800 per min
ute. 10,USS,000 per hour, or 103,080,000 per day
of 10 hours.
To boroutlnuM.l
0osk. That oouo Is not oxygon is proved
by the contrast in some of their properties.
Ox)gen has no taste, oouo tnstes, us one writer
expresses it, llko lobster, nnd might make tho
fortunoof some enterprising catererwho should
provide it cheaply us nn adjunct of salad. 'Oxy
gen has no smell; euouo suiolls llko , well,
wo will leave that to tho imagination of the
readet not llko hcliolropo or roso. Oxygen
has no action on gists, ammonia, phosphorett
ed h)drogeuor muriatic ncld, in its freo state in
tho atmosphere; ozono nets strongly upon nil
these, Ozono colors litmus paper, ruins In
dia rubber, tarnishes silver, blenches; which
nro not powers of simple oxygen ns it is found
iu tho atmosphere, Dr. Andrews, who has
made n study of it, says it is moro than thrco
times as heavy ns ox)gen. n difllcult fact to
prove. It colors metals with great force and
rapidity, changes black to white in n compound
of lead, yi How to red in n compouud of potns
slum. It polarizes gold nud platinum. In
deed, new experiments nro revealing more
properties of this energetic influence, nnd the
scientific societies hnvo iu each meetiug moro
wonderful thhigs to say of it. I'tttcnkojjtr.
Sruiiiocs Coins. It seem thnt scienco is
impartial in conferring her fnvors. Counter
feiter nnd philanthropists make equal pro
gress, lately a now imitntion has appeared in
lhiglaud, as wo learn from tho iroiimomer.
That paper a)s: Wo regret to find it necessary
to caution our readers ngainst taking spurious
gold coin, as it appoars that the usual tests of
miuicul ring, milled edge, or even weight, are
no longer reliable tests. That "all Is not gold
that glitters" is now clearly demonstrated, for
scientiflo roguery has now so far advanced that
tokens of platinum alloy nro being produced so
exactly resembling Iho precious metal ns to
deceive tho most cuieful nnd experienced busi
ness men. So close. Indeed, is the imitation,
that n specimen takeu recently by a London
tradesman was only suspected on clipping the
odge, nud specimens, beitn; nw u to the offi
cial at thollnnk of Kugland, w err put through
the or.liliArv I, kIs mid lulinittfil In 1,.. .fL..i
in form and weight. The discovery isnnjthing.
I'm ii?iiimiiii, null mv utiiunii ijuriiiiuii itribt-ti
How nro we to guard ngaluet such scientific
smashing
Navutiui ink A recent English patent re.
lates to Ihe application of naphthaline. 1. As
a vubstitute for sulphur, wnx, resin or other
iuflauuuable materials nsed for dipping or im
preguatiug matches and firelighters. 2. As an
addition t tho phosphorus paste in which the
ends of wax aud other matohes are clipjied. 3.
To lucrenoe the inflammability of candle,
tapers, links aud torches, i. For burning iu
lamp in tho form of a hollow candle, provided
with au independent wick and double air cur
rent, the theme serving to melt the solid naphth
aline to feed the wick. Naphthaline is a white
crystalliztble subi-tauce evolved by the distilla
tion of bitauiiuous coal. When crystallize! it
i a very delicate film, yielding to the gentlest
touch, vet. under favorable cirenmatanco. it
compacts and i capable of considerable resistance-.
It Ha a peculiar, faintly aronaUe odr.
not unlike narcissus; is heavier then water, and
it readily dissolved by naphtha.
Paxasivixo Woon wmi Ti'- A consid
eration of the various matil best adapted
for preserving wood, leads tatzfeld to conclude
that substance conUluiB tannin are the best
preservative.
Hints on Hop Growing No. 6.
On Picking.
In those localities where the s ason is most
advanced, picking has already commenced. It
is to be hoped that it his, if the hops aro
ready, for as we have stated in preceding arti
cles, tho sooner hops are picked after they ore
ready, tho better for them. Tho grower should
avnll himself of every means that will expedite
tho harvesting of this orop, and Jwhoever does
the pioking should bo paid by the amount and
not by time. In order to form a just estimate
of the earnings ot the pickers, and nlso of the
yield ot tho progressing harvest,
The Hop Box
Will be found the most convenient. It
Bhould be made of rather light stuff three
quarter inch is sufficiently heavy and as thoy
nre to be the standard of measure, the boxes of
hop-growing districts should bo of uniform
size. Sevon feet in length, three and one-half
feet high, and tho same in width is tho size
used at the East. Dividing this in the center
by a tbin partition makes two boxos three aud
ono-half feet square. Each picker is to have
ono of these Bquaro boxes. In constructing
them a narrow strip should bo attached to each
of the long sides, jutting out and forming han
dles at the ends, by which the box can bo read
ily shifted and carried about the yard.
Tho hop-grower can not afford to pay pickors
by tlmo. They might seem to be doing, and
really think that they wero doing their very
best, and at the sanio tlmo bo making slow pro
gress. Hut let them pick by tho box and the
anxiety about making wages, with tho rivalry
that must inevitably Bpring up in the busy
yard, will develop a handiness and Bpeod that
will be alike ndvnntngeous to picker and grow
er. The picker is compelled to work rapidly,
especially In filling tho last half of tho box; for
tho weight ottho hops as the box' gets nearly
full wlltcnnso Bottling; and nothing but rapid
pioking can gain on it with any rapidity.
Ilut while tho grower or his overseer is en
deavoring to securo speed, care should be takon
to prevent dirty picking; otherwise clusters
containing leaves and bit of vino will fled thelf
way into the box, thereby groatly injuring tho
quality of tho hops. This, however, can be
readily dotected whon tho box is emptied in tho
sacks in which thoy are conveyed to tho dry
house. These sacks Bhould bo fresh and clean;
" run togother" for tho season; and tho cloth cut
to a bIzo that will work to ndvnntngo In baling,
when the picking season is over. If they nro
mado about threo times tho sizo of tho Califor
nia potato sack they can bo handled, oven whoa
full, very comfortably.
In handling tho bops, from the pulling of the
poles to tho baling process, caro should bo taken
to provent tho crushing of tho blossom, as it be
comes damaged in nppearnuco, and losos a por
tion ot its strength oy being urulsod and torn,
ns tho pollen containing tho oil of tho plant is
partially lost'by broakago aud sifting.
A Goad Pole-puller
Is an Important nld In successful hop-ploklng.
A poor one will break a good many poles; will
shako nnd mangle tho vines iu loosening the
polos; will keep tho pickers poorly supplied
with material to work ou; nnd when placing
the poles on their boxes will jar them unneceisa
rily, thereby settling the hops to the dissatis
faction of the pickers; whlln an expert will
avoid ull this, will seo that the vines nre prop
erly stripped of their blossoms, and that no
thing but blossoms goes into tho box. A good
deal of physical strength as well as responsi
bility is required at the bauds of the pole
puller, ns tho number of poles to be lifted
during tho day is very largo, each one requir
ing a fair amouut of strength to raise it, while
niuuy demand all tho muscular power that he
cau bestow upon them, and this, too, when the
impatiout cry : " Hops I" will not admit of
more than tho allotted time being given to each
polo. And whon it is considered that in most
cases a largo portion of these oiamorous piokers
aro women and girls, it will bo roalizod that tho
poor polo-puller needs strength of nerve as
woll us of musclo to carry him through.
Wo propose to glvo in our next issue some
hiuts on hop-drying. furaf l'rtss.
Facts and Fancies about Heat.
Our scientiflo contemporaries, upon whose
know lcdgo wo bang as lovingly as the infatuated
and blind Cupid bungs upou the neck of Venus,
will persist in belittling onr'stupendous globo
by Instituting comparisons of an odious char
acter. Professor Proctor made us feel much
smaller than a Liliputian gnat ', nnd now Pro
fessor Laugley, of the Alleghany Observatory,
cltos us as the representative ot coal nnd iron,
beforo bis glowing and caloritlo majesty, King
Hoi. Tho Professor says, in answer to the
question, "How hot is tho sun?" that Sir
John Herschell and Father Bocchi place it at at
feme 10,000,000 degrees of Fahrenheit, while
Sir William Thompson thinks it is something
near thirty or forty times ns hot as 'one of onr
blasting furnaces, which vnporlzes a small por
tion of tho iron it renders, whilo the aggregate
amouut of irou which annually passes out of
tho Pittsburg chlmucys in the vaporized state,
may be estimated nt 0,000 tons. This would
appear to bo a great waste, but when wo come
to compare it with that of the great furnace of
the sun, whoso tlro'-grnte urea is reckoned not
in yards, but in square miles, of which its sur
face includes 2,300,000,000,000, 1 a very small
affair. The learned gentleman then proceed
to show thnt, as a calculation of the exact
amouut ot heat given out from a furnace of
known size can easily be made; so, likewise,
ran we calculate accurately how long a given
amount of coal will lastx Comparing the sun
to such n furnace, we ascertain the area; and
adopt iug a probablo value for the rate of emis
sion, it becomes a simple problem in practical
engineering to determine how long a given
quantity of coal would last it burned at
Us surface at the rate of combustion which
would just maiutaln this known heat. A care
ful computation based upon the above
hypothesis shows that the entire coal fields of
Pennsylvania would keep np the actual sola
heat not an tntirt stcond. The amount of fr
required to keep np the everlasting combust"
that gives off the heat that even our little r?
enjoys i inconceivable. Coal and Iron r
Flamk. W. Stein has published 'Hf01
of Frankland'.iAim,,io ..i,'Olllum-
inating power of flames. Franklan. n4?n"
ing the 'old theory of incander?' CMbn
particles, suggests that the illun?V"f PWf J
of flames is owing to very cond e?, V"? '
hydrocarbons. The author of C ,MMcle bWS
forward a number of known n "PPort of
u oia oy pouesl.
TV ..... . .ofanlpMnt.MM.
ical pyrites. Harroay ob.d a n.eio tub.
stance between which a '? ?Trt vere a
few scales resembling. mV .r?n' bnt of
brownUh oolor. The wUiis,ioki,nB8ubstac
proved to be tellori;' .nd intermediate
mineral a tellorinr4lphrillte-
A uobt crop P0101 in Oregon fas re
ported this jm