.
,V"
2
HopE MD FAW-
Farm House Chat.
Dt SlAnr Mountain.
Tho subject of household expenses was a
vory Buggostlvo oue. and branched off In
several directions, soma recalling facts from
past oxperionco and hurling them at the follies
of tho present degenerato days.
Woman's extravaganoe, feeblonoss and gen.
oral Inofflcloncy proved a rousing toplo for the
masculines; and wo all buzzed away together,
nover waiting to fix our moods and tonses, or
assort tho ndjcctiv.cs that discharged in bulk,
and overlaid ovorythlng in the most ridiculous
way.
It wan Just after breakfast that this langjo of
word ran to waste J and thoro was no loisuro
Jhon, or over Alnco, to catch and preservo tho
earnoHt audacity of that Impromptu tablo-talk,
which tho most conscientious pen and ink
oould novor roproduco In its pristine vigor and
vohemonco.
Tho lmprosilons upon my memory aro suffl
clontly vivid, but rather mixed, as must
always bo tho caso when a numbor of pooplo
indulge in a sociablo riot ovor the coffee cups.
Tho report must bo tamo and fragmentary,
lacking tho mugnotlsm of faco and voico the
nuimatlon of goHturo, stuilo and frown ; ho
it shall bo strictly impersonal, and tbo talkers
shall soloct their own utteraucos, or reject
tho whole as honostly as ono may disown a
cast-off garment which has been made ovor for
somebody clso. How seldom is our talk ready-
.uuiiu iui iuu lyjiu-nuucrH l
Table-Talk.
"AH tho preaching in tho world will not
mako ovor tho present men and women, or rid
them of the false notions that control their
lives. Tho actual oxpensoof supporting n family
in health and comfort need not bo burdensome
to any man, if the wholo process goes forward
in tho right way; but It generally 'goes tho
wrong way, and that means mischief. The
man may bo notably successful as a bread
winner, but If tho wife persistently spoils tho
bread, what ho is going to do about it 1"
" If tho badly cooked food could bo all
thrown away but you huo they eat it to save it,
and that is n terrlblo wastol A Boston lecturer
declares that more than one-half tho domestic
bread of our grout and glorious ltepubllo Is
spoiled In tho making or tho baking or both;
how could ho know tills? Wo all notice how
easily bad bread spoils digestion, and hi.w
easily n cureless person spoils tho bread; and
if only about half tho women nro willing to
put heart and ho'iiI lulu the good work, and
win n sure and steady smccohs of bread-making
well, well, perhupHit is true; but how do the
Htutlsticuiislludltout? Dothodoctorsalleoiiiit
their ilysooptlo patients ami lluully announce
tho grand total?'
"Tho doctorH ought to put a stop to tho wholo
miserublo business uml teach folks how to
live."
"Hut thou how would tho doctors live?"
"Knmo as they do in Ohiiiu, where they are
paid only wheii tho patients nro perfectly well."
" U, wo ought to build churches in the inter
ostof bygietieuiidlet tho doctors preucli. Their
preaching would bo vastly easier to take than
their pills, and it might oven become fashion
able fur all mothers to learu that good food
and good health ulvo itructical iiiiiiiiid emu.
fort to good religion, gooil morality ami all the
uiuer neHi son 01 goon iniugs.
" Hut ' man liveth not by bread alono ' und
tho woman who spoils tho bread is the woman
who never gets tho money's worth out of any
thing. Many a man grinds along and wonders
why It Is ho expensive to live, when ho Is rcnly
fnrulidiiiig enough material to support '2 or 7l
futilities If it were all used to the best advantage.
All.this Iohs to the man and his family because
a woman dared to take a position lor which
she was not fitted."
"Tho woman is n quack, sirl and only u
trillo wickeder than the quack who duhhlcH in
drugs ami diseases that ho knows nothing'
about. To think of the Iguoruiit mothers
leeuiug uieir cmiiireu wiiii looti mat can never
1'
in vigor aim vuaiiiy 11110 Domes or souls!
Look at tho black, rotteu teeth of tho nonr
mini unngm in" iiuiiny, colorless iiesli; tun
limp liuiselesl lUtlous of Hour bread, hot
biscuits, Hoggy potatoes, badly cooked meat,
ruiiciil pound cuko, eto., and doses of patent
medicine to relievo tho stomach 1 And mostly
they ilio young, poor little weeds; they wilt
away uiid Darwin's ' Selection of tho Illicit'
goes mi triumphant."
" 'Selection of the fittest 1' If men would
only utteud to selection of the fittest when they
choosu ik wife! Hut If they irW marry for u
nretty face and white, unskillful hands. l!h.
i..i .1 t. I mi. .111. i .. .
out asking whether the beloved object knows I
iiougu irom msiiwaier, wny, iti tiielr unfortu
nate noses bo brought to tho domestlo grind
stone. Why shout i anybody euro ?"
" O, but It is a pity I Ho many lives that
might be bright and joyful Just drugging nlong
the burden of dyspeptic soggiuess und all the
rest of it" " Hell you Hit tiwthrr sort fiiMime,"
" That is a very easy thing to say, but it is does
not begin to tell the whole story. A big shure
of blamo rests upon men who tiro just us
tnougiiucs ana vaiu us inn moment are."
"There ought to bo u law there ought to Wi
uu eiikiuliilug oommilteo of tho most skillful
housekeepers, uud no girl should tie allowed to
marry until she has taketi her degree in do
mestic ureouiiillshuieuts,"
"That's it 1 Hurry up with your Degree of
D. A. Most honorable, most useful, most
economical, most essential degree ever yet in
vented I No amount of wcrobook learning is
half so worthy of distiuctiou, or can bear such
close relationship to human life, health aud
happiness. The girl can pursue tho course
with her mother, or at schools where cooking
takes its place its domestic science.
"When ready lo graduate she may Iw required
to cook a few meals for the Kiamliilng Com
tuitteo and if everything is " done to a turn"
her diploma should bo not parchment let
me see, a huudsouio silver ton-pot or fruit dish
would bo rather net wouldn't it ?"
" Ami if her victuals disagree with the ex
aiuining stomachs they might award a grid
irou, ik patent egg-neater, or even a bumble
Jiuddiug-dith. These would indicate a certsiu
legreo of skill, but not the highest. There
might bo annual examination, as tor teacher,
and a grand prixo offered for the best cookery."
" Hut your best cook might also be wasteful,
and tho old saying i true as ever, that ' a
woman can throw out with a spoon faster than
a man can throw iu with a shovel.' A great
mauy people think that good food means very
rich food.''
" Well, that I their mistake, and Dr, Dlo
Lewis will hardly ride it down with his hobby
of living ou l'Jl cents per day. lie triss to
prove too much; and thousands of people dou't
leel touched at all even when he tills them
hard."
" Yet he Is a sensible reformer aud oertaluly
proves a great deal. The famous Dr. Urahaiu
and his followers went ridiculed aud deserved to
be for some of their notions, but the brau aud
water gospel has made way for somothing bet
ter, and noarly all intelligent people aro now
convinced that wheat meal makes far more
nourishing bread than superfine flour."
" We ought to givo moro attention to the
best methods of preparing all sorts of coarse
meal. Hundreds of people eat it as a matter
of duty to tho stomach, when it ought to bo
cciually a delight of tho palate. Borne cooks
will spend hours over the finery and knick
knacks of the table, while they declare it is too
much trouble to have brown bread more than
onco a week and as for gems tboy are altogether
too fussy." Very orderly women aro generally
good cooks, but thoy fall into grooves anddont
like to be disturbed. Disorderly women best
like such food as can be whipped into the oven
in a hurry out again and into the hungry
stomachs before there is timo for cooling or
criticism,"
" Moro than 23 women have asked mo how
to mako such brown bread as this on the table
and not moro than 3 or 4 have persevered in
tho good work mid become fully competent to
put up any day a loaf to bo proud of. Yes,
yen, I have promised to wrlto it out for tho
ltuniL Piiehs and so I will."
Irrigation in Sacramento County.
A practical farmer writing to tho IlrjtiAL
I'iikhs, says : The subject of irrigation
is becoming n live question at tho present
timo, and should be well htudicd and experi
mented on a small scale first, ns our dry lands
nro so well suited for it. Tracing back to tho
cradlo of tho human raco, wo find tho tempera
turo similar to our climate; tho first tillers of tho
soil were devoted to pastoral life; wells were
dug and canals formed to convoy tho water
over tho land. Wo find Hint tho rivers of Assyria
overflowed their banks. Egypt, tho mother of
irrigation, was covered with a vast net-work of
canals spread in every direction, Tho irrigat
ing works of Persia, Syria, China nnd Japan
date back to antiquity. Ancient I'cru had her
costly works, India, with her great Ganges,
fill many canals. Spain is celebrated for her
bydraulio architecture, fountains, fruits nnd
(lowers. GIshsIo Italy has hor not-work of
irrigation. Kugland Is confined to her meadow
lands. China is celebrated for her grand canal,
bearing vast commerce on its bosom. Japan
has brought Irrigation to perfection. Tixas,
Utah, Colorado, tho southern iinrt of Califor
nia nnd, of late, tho valleys of Merced, San
.iDiKiulii and nacrntuento are entering actively
ou tho work of irrigation.
Soil.
California abounds with varied soils, rich,
deep nnd moist, ns well ns nn unsurpassed cli
mate, und mines of wealth, while hor moist
soil brings forth her tons of produce without
artificial means other lands of drjer nature
could n turn lo their occupants double or
triple this iitliintily by irrigation. Lands best
adapted to irrigation nro n mixture of clay,
loamy soil, with a hard sub-soil; take a porous
or sandy soil, and the sumo quantity of water
would not go as far or Hprcad to an iquul ex
tent. The ureutcr p irtiou of the soil of our
upland is of that mixture, which retains all the
water that falls on Its surface, allows It to pon
etrute but a fow feet ton hard strata upon which
it spreads, uud filially rises again to tho sur
face. Many early settlers thought that by deep
cultivation with surface and subsoil plow) fruits
uud various products of the soil would lie
brought lo u high state of perfection without
tho expense of Irrigation; but of late years that
theory has been exploded.
Plowing.
Our orchards and vineyard aro plowed from
tho roots or trees, then back-furrowed, pulver
ized with harrow, and smoothed U, ,, c,i.
crusher, leaking it in u line, smooth state.
.Sometimes it is n plowed crosswuys, leaking
both sides worked up with u dead furrow in the
center. In this way what moisture there Is is
retained to some extent; tho roots not pene
trating but n short distance. Irrigation, how
ever, supplies the fullest wants, and the result
Is four-fold.
Adaptation.
Our lauds My mostly level, or ou nu incline
plane with here and there a high knoll, A
stream of water ran lie easily run by little lull
ing to nny desirable point even for long dis
tauces, and distributed over many nu acre.
Depth of Water.
Another ndvnutugo wo possess, is that the
surface of standing water lays so near tho sur
face ranging from leu to fifteen feet; but
In luring wn generally go to the depth of It)
feet to n stratum of quicksand,. which keeps up
tho constant How ol water by the use of the
pump. The time to bore does not exceed a
day, using n four inch uugor with lengths of
iron rods, mid reaming with u the Inch ream
er. Jinny tarms have ponds, wit h sides , In,.
down opposite each other for the stock to enter
lor water, homo ul llie ponds urn tilled with
living water the jear round; but occasionally,
they aro filled with water from the pumps.
CheapesiJMode.
It Isgenerally conceded that w here wind power
eau bocmployodforpumplng it is the chwquwt.
Ureal improvements hae been made in the
construction .of windmills, both in the frame
and wheel or Ian the belt or round-wheel
connecting ou au 8-iuoh crank revolving on a
top circle, working either a -t, f or Cinch lilting
pump. One good pump, with a fair w lud, can
water one ucro or more per day; two pumps cm
ho conuectod with the same mill by a leverage,
which lias been very much improved of late,
and which works similar to steamUtat wheels.
Hone and Steam Powrr.
Horse-power attachment aro often arranged
to connect the pump', to work at times w lieu
there Is no wind. Many are used ou various
farms, of different pattern. Some tine steam
water-lifters are used throwing great quanti
ties of water iu a short space of time. As
wood is quite an item, grapevines tied iu small
bundles nro used, also triuimiugs of trees.
Reservoirs.
In connection with steam power, tuuks of
many thousand gallons capacity aro built to
receive aud retain water until ready for dUtri
butlon by means of lead and gas pipe of dif
ferent sixes, laid where it is to K used, with
hose attached. A large sivaco rau thus be
watered. Water cau also by such means bo
brought in the house, saving much labor for the
hounowife.
Nigh Knolls
Can also bo made useful by constructing a large
dam iu a concave form, using the soil to raise
the aides higher pumping the water iu by
mills, aud conveying the same as may be
desired over vineyard, orchard, or field-crops,
a half mile, if necessary.
Surface or Bod Irrigation.
The lay of our land Is generally favorable for
suoh work, aud when otherwise, usually requires
but little labor to make it so. iu the fall, after
the first rain (there is always a long spell
before the heavy rain commence), spend a
tew weeks lu plowlug aud scrapiug, aud a
largo space of grouud can bo leveled. Many
ilnvntri mtlnli tllnii .lAiih VtMtr In tt..t u....
especially iu their grain-fields and gardens)
so that iu a few years not mauy slough holes
WILLAMETTE FARMER,
.are left to plow, or left to waste. Anenergetio
. r. ' i ... li i - ........
larmer can ao mucn in mis way wiw uuiuib
has not left it level.
In raising small fruit and grapes for the
table the ground should be nearly level, only a
sloping from the head, so ns to carry the water
to tho bottom of the bed which can bo extended
just as far as one wishes, If it is half a mile. Af-
ter the water is carried a few times in these
trenches, a thin crust is formed on the surface,
so that so much water is not required at first.
For irrigating, grnpes should be set eight feet
apart. Plow first from the rows, then back 'to
them, leaving a dead furrow in the center.
Lengthwise of tho furrows a head ditch is
formed, conveying the water from one to the
other. The water in a short time reaches the
extremities oi me roois, as uiey niuuuui
(mm tlm main stock, wliloh is considered the
inoit practicable point to reach and where the our warm summer months; but of late years
mn.ft .iaa.1 mh lu. ilnNai In If viti vtiti tl,a..t. . iM.. 1. .1...nlnr, fi tV.A liollnr M
.i.
he
the water along the sides of the rows
,ke. too" ne the roots and UIU the
ms roots near the surface. '
:atlng small fruit the water should nl-
ground bakes
little fibrous t
In irrigating
so run iu tho center of the rows, the water from
the pump entering into tho conductor, which
is built n foot from tho surfaco, running nlong
allowing
row to the bottom. When onco arran
thut mnnncr it will require but liltlo nttentlou
tho greatost labor being in laying it out, nnd
that onco accomplished ovor remains so, Tho
second kind of surface irrigation is called
Catch-Work,
And is adapted to uuovou or hill-side surfaco.
In bed-work the foeders lay at right angles to
tlm niAin rnmluetnrs: In pnioli.u-nrk lmv rim
111 more oi a serpentine lorm.
, . ....... . .J .H
Knolls tins Kind oi work
Tho mill should set ou the
carrying up the water on
. ikeuwoou uoxos nro generally useu, con-
th ill nnd then 'run in n 3g g or seSiu
oru iuUiebedstothobS
In that way you stop the 7a?l "orw of ?&
stream, letting "the water flow gradually, nt a
slow pace, not washing the MtWSSi onits
course. The third kind is that of "
Subterraneous or Underground Irrigation
Which is not carried on yet to any great ex -
tent. IhoBubject hag often been allttdod to iu
our Farmers' Club, whero mauy ideas havo
llm U'hnln li.nrrth. ntnl nt tin hpAM nf Ihn liAilrf. - -
inclining from the point where the water enters. Anaecij'e Plan nf ToachinrJ at PenekesC. ' th, poweriui,
It a sufficient flow can bo had a dozen openings a model and strides ant
or more can be made in tho small conductors ' mi.. i.ir -i r i, ci,l la ahnrilv nnt leading company in 1
n (nmlnid i.11nul.i.t ll In lli.tr mil lut(niiAn rninli ... . . a. 11 J. ttlff ClUSdrUnlO trUCKS tO
I ... ln..r. Ii. .( Ii .ml .l..linln.l in fmit l.ni.. I.I...1
tho grouud has to bo porfectly level, nnd the.
.m.ullikll Id nftnll Aubfiil Sinn leiiln fmtit n m,. !
conductor will tho water spread ou ench side?
That depends on what soil you have, whether po
ms or compact clay, sandy soil or adobe. Our
..-ni.u.. . ii uru o.vu, uun mull uum i. luuiu
rid laud with its hard pan is very favorable, re
taining tbo water, uud spreadiug it Homo dis-
nice, in ouier onus wiuuio eompacisuo-soii,
the water sinks to a greater depth, and spreads
(0 II IONS lllStailCO. IU Olir lOWer Valleys I
. .f .l . .i.-i.i- -.--.-..i
should lay my under pipes 10 feet apart, giving
eight feet spreud in orchards or viueyards.
In small fruit they Hhould bo Hepurated only
.ill., lii.ll llnit il(iili...mi
one half that distance
Virl.1l. nl Dm.
"" "wr.unu..uuuuvuvu,i.io imiiuui so wo will say tuey navo not, nna oetnKo our
t in a Hiuall way, but no general conclusion Hl)iveH to tuo laboratory. What a buz! Moft
Iiuh as yet been obtained. Iu tho first instance ' .aiil .in,, i tl.Mr tni.ina in nnrlrsmnaBirnit
T. ... , ..ii.i , ,1 carry to their own schools, ns nucleus for fu
Iu subterranean Irrigation homo havo used turo nmusomeut
short clay pipes In tlioir vegetable gardens- 0ut ioon tll nro bu9y too Seft nDlmftlg
which uervery well, the coming water out at ftr0 lulorviewcd In their owli" homes, and forth
each section. Others have taken siiuaro red- .. hi. i i- i,.u.i ni,.n..i i. n,.. b.. i.-.,.
wood boxes, with auger holes at various dis
tauces; some -shaped, with sawed notches:
the latter Is tho best of the two, as far us tried.
Koine have advocated four inch square
scantling, baring tho whole length with a long
auger, with holes mnde at various distances.
The cost at tho start forlsubterruncun l-rlci
lion has been ho great a drawback, while sur
faco irrigation is ho easily accomplished, no '
other is adopted to nny great extent, although
the subject has not lost its interest, nnd muv
liefore long be n fixed fact iu the community. A now process for maklug steel tires is em
No doubt half of the water could bo saved, and ployed nt tho great manufactory located nt
train tii ivititjl lm tlti. miiiilt 'l'lwif.ntkll. l.f...l . I'mit-si I. iinliitiil T ti I lit u mwriiija no iLmnktiin,!
irrigation is
Warping or Flooding.
Warning is generally pertormed nlong tho
low tides of the ocean, allowlnu the water to
cover the ground nnd remain, depositing sedl
ut " '" """' 0,.Ilme! '?". sot
neiiiK nenr mr sen snore, wo will on V n lido to
the net of lloodinuonr cruin lands ou the plains,
Tho time has not jet arrived to raiso our grain
prniKlil-llnilillnft lint It .III ,..! .i.....
: v i .. .".' -;-""."" "; ""
io oring wio Hiiuject oeioro tne people, nnd I
uuii iuu imv ! uui llir lUDiaill wueil SUCH
uieitun iuii uu minikin iuio upemiion, nun
producers will unite uud work for tho interest
... .. .
of the whole, lly a common brotherhood In
working, as in tho Granue. our vallevs would
soon roll in wenlth; land would .loublo in value;
our farmers' ships would leave for other climes
h.d? with the production of tho soil ami the
producer would seo the lumpy event that he
.ma inaugurated In the aoh"tou State.
tinder this head I may n.euUou what I havo
done ou a small scale iu mid-summor. Wish-
lug to accomplish all I can during the year I
not to work to root up some grape-viues within
uu ncVe-spaeo, and put tho laud iu order 'or
imslinrrt- t..ij i.v tlm tii ..!.. o ii..,..
could have a good st irt aud bear the ucx.
cpriug. I run tho water from a 5 in. liftiug
pump ou each vfue, thoroughly
t ncm ; aug mem out; cleared
all weeds; flooded it; plowed and pulveristd it
i.i .1 uiimntv. ui.ii.il.i . .lm., ii... ut......i.. 1....
might be done on a larger scale.
'","t'rr;'""" """ ". wk u
Efficacy of Irrigation
depeuds on mauy poiuts. Water from our
pumps noes not contain so much of nutritive
matter as that from tho flowing streams; still it
possesses some qualities that fertllUe the soil.
riain waier is iar in'iier man cltuer; but ns no
rams iuu miring our summer mouths, we water
1 I . I... ...ill . 1 i i, ...
uur iiiuus uy luiuspriucip.kiiy, wuicu aro drlveu
by the regular traile winds. Tepid or warm
water is more U'neflcial to nlmits tlmn
, vil.1. uiill .14 .mr r.llmai.1 I. ....;... ...i .1..
siiililrvmi.1 imr..li.v1 u-iili l..i,.i ii.. .!i ........
flowing along the grouud soon becomes warm
and is soon drank up by the roots in the grouud.
sufflcieut time to moisten all its parts, retaining
ii nirr uuiiuriuir iiiuiriuuieii mves tuo prnntui
ii iir junr mull iik'h wAienng ana oitn.
basis,
Eltett at Irrlniiln.
tutctt oi Irrlaxlion.
All Und derive some benefit from irrigation,
There is always some nutritious substance that
imparts to the soil a beueficeut effect in one
way or other. It also unlocks from tbe virgin
oil its richness that would not be reached by
any other process. Continually employed,
wuerujieeded, it euhauces its fertile quality
from year to year. It also has the effect to
drive or kill all lusecta aud noxious animals
that make their abode in the ground. In times
of drought it furuishea moisture, which is '
often more beneficial than wet seasons, for one
Is theu sure ot a crop with or without much
"
RTJi" u" !r!Srrj" 1 1. u. W VJ , R l'ouo soon forces a hole through the d sk, which. . n ,,,Lcr ? Wii 0u,.ftinl. Auo'" comist,
n ii.T M;ritJr!Mri,ici,mllyftfru '?r?w- WnR turned round and round, and over and Sn" i?d , li'f TinR ,ho Prec,edtag sugges.
iug cpmn unity, htill there are adjoining over becomes n thick rinc Aooln heated it . ,'. RlTe8 uU '"tiwony as to depriviun fats
counties that cm briuc about tho result. If ou? -. .:...,?.. . , .. " ....nnbr,... B. ."-?.''. " of all the unpleasant odor hv mn, ii,ii.ii.T
.liouviugol tbe laud has some effect; level "1T; mrougu me graie. lie auggesta pass, ly't" '""' """ oi consuming coal dust
grouud is easier and requires teas work than ."Scouueuseauiroverrea-uOt cluders, wtiereby 17."? "" r'upuwu oy a New Jersey projector
that which is sloping, and as time is money all carbonio oxide is formed, which gives a flame "J mor.e Particularly designed for locomo
nnlllt. it.nl 1.... I. .I.....I I I 1 . ... . f. 1 nf Bnvnrill f.rft ill Intintli wntl n,l...i..l . 1. .11 UVOS. aUd COnSistn In tlir..lHM .1.. .... ..
.uii.iui.m . nulla UiUUIll UU lllltlltl 1111 H IHt. .. .. ......... .. ......n... mi-pttu iui uuuvr I
enects 01 irngauon on nwi.n.
i , - ii .... -.Ittnii M.nv Sffrnr.
'mis is a question uu nun.- r3-- . :
I Many think that flowing water In the land
causes sickness, such ns fever and ague, and
. bilious complaints, where before they never
I existed. In the first place, our climate has a
, billions tendency with or without irrigation;
all warm climates have, to a more or less ex-
tent, iiur nign lanas iy """".r:""1
damp river bottoms, on dry alluvial soil, where
there nre no stagnant pools or marshy lands to
produce such complaints. Water that flows
1. ii jAa .a vamiitn lnntr. but soon
IIUUJ WOU uuen uu. w. o --r ll
sinks, allowing no germs of disease to rise ana
fill the surrounaingoimospnere.
, A,, 8efral ''n inirJ f dUeW ever1
healthy location, and lMVXJSrtTta?l'
arises from Irrigation. If any occurs It is at-
lrjw jrom irrigation, ii any uui . .
i.ll,i.1 in ll.n trmr n live, with the help of
, . 1 r IT r . ik,. i,.e;,. .
. ,he tempera uro ichangng for the bettor, so
u r'al Ppos lion? this' local lty"W.l VompTre
' favorably with any other point of the State.
' y 7 '
n7.iael l AklKntlQ
!lII3CEl.LipE0USi
sHiS SS
wo use tuem in our scnoois; mat mere were 10
bo no recitations, no ordlnnry routiuo of huy
kind. Hard work is tho condition on which
ono remains bore, but this work is strictly In
tho way of observation nnd tho collection of
specimens. ' Nover mind about names, says .
our master ovcry day; studk the thing, lou
....-..-,. " .11-
J "l '"".K".i?.i'r '""". "wi I."
wl 'lM ho n In duo tfm. J yell -Lecture'
between tho blasts at the top of his voice. One
' or tho other or toth
together. Glance over them a moment. You
' noBver saw a lebool just like it before. There
are faces old, and young, and half-way, nlso.
soVho hveead
Thoro nro gray liatrs not n low. Tliero are
lHtmiy nmi thoBe aga:
thorn in nil save earn
' ,vor jM superseded 1
y b
iu
spent years in sclontlfio
wlio aro lar bcuind
earnestness. Of lata nctivo
nnmfwtAil Inptnrna in nrent .Ytnfit.
... ' .. . . . .
off for Hpecimens. All follow their own sweet
.".. i .a
. Wn ng t0 wnnt tuoy suouiu uo, only tuey must
do something, and that something must accord i
tvilli llm iilntis nf the selinol. Onn Is dissent. I
lug a fish, nnothcr n bird, nnother n turtle.
a" ... ..
I In nnr lilnli . uave no rmul IU ituuw iuu uuuju uum vuu mu
IS generally used. . m leasi laminar cuuugu aa .uu uujeut iu e- , -; - ..., , lf nt .!., .,. "'
--- n-i . , ... . , i. .i.i. .1 i.i...- ....i. wiiitn oi me uriuaes ana muueis increased.
crown of tho hill. I orribo it. . ... . . . . aii. ...Jf... m ..ii .-.'m..
nuv or nil sides o Heboid, then, the Anderson School at work. ,"' ".","--,"""'" ?u. "' ' j .7'." ,""
t.rnmt. j n ifAiia n-r itin nifA itrnn v. iiiuuilui va w w hvb.v .--. v tiuiun
llero ono is uusy waicuing wio movements oil'l""l"ul"" .nicua win vuiy uiuuu euuauce mo
UMir fljli- Oinrn nnnlhop lull Innmll.n IM. rUIllditV Of traUsit.
M.JVI.J .t ...v.. ..w.v. .. .v.tw..vM .M.n
. W0rld iu that strange othor one which tho mi-
croscopo tmvclls. A botanical croup is gstbor-
,1 nv..r n ,IMi nf Ben.wi.nil. All ilnv v.il.nlnv
, ,IU, til0 afty beloro was that samo group over
that samo dish, for tho study and classification
0 tho nigra is no play. Thelougshclvosabovo
I.. ... ..J. .. ...
tho tables aro alroady loaded with specimens.
dried in alcohol, which tho students nro to
' Tho liltlo blrdn vleld. perforce, tiielr nreeloiis
unnmlH lint lilflnL- nl nil In lm Tjrnlnliiwl. lTnrn
. ..,.-.-- .' A . ' TV " ..
a student Is netting buttcrlllcs; thero another '
is hammering a boulder. Down In the shallow
cavo two or threo nro wading about with dip
nets. Each is busy about that which ho likes,
for specialism is encouraged. Inler-Ocean.
Steel Tires far Railway Wheels. '
the steol is caBt in tho form of truncated cones,
, tne Kmallostend lo lorm tuo outsldo ot tlie tiro.
Btcnm bummers.
While still hot. it is introduced to the horizontal
These consist ot a couple of
ouormous masses of iron, each running on a lit
tie track, nnd moved bnok nmliorth by means
of Ulon nmi r0li nmi b- n iarca gteam cvliu
.i..' i..i.i .i. n. ....... .ri. . ..T. .
"i i.i. "i i .":.' ..." 1l. ""'..,... '
iv passinu throuoh two sots of theso ham.
"J Vn?,ln8 l."r.0UP" lTO,S OI IUCSO UBm
mers I
it,lWes
from
.riil.
kura an niiiuiiiir n-iiiiiiinr. i inn iniiiiniT nau n
... i ..n ...i.i. . iu..,i.... .r.;
ll M r" ". "m",'. .""i ".' . ".I T'. ........
.. ' i" ... ... . j. .X:. ?,.. ,"" .UJ.r
striking part is fomied to tlio slope of the rim
j Xugo of the wheel ami m workmen
SMe
ouo ' tiou ufter another oMhormii to
r,mJ..t , ,J ".".,. ti.J , i,! ,tL ,..,i J.1 S
UXpauJl, t0 ,i,o requisite diameter, audi ready
to be turned " on the inside and driven on to Its
XlSru,
uvunuu. ,
. , '
Ax eminent Fronch astronomer asserts that
tuo ouly oo"0- theory of the jilanetary system
iH ,h'lt ides tho plaueta Slercury, Venus,
total mass is about equal to the mass of Mer
run-. At the auimwlisLnncn. frnm tlm aim n. ti..
, - .-. -.- :.-,. -"-- y: - -,- " "-,-
v..u ...t.u v..... u nwuuu iiu ui uBieroius,
whose mass exceeds the tenth part of that of
Hi., itdtlln ll.d Inlul .ii... A .I... .....II ..I .
Uuated between Mars and Jupiter exceeds
...w vH.iui .uv lumi iu. ui .uu diubii uaueis
""u-iuiru ui iuu uiuas oi me eurm; ana tue
'"asses of these last two groups are comple-
"" to each other. Ten times the mass of
" h'""!1 "'' ' , uw mrai iiuict mo
""', "" ul " suimi pmueis ueiween aiars
..nl .l..t... n.. n ...... ...... . I . ,1.. . .
m..iv, .w,u. i. du.u njn., iu ma uini oi
,ue ''''- The last conclusion depends upoa
he distance between the earth aud tho sun. as
ascertained bv the transits nf Ynna tk,n '
measurement of the distance belnp c-Himrnlit.
'lilted by astronomers to be as accurate as
"attainable.
M. Ciur has recently made experiments i
", ut,,wuB wuuen wuicn uare
nivj'j'wi kUIUUU IUV7 tmdt
Heating. The createst difficulty lav in thn
uiumaie removal 01 tne reiuse c nders. From
hu bhort exfttieut.e in thu lUttctioUt he calcaa.
late that i kilometres of cinders, sorted by
baud, giving a beating effect equal to that
obtained by 1 kilometre of coal. It has been
argued that the mode of separation was of the
greatest practical importance. The we. process
waJ ot to bo recommended, on account of the
extensive dryiug grounds required, and the
fact that after all the pieces had to be used in a
damp state. A current of air haa been sug-
gtd as an agent for separating, or, as it were,
winnowing the bit. Another authority on tbe
subject states that tbe amount of incombustible
matter iu the cinder amounts to 1.15 per cent.
by volume, or 2t.7 per cent, by weight.
... v ' . .. . : . - . -
I no steel is tuorouguiy worked tip, nnd .u "i'"i,v;; ' '""" tu.cm"wror Bul?'lr'
it in the form of a thrck disk, flurried ' Vi .l? ..!i..of c?Fa' ctt!h?,? ot s.oUft. olivo
theso.lt passes to nn upright hammer, . ft. wiYiin. f . ? 8,UU8"lu'IDB Reiattno lor
n .),,. nVnlnni .,,! in n,n i..riMn .,.. he whites of eggs, and with less admxturoof
' iienetrntlm' , mo I'.ariu nnd Jlurs, tboro exists between tho weu jurown mioa state ot
... i...,.i .,.., Sun and Slercury a riuu of asteroids. whns. "ad they heard the rumor
" -. i .1.. . mi . r . .... .- . . . 1
The Railway of the Future.
Railroading has hitherto taken most of its
lessons in improvement from England. Our
necessities for transportation were so great that
tho most wo could do for many years was to
build a line with a single track and sidings.
Terrible disasters and publio clamor at length
combined to induce the leading companies to
build double tracks, although a largo majority
of the American lines still havo only single
" O"
tracijS ,1 ridings. Tho Invention and unlver
, ,ntroductlon 0, lha magnetlo telegraph
Jong rHwnys were of great use in facilitating
operations, obviating collisions, and Increasing
,i. ,.! -j. firdnallv tho rail lm. bS
j- D.n,-.i BneeA
aB Renral. spteu
!mP'0J''J
IW'" OeeU
improved by tho use of steel, the road beds
I nave oeen oauasiea wim sione, locomotives
Jnclinod ,nne8(md
flonwy "'V
"Pf01' c0 ,c"'nb"' IZ''1?
baft' of iron, and arrangements made to enable
i engineers iu umiup uu- u iuu bujjjijt ui waicr
'rom tnDk "inning nt full speed, without
stopping at tho water itntlous.
And now, American raiiroauing, prosperous,
lanes leave oi mo European
ma on a new pain. The
ennsylvania is now build-
separate its way busi-
r s;!ffi
like this in England, It is a step forward for
ourselves, and our impression is that it will bo
a great success. Lot tho reader think of a
railway, carrying eight rails all the way through
from Philadelphia to Pittsburgh, and he will
havo nn idea of what tbo American railway of
the fuluro is likelv to be. Not onlv will nil
tho general roadway havo to be doubled, bat tho
, with safety, nt which so many hnvo beon work.
tag. ,! n all probability.-higher speed than
nny Attainable oven in this way, will be do-
I way, with an enormous rail and an engine
I '.'"V&mS,''1 And if n'.n'1
if "J"; 'b' ?jr"jb"fc An?-. "W11 M?
" """:" u """"',"' "",'"' "" """' "'" BUC
means, mo cnpuni can oo uau 10 ouuu a road
aud mako tho experiment. With such a line,
wo could breakfast in Philadelphia and sup in
Chicago on tiro samo day. And tbo journey
from Philadelphia to Now York would not oc
cupy an hour. Tho National railway promises
to do it in two hours. All theso things aro
among the necessities of our vast country,
with its great distances aud diverse interests.
And tho money snout in trying theso expert
ments would not bo squandered, but applied to
I very useful purpose. In tho meantime tho
I ....... 1.....1. 1...I.. .tit . ......1. 1 .1.
-
Istkiinaiiosal Uwdok. Tho river plors for
I f1,U lirl.lnn nnrnaj llin Vlnirnrn nl llnlT.ln I,...
an uecu completed except ono. in preparing
for this last pier it was found that tho riverbed
was covered with somo 10 feot of gravel, which
it was necessary to remove. Tho removal has
been completed and work begun on tho founds
Hon of the pier. It is expected that it will be
finished iu about four weeks.
The bridge across tho main river will bo 1,903
feet long. Beginning at tho Canada sboro,
thero'wilt be three spans of 100 feet elenr, then
threo spans of 240 feet, then tho draw spin,
which will havo two clear openings of 1G0 feet
each, theu another span of 100 feet will bring
tho bridgo to Squaw Islaud. Across tho island
the distance is about 1,200 feet, and then thoro
is nnother bridgo across Black Rock Harbor
517 feet long. Iu this last bridgo thero is a
draw spin with two clear openings of 90 foet
each.
Tho superstructure will bo tho Tratt truss
and is being built nt tho Phionixville Bridgo
Works. A novel plan is pursued iu placing tho
iron spans upon tho Piers. Thev nro built
",?M, 1 h 0TC,' n?ml,r of, pontoons,
.,,"" . . u uij uuu, uv
JT. ' . ". . Ka,u"y "roppeii uciwpon mo
'. nn 7&L I", JK!1 " X?,. 8. f .'
. , . ,HV .. nun .a ni;i.ii:u lulu lia UAUt
placo ou the piers.
AltTinCUL MlLE. From tlm rnnnrls In nlr.
culation it would sbem as if science were about
,to -""ko cows superfluous. Artificial milk has
ln limunil l . W....I. .l..l.,.i .. .. ...
. j "
' n appropriate temperature. llnln.i.i..
that verj good artificial milk can 1, T
from bones rich in fat. bv nnrlfvtnn thi. ..k..
,?eftJ1B .f weald steam nnd combining
ho,,rtt ,hus obtftll"'l with gelatin. This ml k
i". ho says almost like that of the cow; and
w,Yln t ', I0'-"1'1"' flrst tuo or of sour
uillk, then that of cheese. The gelatin in It
rel,rMeu ,uo caselne; tho fat, the butter; tbo
"K-Mhe sugar of milk. It sorves for tho
preparation of coflee nnd chocolate, of souj.s
nmj- crfamg o( excoutut flavort nni, ju c08t .Jg
lmt trifliug.
. ,A ??FLL,,TABa?8,'z oml nl1 tue St physic
,u ',ne ow world ond the new would have
toverlsh excitement
that Was nnrrnnt ...
of streets this morning. Tho report was that
a liumnn skull had hnnii fnnn.l n-Mi...i.in.i i. .
un.u. n, ..,. .,-: ,-"j .: -","""
---v " ...v.-uciiiug quanz in one oi tuo
J'Omstock mines. Such u phenomenon would
llAVA lliiaat nil Ik.. ........ 1.1. .. .
- "- ,", " .uo uviTmeu meones and over-
l"". J1 the well established facts demonstra
" " "t "" eseurcues oi modern science, and
hearing that the Bkull was in tho fine cabinet
of Tinker & Shepard, we repaired thither to
""""" "" . in me premises. Thoro wo
, lound a large human skull, thickly coatod on
- one aide with rich sulphurets of silver, and.
, , ujwn inquiry, ascertoned that the curiosity
, was found in an old drift of the Ophir mine
.'SOIUa WIN nn l.n 41.. 1... T.. J Tvt . . . r
-" '" uuiuau bkuii, tulckly coatod on
nnMttIiln-p.il. I.l. ...I..1 . .. -v. ".
some veara acn.br tlm ltn t...i rn... ,
The skull was founil nt n nnint .i.... .- TV;;
Jiad cut through a rich vein of sulphurets and
hence its coating. How it got there is still a
Byrtenr and will perhaps remain so forever -I
Myififa Chronicle. "'
dus, upon a fire TtartedTand to the extent of
one-half the fuel reouiW tint S !r.,nVT
uminouscoal The tender is to & made in
two parts for the two kinds of fuel: the fire
ia to be made at first wholly wth the bltnmtn
shosnioolm&irInea ti ?$
Bhows 100 pounds pressure in the boiler. The
wfewU.S! lVh, ,brown '"tome furrlce
other? -"'talmenu alternate with the
me.lery1aron.l.lla Connecticut Elver Bail
road there is exhibited a placard, which is
changed on leaving every station rntilm,
the name of the next fution, anHuu
'Tn-i l.l... ,1.-1 .
it doe. not cause delay: """ 1'",ce' "