Willamette farmer., May 09, 1874, Page 3, Image 3

WILLAMETTE FARMEP.
3
UsEpdL iro!vvroN'
Preservation of Wood.
In attempting to proteot wood from the
action of the weather, or of the mois
ture of the soil in which it is buried, two points
have to be taken into consideration, first,
to find a suitable preservative material; and
secondly, to invent a simple and practical
method of introducing this material into tho
wood to a sufficient depth. The latter hns been
accomplished by Houcherle by the weight of n
considerable column of liquid, while Breaut,
Floury, Personnet and others preferred to ex
ert a pressuro in closed vessels. But, bo far,
less success has attended all attempts to find a
suitable preserving fluid. Some, who ascribed
tho decay of wood to tho action of animal and
vegetable parasites, have sought to impregnate
it with poisons, such as tho chlorido of zinc
and snlpbato of copper. The latter substance
is still used by n few corporations in France;
but all such solublo salts can act only for a
short time, sfneo rain aul the moisture of air
and soil necessarily dissolve them out after a
while. Others have taken patents for impreg-
uuuug lui'lll Wliu mnuiuuiu nuuruuui-L-n iree;ii-
tatcd in the wood by tho successive action of
two soluble substances. Among tho latter are
phosphate of iron, sulphate of baryta, silicate
of iron and tho like. These methods havo in
general ono common disadvantage that tho
acids set free by this mutual decomposition
and percipitation attack the fiber of tho wood,
and hence none of these havo remained In use.
Moro recently tho saturation of wood with cre
osote was adopted and practiced in England.
This does, indeed, prevent decay, but does uot
harden the wood. Tho process, is expensive,
tho operation difficult, tho apparatus costly,
much time is required, and thu liquid requires
to bo analyzed frequently to ascertain whether
it is still in good condition; and besides all this
thore is great danger of firo.
A manufacturer of Nancy, France, named
Ilatzfeld, had long been considering why it
wok that oak lasted longer than other wood.
In 1830 some oaken piles which had been
burled sines 11 CO were dug up in Rouen; they
were not only as black as ebony, but wonder
fully hard. Ilatzfeld referred this property of
oak wood to tho largo quantity of tannic and
callia acid contained in it, and is of tho opin
ion that tho abuudanco of tanuio acid produces
an effect upon tho libers of tho wood analogous
to that of tanning on animal hide, forming a
hard, iusolublo and impenetrable, compound,
which can resist, without change, tho Influence
of heat and moisture. Chemistry had long be
foro referred this dark color to a union of the
galllo acid of tho wood with Iron, of which there
is more or less present in all soils. This tan
nato and gallato of iron Ilatzfeld considers the
best preservative agaiust decav. Ho therefore
proposes to imprcuuato tho wood with tnnnin,
uud afterward with acetate, of iron, uud tum
to place tho wood In tho ground at once, in tho
same condition, to some extent, as th it which
had been taken out of tho earth after tho lapse
of three coutnrits. Tho motbod has the ad
vantage of beiug cheap, whilo tho acid used
docs not attack the fiber of tho wood. At the
present time a French telegraphio company are
testing the new proc?i-B on a largo scale, on the
Naucy-Vezelise Hue, tho polos beiug prepared
at Nancy under tho direction of Ilatzfeld him
self. Jour, of Ap. C'icm.
Leather Cardboard (or Roofing Pur- '
poses.
A French writer, discussing tho respective
advantages of tho several varieties of piper
roofing lately introduced on tho continent,
says:
Although the advantages of bitumen card
board for covering slight or temporary struc
tures nro generally known, many Inconven
iences arise from Its use. Its rapid decompo
sition and want of solidity when tho oily parts
of the bitumen evaporated, necessitated such
frequent rocoatlng that tho system becamo ex
pensive rather thau economical. A new sub
Blanco has, however, been lately discovered,
known as leather cardboard, which, from its sol
idity, suppleness and durability, soems likely
to supplant tho old method of roofing. It is
composed of solid and tough materials, cement
ed together by an idly and durable plastering,
with which they aro thoroughly impregnated,
thus produeiug a htibstnuoo entirely water-proof
and far moro lasting than bitumen cardboard,
which, formed as it is of a Bpongy, compressible
matter, and only covered with a thin layer of
pitch, obviously possesses neither of the quali
ties essential to any matorial for roofing that
is, absoluto impenetrability addul to great pow
ers of resistance.
The leather cardboard, on the contrary, is so
waterproof aud tenacious in its composition
that atmosphcrio chauges havo no effect upon
it; it can bear the most intenso heat and cold
without injury, ami is capable of resisting not
only tho heaviest rain, but also tho effects of
continuous snow.
Heingof light weight and easily fixed, the
leather cardboard has the advantage, of beiug
far more economical than ordinary inothods of
roofing with zinc, tile- or slate.
Kmployed, as it has been for several years, as
much In privato structures as for camps aud
public edifices, its advantages havo been proved
by experience, and ten medals awarded to the
inventor at different exhibitious have justly re
compensed the improvements he has effeoted.
The cardboard nhould be laid on planks of
wood, touching each other, and at an inclina
tion of about fivo iucbos. The bands of card
board should bo unrolled lengthwise on the
roof, commencing at tho gutter, aud going
gradually up to the top. ...
Care must be taken to stretch tho cardboard
well, and to make oach sheet lap over the other
abovo two inches, securing them by nails at In
tervals. The whole is ultimately fixed from
the top to the bottom of tho roof by little wood
en lintels, less than an Inch wide, nailed at a
distauce of about 18 inches from one another.
A coating ol hot pitch should then be applied.
The sheets of leather cardboard beiug sanded
only on one 6ide. care must(be taken to fix the
smooth side to the planks. The price varies
according to tho thickness of the sheets, but Is
much tho same as that of ordinary cardboard.
Good Idw. The new army boot, introduced
into the English service by Sir William l'alliser.
a distinguished Eogli.h soldier, gives general
satisfaction after undergoing a severe trial by
several regiments, oom ai uouie mm wiu,
One feature of the boot consists in placing two
thin slabs of cork, reaching from too to heel,
underneath the inner sole of the boot, which
renders the sole quite impervious to wet. The
object of employing two slabs is in order that
the cork in one slab may cover any flaw which
may exist in the other.
Vauxisn roa Wood Canvisas. The follow,
ing is recommended for this purpose by a for
eign authority. One part ol gum-shed ao is
dissolved in three to four parts of alcohol of Ji
per cent, mixed with one part of water, filtered,
pressed, and the solution distilled until all the
alcohol is evaporated. The gum which is pre
cipitated from this solution u dried ou a water
bath and disaolved in doable its weight of alco
hol of 96 to 98 per cent.
Some of the Uses of Leather.
A voluminous and most interesting article '
might bo written on tho subject which heads
these lines. It is a fallacy to believe tint leather!
is used for boots and shoes, harness, carnage- '
tops, belting, hoso, and tho like only these aro I
only a few of the multifarious duties which
leather, in one shnpo or another, has been
made to perform. Let us sec. Besides for the j
usos enumerated, which may properly bo called
tho leading ones, lcitbcr is now coming lirgely
into use in tho manufacture, of jewelry. A 1 ite
number of the liaiaar, published in Boston,
has an Interesting illustrated article on this sub-'
jeet, and Die Gartenhube, a Bhort timo since,
gate n detailed account of a now branch of in
dustry which hss recently sprnug up in Vienna
(since the Exhibition), lz., tho manufacture
of leather jewelry, on a largo scale. Ltnther
flowers and imitations of fruits, especially
clusters of grapes, have long been popular, and
the manufacture of them has long bcenn favor-'
ite aud pleasant occupation with many of our
ladles, who use their handiwork in tho embel
lishment of picture-frames, brackets, work
boxes, aud a hundred other articles of bijouterie.
In the manufacture of clothing, leather enters .
to a great extent iuto tho domestic necessities
of the populations of Northern Europe espe
cially Russia and the upper part of Sweden;
and how far leather enters into tho manufac
ture of trunks, alines, and other traveling re
anisltes, Newark, in America, aud Vienna aud
arceloua, in Europe, can furnish suitable ex
amples. In tho manufacture of f inoy articles, .
Icatherof the finer qualiticB is extensively used,
and the Vienna and 1'arU goods of this class
aro world-renowned. Leather taiiestiy. which
was, a century ago, very fashionable, in Europe,
is ngaiu comti g into vogue, it is, wituout ex
ception, the most durable tapestry in existence,
tho famous (lobeltn.1 not excepted. All who
havo visited Versailles and St. Cloud (before i
the latter placo was destroyed) must have nd-1
mired the handsome leather tapestry which
covers sonio of the rooms, although, on ac
count of its nge and peculiar graining, and the
gilt figures with which it is partly colored, It is i
often mistaken for wood. For tuo coverings of I
furnlturo, leather was formerly much moro ex-1
tenslvely used than is at present thu case. It
was both handsome, durable, nud did not, lis
Bilk uud costly velvet co voting du,"wrarout." '
In tho "thirty war the soldi rs fromtho Duchy
of llessen wore cuirasses made, of leather,
lined with a thin steel phto;aud there is at I
least one autheutlo iustanco on record of a ship
haviuc been "plated" with leather, viz., the
Fronch guuboat "Provence," which was used
in tho Crimean war. Hut she was not a suc
cess, and besides, this mode of plating (it was i
rubber sheets and leather, placed in layers, al
ternately,) was found to lie very expensive.
Iu Greenland, tho wyuks, or boats, of thu na-'
tlve Esiiuirn nix nre madoof tunned hiiWsof tho i
seal and walrus, which nrostuflt-dnrimpervious
to water, and thero are in tho United States
Patent Office upward of n tlozeti patents fur
"portable boats." Of lalo years, however, rub
ber is used almost exclusively for this purpose,
and tho leather boats aro obsolete, tho patents,
with ono or two exceptions, havo expired long
ago.
Hut perhaps tho most curious use to which
leather was ever put is in tho manufacture of
cannon. How otten mid with what success it
has been employed for this specific purpose,
wo aro not prepared to siy, but that it lias been
so used is an historical fact. Thore is in thu
ltoynl Arsenal in Copenhagen, n leather gun
tho onlv ouo now leftot a battery of twelve',1
which (.'hallos XII brouuht over from Sweden, i
to use in his attack against Copenhagen. Tho
idea Is said to havo originated with the king
himself who wanted light guns for uso in the
mountains, and easy of transportation during
his numerous campaigns. Tho gun wu refer to
has tho appearance of au ordinary field-gun or
howitzer, and is mounted in tho name manner.
It consists of a smooth steel tube, closed at tho
bottom, and tightly wound round, up nud
down, spirally, with tough leather straps or
bands, about two inches in width. Tuis nceu
malatlon of bauds is covered with a piece of
leather whlsb, through uso and ago, has become,
black and shiny, and tho gun looks at a short
dlstauco liko an ordinary o d-fashlonrd bronzo
Hlx-pouuder, About midway, slightly neanr
tlie rear end, is placed a siom iron or neci ring,
which carries tho trunnions. The wholo weight I
of thu gun is lo-s than one -third of what an'
iron cannon of the same calibre would weigh,
and it was theroforo admirably iidiptcd for tho
uso to which tho fiuhtiui! kiuir ot Swodoii put
his battery of leather guns on the pattictilar
occasion when ho carried the in across on tho
ice, from tho seiportof Maltno, in Sweden, to
Copenhagen, u distance of sixteen miles. What
has become of tho other eleven guns wo do not
know, lint this one remains, at Icai-t, as evi
dence that tho mauufacturo of guns of leather
has been attempted far hick in history, al
though with what degree of success history
fails to inform us. l or all mat we know, tuo
othe r eleven which made up this strango Lattery
of "light artillery" may have, ono by one, or all
in a heap, exploded! A'l. Crlnpln.
A GAn-ixHD. What constitutes a oar-load7 .
As a general rule, 20,000 s. or 70 Inrrels of
Bait, 70 of lime, 0(1 of tlour, fill of whisky,
200 sacks of tlour, 0 cords of hard wood, 18 to
20 head of cattle, CO to f.0 head of hogs, HO to
100 head ot sheep, 0,000 feet of solid boards,
17,000 feet of siding, 13,000 feet of flocriug, I
40,000 shingles, one-half less of hard lumber,
one-fourth less of joists scantling nud nil other
large timber, 310 bushels of wheat, 3(10 of corn,
fiSO of oat. -100 of barley, 3(i0 of flux seed, 300
of apples, 430 of Irish pot itocs, SCO of sweet
potatoes, 1,000 bushels of bran. The foregoing
table, which wo find in the St. Louis 7'inicx,
may not be exactly correct, for tho reason that
railroads do uot exactly ngreo in their rules and !
estimates, but it approximates so cloicly to the
generil averago that shippers will find it a great
convenience as a matter of reference
COOMSO DfllSKH. A good subhtltuto for I
lemon-juice Is tartaric acid. This is the sour
principle in wines, and is made from tho de-,
posits in wine barrels, which is tartrato of
potush. Cream ot tartar or bi-tartrate ot po
tash is also used to acidulate drinks, but objec
tionable for tho reason of tho nuiouut of potash
it contains. Tho best substitute of all is the
crystalized citrio acid itself, as it is extracteil
by chemical means from the fresh lemon juice.
The lemonade made from it is equivalent to
hut nf lemons, esneciallv when flavored with
a piece of lemon or orange-peel; aud if this
cannot be bad, a tingle drop of the oil of lemon.
As tho crystalized citrio acid is very powerful,
It takes very httlo to acidulate a large quantity
of sugar-water. As the taste differs in different
individuals, it is best to mix by trial, gradually
adding acid aud sugar to the water until suited.
Ex.
t ..... u fv.k.u nv nvAhi. A FVpnMi
iiuuiii. HI J"." --- - -- --
chemical journal states that II. David, iu
, t i.i ....... ... l.i.u f,i Hi, nf.ti.-rMa
uieacuing wiiu uu..r, vwj,iw; .. .. ...
lion of the gas a mixture of rotasslo perman
ganate, manganlo dioxide (binoxlde of man
Kaueso), and Bulphurio acid contained In
carboys; air is patsed over the mixture, aud
after becoming impregnated with ozone is ltd
into a brick tank containing the substances to i
be bleached; after teveral hours' exposure to
the air, cotton, flax, rags for paper-making,
etc., we sufficiently bleached.
THe -p-W-
Advantages ofExracting Honey.
When honoy Is abundant, says Mr. Qiilmby,
and the weather cool ot night, tho bees will
brine in houev much faster than the brood will i
consnmo it. the surplus is stored as near the nnj a,er salting, l0 the air, instead of hurry
brood as possible, and ot course oil cells sur- . . , fa , , , wllh
roundlngthe brood ouevery side are filled withl ,' , , ' , """"
honey, leaving no room or moro brood, ex- tho majority of dairymen. Every checso-moUor
cept a bee hatches, when the cell is at onoe must havo obstrved the line golden color Bo
used for an egg. A worker lives but a few quired by tho porllcles of curd that havo ocel
weeks summer timo nud tho few hatchings ; . , , , ., , . . . ..i
iu such hive scarcelv more than replace those tlentnlly remained out of tho hoop, and exposed
that ore dying off. 'it takes n long time to get dining tho day to tho ntmosphere. This Is the
a strong colony under such circumstances. precise color desired by tho dealers, and in
With tho extractor, and movable combs, wo warm weather an exposure long enough for the
cn help matters greatly. These combs next d-red color is practicable, and the appear-
tho brood, filled with honey, can be taken out, ,(nco 0( thp cnrd can be materially changed for
bees brushed off, and tho honey thrown out, UP better by letting it remain in the vat or tub
aud the combs returned to thohlvo fur refilling, until it hasacquirtd the proper tempeiaturo for
Tho queen will t-tke tho advantage of tho empty n,(, ,resH. It is nlwajsprvftrnblo to cool curd
cells surrounding tho brood, ond deposit egs n n,H vny, instead of using water or cold
In much larger sp ice than before. Tho weather w-hev on the curd, as Is siiiif times done for
being warm, tho bees will protect and nurse a this'purpose, as theso last have a tendency to
much larger brood, which will soon greatly add impoverish tho chocso by washing nut a por-
to tho number of bees. If a few pounds of tlou ot Its richness, besides injuring somewhat
honey obtained, wo havo pained that, besides K flavor. Pine flavor, quality, and the proper
tho Increase ot bees. Tho honej thus obtained texture in cheeso aro important requisites to
is of the purest kind, pure, as the box honey, ready sales and good prices. Hut all these
and tho chauces of box honey nre much In- tlisy bo present, aud vet the cheese sell low iu
creased by the operation. market for Its I nd appearance. Tho eyo must
When tho colony is strong early, and strong bo suited as well as the taste, nud it is difficult
enough to enter the box fully, aud box honey t umUo tho consumer believe that pale, while
is tho groat desidtratum, the extracting can be oheesu is as rich as that which has a fine cream
omitted, but the quantity is much less than color. Again, many dairymen nro troubled,
when the extracting Is followed up. Thegreit more or less, iu preserving a smooth, elastic
est amount of honey can bo obtained by ex- rnd; the rind checks, nud deep cracks nre
trading as often as once in four or five days found hero and there lit the cheese. This re-
during tho greatest yields. To test the matter m,lts often, ond, for the most part, from the air
fully, bcglu early with a strong colony It in- King allowed to blow ou the joung cheese;
creases thu lees In strong colony proportion- cheese, when it comes from thu press, and for
ally. several days after, or until the rlud has all mi
-- - consistency, should be ki pt where the air ma)
Is Ui.vck CoMn Uskkul. Hlack comb, unless uot blow directly upon it; and washing thu
it be very old and choked withpollin and tilth, cheese twice a week with hot, sweet whey will
is us useful for breeding purpoMS as any other, add much to its outward appearance. Annatto
For guide combs It is littler than any other, is iu general use during spring and fall, for cob
ns it is tough ond will not break r.vvay from Its oriug milk for cheese-iuaking, but as much of
fastenings as Lew comb will. Care 'should be. It is adulterated with poisonous materials Its use
taktn, notwithstanding, to discard all comb should bo avoided in summer, when thedi sired
from which tho bees of founer seasons have color to the cheese ean bo obtained ns nlnivo
nut liatcuiil out. hiunetlmesin old eomlis somo
cells may bo observed from which tho scaling
has not been removed; some such cells
may have small peit'orations in them,
their crowns being sunken and their contents
dried up; others tuny still retain the remains of
dead brood, but wherever these are seen the
t'nmh ftlinulil bit t-mirittfiipil til tin- mnllint? t.ot.
.... ..P.. . . v 1
Hint to Hkk Fam-iki.s.-A coi respondent of
i V itiilfuli wilful itililttit tifiti nliitiiti it ftiitin Irnin
i ..hHl. i..."! .i.mimwii .we.." .. V...-V, ......
uho i rum
his exVerlenco which may be useful to other
fanciers. Taking possession of new premises,
ho placed his bee shed where It would bo least
In tin. will- .if tilu iillnrnf inn. itti.l imiirfiv...
i ', , ii .
ments.lluthosootifoii..dhucoiildnoloiigergo
among the bees with impunity. 'I hey became
unoccnstoi.iee to seeing human beings, and
relapsed into tho condition i ol savages." lhus
it appears that tho folks who would keep bees,
must place them where they will b.como ac-
in Vi 'r 'in '.V " I---T..
while those who hide them away ns creatures
unwoithy o their confideucu will "flud thtm a
littlu ililueiilt lo lnaniiL'u."
little difficult to manage.1
Value of Silver and Gold
,, . , , , i .i i t n .
Tho basis upon which thu value of iher is
computed Iu thu U. S. mint aud Its branches,
is ns follows: 09 ounces of puro silver Is worth
: 09 ounces of puro silver Is worth
11 ounces of stand u.l silver (000
,,.,,. , ,
1 -'J'f,!!00 ". """c" "f ,urU
rth $1.2!.a9. and one ouueu of
$128 00; or
lino) Is worth
silver is worth
stauilanl stiver is worth l.li..iij. iiio promt -
um or discount on silver varies with tho sup
ubio foot is worth Ma,.ljj..!0.
It is presilineil that many )ooplo Uo not mi-
dirstand tho ojpression of "fineness In con-
nectlou with gold and s Ivor. In speaking of
bulliou. what vyo usually call "fineness' is
simply thu weight of lino metul toutniried In a
(riven qunntlty of in xed metals mid a lovs.
lor instance, in a gold or silver bar, whloh is
expectodtobeSSOfine.ItisBimpIy meant that
iu 1,000 purts by ictvjM, H .0 are fine gold or !
silver, as the caso maybe. In our mints the
value of gold iscomputed from fcijtaril weight;
that Is, gold which is 000 lino, that being the
finenem of our gold ooiu as required by law.
Of nure gold (1,000 fine) 387 ounces nro worth
?o.mj. uenceonu mine" is wurwi .u.uuo.i-
3IG2.J, nud thflnue-thousandth part of an ounce,
decimally expressed us .IWI Hue, Is worm
n nmiriH'iii'.i';
0.0.U07tB.llii-J.
M.viwi I'.t lii.-i.sns4 I.rv.nrink nnlv
wut-r. or for n chance, water with a litllu vine
. . .
gnr;un beer, or any malt liquors; no wine,
soup, broth, milk, aid especially no sugar or
.... .........n, .... .....,
starchv prepariitions; no fineflour, no fat meat,
no butter, uo cheese, uo sweetmeat
Now wo
.r.t I,.,.,. ,n..t .mnL.:,l !,. f. t.nn. . In. As
carnlverousauimalsare never fat, it proves
that starchy food is tho main t-nomy to bo
avoided.
f about two handlnls) close to tho t.lauts which
lor mere is ilangor tlml tlie comns nru liueclol in oneesu lactones, miiiunur tiani m mi in
with foul brood. HrUbh lict Journal employed, uud we think the expenses to the
" """! ! , .. patrons nre lightened and tho profits Inoreiisul.
r..to:B1Kn!rav.f t::, --;- '. ;
getting faraway from the him. with the st itn- no fanner's wife who has been once lid uf
ment that alter t( n years' evp. riuico ho has i-heese-uial.ing would bo wilting to return
never known it to fail but oiuo: As soon as in the old method. It would Ihi Just hi
they show tuo first Kyn.ptoins of swarming, with tanners' wives, If the farmers In the but
stop up some of the outlets to the hive so ns to ter districts went to unco adopt the factory
force them to ben considerable time coming out. system of making butter, (t is Hiich ii relief to
Thu ttvvariu being made up In part of young the family I And ns the Kales are gnuiinlly
bees, many of whom cannot fly well, nud ns made oftener, there is the advantage of nlvvo.vs
nothing e-iiii bo done by tho swarm until nil nru having ready money. Thesamu tundoof divl'd
out, nud fly about iu tho air; by prolonging jug expenses ntid the proceeds of sides may be
their exit the feeble ntiui become tired, nud employed iu butter factories that aiu employed
finding their plans frustrated, turn alight to re- in cheese factories. Or a company may be
nriango their journey. If they nm leave thu formed to buy thu milk. Or, as wo have else
old hive nil at once, they euro very littlu about where suggested, only cream might be taken to
alighting. the factory. As to tlntbiitteruiilli nud skiunuid
1 - - ....11. .1.... .......1.. I...1 ... i. ...... .....,...... w i...
"' .,"";, ,,.,,.',;, b ...,......,.. ."iittlo linn elusl or panicles, winen win go
worth S0.O0JIJ3U: ono ounco Troy of mire n. i. .i. ...... i...i. ........ n t i,Mt ...
tli it till jlatitutiil linn itpuln ef nuin ullisiv la I
Bilvtr Is worth $l.202'JJ9; one pound avordti- 1 ,llltI "i ii... i, ii Ht for A short lime, then
v.2: ,)" r".Hi lvT, ,e w."1 ?18' H",r'' llXW ,0,n look at It through u liiauiiililng glass or with
(2.(MWpnunds 2)l(,(..(. ounces I roy) equals olo naked eye, aud it would uluio-t siirpriie
37.70'J.oO; ouo cuhio inoh is worth 7.1u; ouo , i, ,1,,,, allIi M, .u ,...t Wiii i, vis.
oipect you will ask, what is lift for them to ' """ "'" '" .r V.i . .i i,
eat? We answer, plenty of fresh fruit nndgre. n disagreeable . ffect either to tho speaker or
vegetables, especially salads, bread and unbolt- the audience, lhegeut email ru err. id to states
...i.i. ..!...'. : ...i i ,,.i ..,. tliutthisexi.er mont hasbeeu triid lulhu church
UU limit VlliiiJilfc ill kn. i.(... .iv ......mi, .w.4 i..-
Hluos ash Hjuiius, A correspoiultnt ot tlie Englaud Is tho Duiikenlleld, 2,01.0 feet, took
London FltM suggests an easy and. he sa)H, teu years timo to sink, cost f VlO.OtM), aud this
most effectual way of getting rid of theso gar- t0 .uch n UmI of coal only I ft. H1, inchos
ilen nests, namelv: I'ut small heaps of bran .i.i.ir '', ,l,.,.,.ut ., Amerleii Is K.iiil In lm
they elestroy most, and then, about 10 or 11 inK .hiys. cost $100,000. Iu Virginia the coal
o'clock at night, go round and put a handful jtK (;(J ft(,t aliove wut r luvel. It costs but a
of quicklime ou each heap; the number of jew thousand to open up, it being merely mo
slugs found killed in the morning will be almost rB,ry to remove the debris. tW VVade Jour.
incredible. Hlngs prefer bran to any fruit or -
vegetable, and will congregate on these heaps A H!W 4m11b fiWr re,eluUlii(t ramie,
from all parts of the garden. coyerll B u uroa of ie Kttltu of Guatemala.
Fkw tieoplo aro aware of the exUnt of tho Mr. Corn.tock brings specimens eight feet long,
work done on tho North I'oclflo Jlailroad, over gathcrwl after be ing overdried by ripening, It
In Marin county. The company expect to la tho worst weed known there. It U only used
have tho cars running from haucellto to Hun i for ropes and twine. The Indians make it up.
ii..i I.. ..I. I. 'rl.i.nl,uui.,.r,.,l,lrnn ...i Vnr nniii.r klrvk It Is ovMrlltlv kUIMjrior to UI1V
hand for seventy miles of road, aud expect to ' vegetable now in use; and, if gathered in sea
run their cars to Tomales before the season sou, it Is presumed that it would make goods
dokts. ' like ramie cloth.
THi DaiY-
Cooring c)eese
... """""" , A , ,
One of the means employed to glvo cheese a
rich cream color, is to expose the curd, before
tlescribed. ( iiimiiii itrwirr.
Butter Factories.
Inst now, factory butter, llko factory cheese,
brings an extra price. In" butter factories, ns
i. ... , -.... -I .. i.. i.. i..
f ' , C0If,,eted on the,. rn ml.i Hysleui, a
- .... . '
0O(l yfjjy 0UIJ 0 0 IlllH'UUrUI CHIVfH Of llOll
.....i .......
', , tllIllon ,,y ,,( ,, ,,,, s, taking those of
t(( .,,, n,f( ,,,,, ,, ,,oul,1i,',,l them
'llur mi ,.Ill1y H man to takii earn of
. .. f... . . ......
tiiem, Jl niiv additional leeil is ineileil, let II
, purchased with the common fund, by an
wntiyn conlu..,.. In the fall, when lb.
,,,,,, ,)r , llr ,iipw,l f, ha tho profits!.,
,,,,,,, ,,. if ,.,., , ,, twt ,,,
,(, ,'vo H,H(,ietinlli mll W1 Unow it wouh!
k , ,, r ,,, , K,.t ril, ,)f
s
1
le
rare ami (iruiiKery oi uie nairy. i
, ,, ,.,,,, ;;tlo ,, imlcfl
u(1 ((f .,,,,,1,,,,, nKMoelatioii tl
.. ' .......' . .,... i i . .. ..
This, to us.
us to favor
that will lift
the bunions from
the backs
nf our women.
Ulloi llemlil.
Stiuininii Mii.k.- Now this may seem u very
m,,,,,,, ,,.ject. nud one th.u nost people think
, tl.v can do well euouuh in their way, but I
think there is a more excellent way than that
think there is n more excellent way than that
VT'.'1 .,,y " J5",','1 '""Jorl,A' ' .,,,,r 'nrm,r
I find that most all of our milk mist rs aro oiiii-
' tent to Imply let tho milk run through a win.
i H,ov ,,r hlrnlJ.,,r llttachd to the pall. I don't
. ...... linw ...., ,. orH(111 lri,.H .., i,u .lurinu ii.a
I . . .. .1 ...Illl I.... 11 .1 I
operaiiuii ui iniiiwiirE. eiit-ru win mmijn imi
.,,. Now mv method is to Mralii all the milk
, ,ir,nlKi, n 0(mrill, atiUtu cloth or linen strnini r
(1 lui,iltioii to the one iu tin. pall) fluid over
, , , , (ll)J ,,al HO t(, t u , ,hrough
both t tho mum. lime, and I find there is a
r(;llt ,irrenee iu the looks of the milk, and
Hi the color, II ivor mid quality nf the liuttir,
w hero raniu-ra strain their milk iu this way in
M,,i,lof to other Now If jnu want purer
1)Uk nll,i Bwr(l,r tasting butter, some thai will
Hui higher hi tho market, Just try the cloth
html(.r lxm M0 thu difference, and specially
tt hero the cows aru stabled. -Cor. Mirror ami
-armrr
' .
.... i.... w.... n..,..
n inruuir.nr.il . liiniim ..!... ..t.n.r
""-"" ,. . ; ','fi ' ,i.
our silbnenbers. llu propose h to place the
bUU m vcr,1(.nl tll;t tlm i, a horizontal
' position. Tho effect In large halls, churches,
... iu
tc. Is to (llectuiillv screen the eyes from thu
lirict ularn of thu external liuhl, ut tho sniiiii
,, ,,- . . ., , . . .1 , ... ...
t mo inai lue Hum may ' ireeiv nm .. e.i ..
met room, ii uo suits
are inaile Niitllcieutly
N,'ll '""I adjusted to stand nt right angli s w
itii
at WHICH no is an am nnani, aim mui mo resuii
' entirely satisfactory. o regard thu sug-
gestion as a gool ono.-,lrllin.
'"m, . " "" . , i
Uotl. niurrs. 1110 ueeiiest cnai snail in
it,,. uiVnrv Hlmli. XC, fc. 1 mink in 12H work
' . tl ,1. !.-. ........ 1... ..II Im1tli.il tarlll..lll
What is Jet?
What is jet? This is a question often put,
but never satisfactorily nnswcrctl. Nearly all
tho jet workers have an opinion on lis origin,
and most of them, in common with tho greater
part of tho inhabitants of Whitby nud its neigh
Iwrlvood, bclievo it to be of ligneous origin.
Some, however, beliove it to lit) of mineral ori
gin, nud others think it combines tho two.
Tnkiug tho opinion of Mr. Martin Simpson,
tho curator of tho Whitby Museum, who has
studied tho polony of this district exceedingly
well, and with whom I hnvo talked on this sub
ject, he puts his ihcorvtfis follows: "Jot Is gen
erally considered to hove lieen wood, and In
many coses it has undoubtedly been so; for tho
woody structure often remains, ond it is not
unlikely that comminuted vegclnblo matter
mnv have been changed into jet. Hut it is evi
dent that vegetable matter is not nn essential
pott of jet, for we frequently find that Iwno
and tho scales of fishes have also been ehnnued
Into jet. Iu tho Whitby Mucmn thire is a
large mass of bone, w hlch has tho exterior con
verted into jet for nbout n quarter of and Inch
in thickness. Tho jelly moticr appears to have
entered first into the pores of the bono, and
then to have hardened, nud during the mineral
izing process, the wholo bonoy math r has been
gradually displaced, aud its place occupied by
jet. so ns to preserve Its original form."
With this latter opinion I nm inclined to
ngreo, for Jet has the oppeoranco of a siili
stnuco that has distilled from the rock, and In
some cases has iiuprcgiiattil vegetable, and in
other coses animal stibsttnces, while In others
it hns simply ill ed up n fissure in the rock,
and Bolidilicd. Ill some apci-imcns I havo seen
the grain, npporont'y of wood, distinctly; in
others, scales and bones of fishes; and iu one
of tho best specimens that hns bteu found here,
the mass in form nud striicuru wns that of
tree, with bark, knots, nud roots, and iu the
curled portions of the roots, Mom ntid soil
conglomerated wtro Imbedded.
'1 hat it has been formed from distillate from
what is called the Jit reck is siippmlid by
tin so .facts. Kiperinients tried ou portions
have been successful, and proved that at least
ttiigallulH of oil could be extracted from one
ton of tho shale, and that this pure oil gave
nut n clear and brilliant light when burnt. A
piece of jet em tiro gives out a similar bril
liant, clear light. Again, the substance Is al
ways found In seams, detached, and In n hori
zontal position, aiul ppichds Itself nut in shal
low lav era, as water or fluid substances always
do, 'i'hii two kinds with which wo are no
iiuoinlednro the hard and soft; these are evi
bully of different species. Tho Jet rock
oceurrs lu the tvvoity font formation.
This formation, commencing at the peak about
eight miles south of Whitby, traverses the
whole ewst to about fifteen miles north nl
Whilbv, and from thu bold ami precipitous
elills that skirt the sea to Tees' mouth. The
rock divides into llm upper nml lower lias, with
a uiiirlstoiie series intervening, in the upper
part of which wu have tho Cleveland Ironstone.
Then coiui's the dogger or Jet rock, and It Is
here that our hard Jet is found Iu compressed
masses or layers of various lengths mid thick
iiiBMM, sumo having been found from ou inch
or two long and one-eighth thick, to masses
thirty inches wide, six feet long, and four In
dus thick. It appears that the largest piece
ever found was six fict four iueliiH iu length,
four olid a half to five mid n half Inches wide,
and ono and a half thick, weighing eleven
pounds and n half. Thu net price was Ion
guineas; fur this sum it was offered to the
ciiritor of the HrltUh Museum; he declined to
purehai-o it, and the specimen was afterwards
sold for flltiou guineas, nud cut Into four inch
crosses. .IrIiii
Correspondence from Windsor.
From (tin Fsi'lno lliiVst Tre-M.)
Wo have been taking the lluiui, I'iikss for
three years or more, and think wo could not do
without It. Hut in all the time wo have token
it I have never noticed any correspondence
from Windsor. I want to loll von what a pleas
ant country this is, situated between Santa ltosa
and Hi'ald.hiirg, on the Hue of N. 1'. It. U,, ou
a beautiful level, tho whole surrounding coun
try covered with grand old oak trees; the hills
lo the e-ost covered with their benutfliil green
foliage, St. Hilena standing guard oier all.
r.verythiiig is lovely now; spring has clothed
all lu a leautiful mantle of gre en, and the earth is
carpeted with Mowers. I euro neit to gnze em a
morii lovely sight. Those confined to uitlcri
oannot half enjoy life. How tired I beeeiinu
when I visit the city. I pity tho children who
never havu an opportunity lo gather the wild
flowers, lu romp uud play oiithugr I grass, hi
thu shady grove, or grow blown and rosy hi the
gloriuus sunshine. How my darlings come in
from their rambles, with rosy cheeks and
sparkling eyes, with arms full of fragrant flow
ers, tin an lovely spring da), My heart pities
the children of clllis. I don't think (Ids part
of the country lias eve-r been praised tiiiiugh.
There Is not u morn healthy plaeu hi the State,
and Ihe situation is very eleslrahto, only a few
hours' ride from hail i'raiiclsco. There is epiito
on excitement hero over the quicksilver mines;
there have been some very rich le-ads discov
ered In ihe mountains, fivo or six miles east of
WiniLor. The specimens aru very rich and are in
tliiisaimi range ts the l'luii Hull iiiiues, alsivu
lli-iil Isbnru, Thu farmers hero have not sown
much grain this jear on account of Ihe
Into rains, but what has been sown looks very
promlnlng, I understand there will be a large
amount of corn plaiite-d hi the Itutsian river
valley. l'lUNKIK.
Windsor, Sonoma county, April 10, 187.
Short Horns.
I'rom llm I'sclna llursl l'rc.)
Whilst I ugn-ei with you, and many others,
lu the boiuty and vuluonf the short-horn cattle,
allow mo to say that many a r inch of cattlu
have l.e-eii materially damaged by thu introduc
tion of the short horn blooel 'Ihosu who havo
level, rich pnsturu lands ean have success with
short-horns, but Ihose who introduce, the short
horn on iioor mountainous ranges, such s con
stitute moro than half of California ranges,
will Lu apt to meet with poor success.
God, in his erealivu wisdom, always puts
light, active animal on brokeu iiiountoluous
pustules. Tho short-horu Is looelull, too heavy,
and too soft for mountain. Thu culls from a
South Callforni i drove of lH'etcatllo,crosse-dith
the llevoli blood, made the prettiest and, ill my
opinion, the best stock eif cattle for a mountain
ranch I ever saw iu this State. They were fair
milkers, and were U-ef fat, when the short
horns were tumbling iu tho ditches, from leaii
uihs and starvation, The old mldagu Is, "a
placo for every thing, ami eierythlug lu its
pluco," uud a short-horu on a mountain side, la
out of his place, Oko. Kir Miujcii.
Vacavillo, April Cth, 1871.
Puiiie ulvce-rlnu should not produce, when lo
cally applied, u burning seusatlon. which it at
ways eloes wheu tho fatly acids are not ex-
traded, iini even etuumiri;r u B.jvj..,
when undiluted. I a water-extracting body.
It should, thureforo, when used as a coametlo.
or for medical application, b always dilated
with water.