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About Willamette farmer. (Salem, Or.) 1869-1887 | View Entire Issue (Oct. 4, 1873)
. ,V" 2 HopE MD FAW- Farm House Chat. Dt SlAnr Mountain. Tho subject of household expenses was a vory Buggostlvo oue. and branched off In several directions, soma recalling facts from past oxperionco and hurling them at the follies of tho present degenerato days. Woman's extravaganoe, feeblonoss and gen. oral Inofflcloncy proved a rousing toplo for the masculines; and wo all buzzed away together, nover waiting to fix our moods and tonses, or assort tho ndjcctiv.cs that discharged in bulk, and overlaid ovorythlng in the most ridiculous way. It wan Just after breakfast that this langjo of word ran to waste J and thoro was no loisuro Jhon, or over Alnco, to catch and preservo tho earnoHt audacity of that Impromptu tablo-talk, which tho most conscientious pen and ink oould novor roproduco In its pristine vigor and vohemonco. Tho lmprosilons upon my memory aro suffl clontly vivid, but rather mixed, as must always bo tho caso when a numbor of pooplo indulge in a sociablo riot ovor the coffee cups. Tho report must bo tamo and fragmentary, lacking tho mugnotlsm of faco and voico the nuimatlon of goHturo, stuilo and frown ; ho it shall bo strictly impersonal, and tbo talkers shall soloct their own utteraucos, or reject tho whole as honostly as ono may disown a cast-off garment which has been made ovor for somebody clso. How seldom is our talk ready- .uuiiu iui iuu lyjiu-nuucrH l Table-Talk. "AH tho preaching in tho world will not mako ovor tho present men and women, or rid them of the false notions that control their lives. Tho actual oxpensoof supporting n family in health and comfort need not bo burdensome to any man, if the wholo process goes forward in tho right way; but It generally 'goes tho wrong way, and that means mischief. The man may bo notably successful as a bread winner, but If tho wife persistently spoils tho bread, what ho is going to do about it 1" " If tho badly cooked food could bo all thrown away but you huo they eat it to save it, and that is n terrlblo wastol A Boston lecturer declares that more than one-half tho domestic bread of our grout and glorious ltepubllo Is spoiled In tho making or tho baking or both; how could ho know tills? Wo all notice how easily bad bread spoils digestion, and hi.w easily n cureless person spoils tho bread; and if only about half tho women nro willing to put heart and ho'iiI lulu the good work, and win n sure and steady smccohs of bread-making well, well, perhupHit is true; but how do the Htutlsticuiislludltout? Dothodoctorsalleoiiiit their ilysooptlo patients ami lluully announce tho grand total?' "Tho doctorH ought to put a stop to tho wholo miserublo business uml teach folks how to live." "Hut thou how would tho doctors live?" "Knmo as they do in Ohiiiu, where they are paid only wheii tho patients nro perfectly well." " U, wo ought to build churches in the inter ostof bygietieuiidlet tho doctors preucli. Their preaching would bo vastly easier to take than their pills, and it might oven become fashion able fur all mothers to learu that good food and good health ulvo itructical iiiiiiiiid emu. fort to good religion, gooil morality ami all the uiuer neHi son 01 goon iniugs. " Hut ' man liveth not by bread alono ' und tho woman who spoils tho bread is the woman who never gets tho money's worth out of any thing. Many a man grinds along and wonders why It Is ho expensive to live, when ho Is rcnly fnrulidiiiig enough material to support '2 or 7l futilities If it were all used to the best advantage. All.this Iohs to the man and his family because a woman dared to take a position lor which she was not fitted." "Tho woman is n quack, sirl and only u trillo wickeder than the quack who duhhlcH in drugs ami diseases that ho knows nothing' about. To think of the Iguoruiit mothers leeuiug uieir cmiiireu wiiii looti mat can never 1' in vigor aim vuaiiiy 11110 Domes or souls! Look at tho black, rotteu teeth of tho nonr mini unngm in" iiuiiny, colorless iiesli; tun limp liuiselesl lUtlous of Hour bread, hot biscuits, Hoggy potatoes, badly cooked meat, ruiiciil pound cuko, eto., and doses of patent medicine to relievo tho stomach 1 And mostly they ilio young, poor little weeds; they wilt away uiid Darwin's ' Selection of tho Illicit' goes mi triumphant." " 'Selection of the fittest 1' If men would only utteud to selection of the fittest when they choosu ik wife! Hut If they irW marry for u nretty face and white, unskillful hands. l!h. i..i .1 t. I mi. .111. i .. . out asking whether the beloved object knows I iiougu irom msiiwaier, wny, iti tiielr unfortu nate noses bo brought to tho domestlo grind stone. Why shout i anybody euro ?" " O, but It is a pity I Ho many lives that might be bright and joyful Just drugging nlong the burden of dyspeptic soggiuess und all the rest of it" " Hell you Hit tiwthrr sort fiiMime," " That is a very easy thing to say, but it is does not begin to tell the whole story. A big shure of blamo rests upon men who tiro just us tnougiiucs ana vaiu us inn moment are." "There ought to bo u law there ought to Wi uu eiikiuliilug oommilteo of tho most skillful housekeepers, uud no girl should tie allowed to marry until she has taketi her degree in do mestic ureouiiillshuieuts," "That's it 1 Hurry up with your Degree of D. A. Most honorable, most useful, most economical, most essential degree ever yet in vented I No amount of wcrobook learning is half so worthy of distiuctiou, or can bear such close relationship to human life, health aud happiness. The girl can pursue tho course with her mother, or at schools where cooking takes its place its domestic science. "When ready lo graduate she may Iw required to cook a few meals for the Kiamliilng Com tuitteo and if everything is " done to a turn" her diploma should bo not parchment let me see, a huudsouio silver ton-pot or fruit dish would bo rather net wouldn't it ?" " Ami if her victuals disagree with the ex aiuining stomachs they might award a grid irou, ik patent egg-neater, or even a bumble Jiuddiug-dith. These would indicate a certsiu legreo of skill, but not the highest. There might bo annual examination, as tor teacher, and a grand prixo offered for the best cookery." " Hut your best cook might also be wasteful, and tho old saying i true as ever, that ' a woman can throw out with a spoon faster than a man can throw iu with a shovel.' A great mauy people think that good food means very rich food.'' " Well, that I their mistake, and Dr, Dlo Lewis will hardly ride it down with his hobby of living ou l'Jl cents per day. lie triss to prove too much; and thousands of people dou't leel touched at all even when he tills them hard." " Yet he Is a sensible reformer aud oertaluly proves a great deal. The famous Dr. Urahaiu and his followers went ridiculed aud deserved to be for some of their notions, but the brau aud water gospel has made way for somothing bet ter, and noarly all intelligent people aro now convinced that wheat meal makes far more nourishing bread than superfine flour." " We ought to givo moro attention to the best methods of preparing all sorts of coarse meal. Hundreds of people eat it as a matter of duty to tho stomach, when it ought to bo cciually a delight of tho palate. Borne cooks will spend hours over the finery and knick knacks of the table, while they declare it is too much trouble to have brown bread more than onco a week and as for gems tboy are altogether too fussy." Very orderly women aro generally good cooks, but thoy fall into grooves anddont like to be disturbed. Disorderly women best like such food as can be whipped into the oven in a hurry out again and into the hungry stomachs before there is timo for cooling or criticism," " Moro than 23 women have asked mo how to mako such brown bread as this on the table and not moro than 3 or 4 have persevered in tho good work mid become fully competent to put up any day a loaf to bo proud of. Yes, yen, I have promised to wrlto it out for tho ltuniL Piiehs and so I will." Irrigation in Sacramento County. A practical farmer writing to tho IlrjtiAL I'iikhs, says : The subject of irrigation is becoming n live question at tho present timo, and should be well htudicd and experi mented on a small scale first, ns our dry lands nro so well suited for it. Tracing back to tho cradlo of tho human raco, wo find tho tempera turo similar to our climate; tho first tillers of tho soil were devoted to pastoral life; wells were dug and canals formed to convoy tho water over tho land. Wo find Hint tho rivers of Assyria overflowed their banks. Egypt, tho mother of irrigation, was covered with a vast net-work of canals spread in every direction, Tho irrigat ing works of Persia, Syria, China nnd Japan date back to antiquity. Ancient I'cru had her costly works, India, with her great Ganges, fill many canals. Spain is celebrated for her bydraulio architecture, fountains, fruits nnd (lowers. GIshsIo Italy has hor not-work of irrigation. Kugland Is confined to her meadow lands. China is celebrated for her grand canal, bearing vast commerce on its bosom. Japan has brought Irrigation to perfection. Tixas, Utah, Colorado, tho southern iinrt of Califor nia nnd, of late, tho valleys of Merced, San .iDiKiulii and nacrntuento are entering actively ou tho work of irrigation. Soil. California abounds with varied soils, rich, deep nnd moist, ns well ns nn unsurpassed cli mate, und mines of wealth, while hor moist soil brings forth her tons of produce without artificial means other lands of drjer nature could n turn lo their occupants double or triple this iitliintily by irrigation. Lands best adapted to irrigation nro n mixture of clay, loamy soil, with a hard sub-soil; take a porous or sandy soil, and the sumo quantity of water would not go as far or Hprcad to an iquul ex tent. The ureutcr p irtiou of the soil of our upland is of that mixture, which retains all the water that falls on Its surface, allows It to pon etrute but a fow feet ton hard strata upon which it spreads, uud filially rises again to tho sur face. Many early settlers thought that by deep cultivation with surface and subsoil plow) fruits uud various products of the soil would lie brought lo u high state of perfection without tho expense of Irrigation; but of late years that theory has been exploded. Plowing. Our orchards and vineyard aro plowed from tho roots or trees, then back-furrowed, pulver ized with harrow, and smoothed U, ,, c,i. crusher, leaking it in u line, smooth state. .Sometimes it is n plowed crosswuys, leaking both sides worked up with u dead furrow in the center. In this way what moisture there Is is retained to some extent; tho roots not pene trating but n short distance. Irrigation, how ever, supplies the fullest wants, and the result Is four-fold. Adaptation. Our lauds My mostly level, or ou nu incline plane with here and there a high knoll, A stream of water ran lie easily run by little lull ing to nny desirable point even for long dis tauces, and distributed over many nu acre. Depth of Water. Another ndvnutugo wo possess, is that the surface of standing water lays so near tho sur face ranging from leu to fifteen feet; but In luring wn generally go to the depth of It) feet to n stratum of quicksand,. which keeps up tho constant How ol water by the use of the pump. The time to bore does not exceed a day, using n four inch uugor with lengths of iron rods, mid reaming with u the Inch ream er. Jinny tarms have ponds, wit h sides , In,. down opposite each other for the stock to enter lor water, homo ul llie ponds urn tilled with living water the jear round; but occasionally, they aro filled with water from the pumps. CheapesiJMode. It Isgenerally conceded that w here wind power eau bocmployodforpumplng it is the chwquwt. Ureal improvements hae been made in the construction .of windmills, both in the frame and wheel or Ian the belt or round-wheel connecting ou au 8-iuoh crank revolving on a top circle, working either a -t, f or Cinch lilting pump. One good pump, with a fair w lud, can water one ucro or more per day; two pumps cm ho conuectod with the same mill by a leverage, which lias been very much improved of late, and which works similar to steamUtat wheels. Hone and Steam Powrr. Horse-power attachment aro often arranged to connect the pump', to work at times w lieu there Is no wind. Many are used ou various farms, of different pattern. Some tine steam water-lifters are used throwing great quanti ties of water iu a short space of time. As wood is quite an item, grapevines tied iu small bundles nro used, also triuimiugs of trees. Reservoirs. In connection with steam power, tuuks of many thousand gallons capacity aro built to receive aud retain water until ready for dUtri butlon by means of lead and gas pipe of dif ferent sixes, laid where it is to K used, with hose attached. A large sivaco rau thus be watered. Water cau also by such means bo brought in the house, saving much labor for the hounowife. Nigh Knolls Can also bo made useful by constructing a large dam iu a concave form, using the soil to raise the aides higher pumping the water iu by mills, aud conveying the same as may be desired over vineyard, orchard, or field-crops, a half mile, if necessary. Surface or Bod Irrigation. The lay of our land Is generally favorable for suoh work, aud when otherwise, usually requires but little labor to make it so. iu the fall, after the first rain (there is always a long spell before the heavy rain commence), spend a tew weeks lu plowlug aud scrapiug, aud a largo space of grouud can bo leveled. Many ilnvntri mtlnli tllnii .lAiih VtMtr In tt..t u.... especially iu their grain-fields and gardens) so that iu a few years not mauy slough holes WILLAMETTE FARMER, .are left to plow, or left to waste. Anenergetio . r. ' i ... li i - ........ larmer can ao mucn in mis way wiw uuiuib has not left it level. In raising small fruit and grapes for the table the ground should be nearly level, only a sloping from the head, so ns to carry the water to tho bottom of the bed which can bo extended just as far as one wishes, If it is half a mile. Af- ter the water is carried a few times in these trenches, a thin crust is formed on the surface, so that so much water is not required at first. For irrigating, grnpes should be set eight feet apart. Plow first from the rows, then back 'to them, leaving a dead furrow in the center. Lengthwise of tho furrows a head ditch is formed, conveying the water from one to the other. The water in a short time reaches the extremities oi me roois, as uiey niuuuui (mm tlm main stock, wliloh is considered the inoit practicable point to reach and where the our warm summer months; but of late years mn.ft .iaa.1 mh lu. ilnNai In If viti vtiti tl,a..t. . iM.. 1. .1...nlnr, fi tV.A liollnr M .i. he the water along the sides of the rows ,ke. too" ne the roots and UIU the ms roots near the surface. ' :atlng small fruit the water should nl- ground bakes little fibrous t In irrigating so run iu tho center of the rows, the water from the pump entering into tho conductor, which is built n foot from tho surfaco, running nlong allowing row to the bottom. When onco arran thut mnnncr it will require but liltlo nttentlou tho greatost labor being in laying it out, nnd that onco accomplished ovor remains so, Tho second kind of surface irrigation is called Catch-Work, And is adapted to uuovou or hill-side surfaco. In bed-work the foeders lay at right angles to tlm niAin rnmluetnrs: In pnioli.u-nrk lmv rim 111 more oi a serpentine lorm. , . ....... . .J .H Knolls tins Kind oi work Tho mill should set ou the carrying up the water on . ikeuwoou uoxos nro generally useu, con- th ill nnd then 'run in n 3g g or seSiu oru iuUiebedstothobS In that way you stop the 7a?l "orw of ?& stream, letting "the water flow gradually, nt a slow pace, not washing the MtWSSi onits course. The third kind is that of " Subterraneous or Underground Irrigation Which is not carried on yet to any great ex - tent. IhoBubject hag often been allttdod to iu our Farmers' Club, whero mauy ideas havo llm U'hnln li.nrrth. ntnl nt tin hpAM nf Ihn liAilrf. - - inclining from the point where the water enters. Anaecij'e Plan nf ToachinrJ at PenekesC. ' th, poweriui, It a sufficient flow can bo had a dozen openings a model and strides ant or more can be made in tho small conductors ' mi.. i.ir -i r i, ci,l la ahnrilv nnt leading company in 1 n (nmlnid i.11nul.i.t ll In lli.tr mil lut(niiAn rninli ... . . a. 11 J. ttlff ClUSdrUnlO trUCKS tO I ... ln..r. Ii. .( Ii .ml .l..linln.l in fmit l.ni.. I.I...1 tho grouud has to bo porfectly level, nnd the. .m.ullikll Id nftnll Aubfiil Sinn leiiln fmtit n m,. ! conductor will tho water spread ou ench side? That depends on what soil you have, whether po ms or compact clay, sandy soil or adobe. Our ..-ni.u.. . ii uru o.vu, uun mull uum i. luuiu rid laud with its hard pan is very favorable, re taining tbo water, uud spreadiug it Homo dis- nice, in ouier onus wiuuio eompacisuo-soii, the water sinks to a greater depth, and spreads (0 II IONS lllStailCO. IU Olir lOWer Valleys I . .f .l . .i.-i.i- -.--.-..i should lay my under pipes 10 feet apart, giving eight feet spreud in orchards or viueyards. In small fruit they Hhould bo Hepurated only .ill., lii.ll llnit il(iili...mi one half that distance Virl.1l. nl Dm. "" "wr.unu..uuuuvuvu,i.io imiiuui so wo will say tuey navo not, nna oetnKo our t in a Hiuall way, but no general conclusion Hl)iveH to tuo laboratory. What a buz! Moft Iiuh as yet been obtained. Iu tho first instance ' .aiil .in,, i tl.Mr tni.ina in nnrlrsmnaBirnit T. ... , ..ii.i , ,1 carry to their own schools, ns nucleus for fu Iu subterranean Irrigation homo havo used turo nmusomeut short clay pipes In tlioir vegetable gardens- 0ut ioon tll nro bu9y too Seft nDlmftlg which uervery well, the coming water out at ftr0 lulorviewcd In their owli" homes, and forth each section. Others have taken siiuaro red- .. hi. i i- i,.u.i ni,.n..i i. n,.. b.. i.-.,. wood boxes, with auger holes at various dis tauces; some -shaped, with sawed notches: the latter Is tho best of the two, as far us tried. Koine have advocated four inch square scantling, baring tho whole length with a long auger, with holes mnde at various distances. The cost at tho start forlsubterruncun l-rlci lion has been ho great a drawback, while sur faco irrigation is ho easily accomplished, no ' other is adopted to nny great extent, although the subject has not lost its interest, nnd muv liefore long be n fixed fact iu the community. A now process for maklug steel tires is em No doubt half of the water could bo saved, and ployed nt tho great manufactory located nt train tii ivititjl lm tlti. miiiilt 'l'lwif.ntkll. l.f...l . I'mit-si I. iinliitiil T ti I lit u mwriiija no iLmnktiin,! irrigation is Warping or Flooding. Warning is generally pertormed nlong tho low tides of the ocean, allowlnu the water to cover the ground nnd remain, depositing sedl ut " '" """' 0,.Ilme! '?". sot neiiiK nenr mr sen snore, wo will on V n lido to the net of lloodinuonr cruin lands ou the plains, Tho time has not jet arrived to raiso our grain prniKlil-llnilillnft lint It .III ,..! .i..... : v i .. .".' -;-""."" "; "" io oring wio Hiiuject oeioro tne people, nnd I uuii iuu imv ! uui llir lUDiaill wueil SUCH uieitun iuii uu minikin iuio upemiion, nun producers will unite uud work for tho interest ... .. . of the whole, lly a common brotherhood In working, as in tho Granue. our vallevs would soon roll in wenlth; land would .loublo in value; our farmers' ships would leave for other climes h.d? with the production of tho soil ami the producer would seo the lumpy event that he .ma inaugurated In the aoh"tou State. tinder this head I may n.euUou what I havo done ou a small scale iu mid-summor. Wish- lug to accomplish all I can during the year I not to work to root up some grape-viues within uu ncVe-spaeo, and put tho laud iu order 'or imslinrrt- t..ij i.v tlm tii ..!.. o ii..,.. could have a good st irt aud bear the ucx. cpriug. I run tho water from a 5 in. liftiug pump ou each vfue, thoroughly t ncm ; aug mem out; cleared all weeds; flooded it; plowed and pulveristd it i.i .1 uiimntv. ui.ii.il.i . .lm., ii... ut......i.. 1.... might be done on a larger scale. '","t'rr;'""" """ ". wk u Efficacy of Irrigation depeuds on mauy poiuts. Water from our pumps noes not contain so much of nutritive matter as that from tho flowing streams; still it possesses some qualities that fertllUe the soil. riain waier is iar in'iier man cltuer; but ns no rams iuu miring our summer mouths, we water 1 I . I... ...ill . 1 i i, ... uur iiiuus uy luiuspriucip.kiiy, wuicu aro drlveu by the regular traile winds. Tepid or warm water is more U'neflcial to nlmits tlmn , vil.1. uiill .14 .mr r.llmai.1 I. ....;... ...i .1.. siiililrvmi.1 imr..li.v1 u-iili l..i,.i ii.. .!i ........ flowing along the grouud soon becomes warm and is soon drank up by the roots in the grouud. sufflcieut time to moisten all its parts, retaining ii nirr uuiiuriuir iiiuiriuuieii mves tuo prnntui ii iir junr mull iik'h wAienng ana oitn. basis, Eltett at Irrlniiln. tutctt oi Irrlaxlion. All Und derive some benefit from irrigation, There is always some nutritious substance that imparts to the soil a beueficeut effect in one way or other. It also unlocks from tbe virgin oil its richness that would not be reached by any other process. Continually employed, wuerujieeded, it euhauces its fertile quality from year to year. It also has the effect to drive or kill all lusecta aud noxious animals that make their abode in the ground. In times of drought it furuishea moisture, which is ' often more beneficial than wet seasons, for one Is theu sure ot a crop with or without much " RTJi" u" !r!Srrj" 1 1. u. W VJ , R l'ouo soon forces a hole through the d sk, which. . n ,,,Lcr ? Wii 0u,.ftinl. Auo'" comist, n ii.T M;ritJr!Mri,ici,mllyftfru '?r?w- WnR turned round and round, and over and Sn" i?d , li'f TinR ,ho Prec,edtag sugges. iug cpmn unity, htill there are adjoining over becomes n thick rinc Aooln heated it . ,'. RlTe8 uU '"tiwony as to depriviun fats counties that cm briuc about tho result. If ou? -. .:...,?.. . , .. " ....nnbr,... B. ."-?.''. " of all the unpleasant odor hv mn, ii,ii.ii.T .liouviugol tbe laud has some effect; level "1T; mrougu me graie. lie auggesta pass, ly't" '""' """ oi consuming coal dust grouud is easier and requires teas work than ."Scouueuseauiroverrea-uOt cluders, wtiereby 17."? "" r'upuwu oy a New Jersey projector that which is sloping, and as time is money all carbonio oxide is formed, which gives a flame "J mor.e Particularly designed for locomo nnlllt. it.nl 1.... I. .I.....I I I 1 . ... . f. 1 nf Bnvnrill f.rft ill Intintli wntl n,l...i..l . 1. .11 UVOS. aUd COnSistn In tlir..lHM .1.. .... .. .uii.iui.m . nulla UiUUIll UU lllltlltl 1111 H IHt. .. .. ......... .. ......n... mi-pttu iui uuuvr I enects 01 irngauon on nwi.n. i , - ii .... -.Ittnii M.nv Sffrnr. 'mis is a question uu nun.- r3-- . : I Many think that flowing water In the land causes sickness, such ns fever and ague, and . bilious complaints, where before they never I existed. In the first place, our climate has a , billions tendency with or without irrigation; all warm climates have, to a more or less ex- tent, iiur nign lanas iy """".r:""1 damp river bottoms, on dry alluvial soil, where there nre no stagnant pools or marshy lands to produce such complaints. Water that flows 1. ii jAa .a vamiitn lnntr. but soon IIUUJ WOU uuen uu. w. o --r ll sinks, allowing no germs of disease to rise ana fill the surrounaingoimospnere. , A,, 8efral ''n inirJ f dUeW ever1 healthy location, and lMVXJSrtTta?l' arises from Irrigation. If any occurs It is at- lrjw jrom irrigation, ii any uui . . i.ll,i.1 in ll.n trmr n live, with the help of , . 1 r IT r . ik,. i,.e;,. . . ,he tempera uro ichangng for the bettor, so u r'al Ppos lion? this' local lty"W.l VompTre ' favorably with any other point of the State. ' y 7 ' n7.iael l AklKntlQ !lII3CEl.LipE0USi sHiS SS wo use tuem in our scnoois; mat mere were 10 bo no recitations, no ordlnnry routiuo of huy kind. Hard work is tho condition on which ono remains bore, but this work is strictly In tho way of observation nnd tho collection of specimens. ' Nover mind about names, says . our master ovcry day; studk the thing, lou ....-..-,. " .11- J "l '"".K".i?.i'r '""". "wi I." wl 'lM ho n In duo tfm. J yell -Lecture' between tho blasts at the top of his voice. One ' or tho other or toth together. Glance over them a moment. You ' noBver saw a lebool just like it before. There are faces old, and young, and half-way, nlso. soVho hveead Thoro nro gray liatrs not n low. Tliero are lHtmiy nmi thoBe aga: thorn in nil save earn ' ,vor jM superseded 1 y b iu spent years in sclontlfio wlio aro lar bcuind earnestness. Of lata nctivo nnmfwtAil Inptnrna in nrent .Ytnfit. ... ' .. . . . . off for Hpecimens. All follow their own sweet .".. i .a . Wn ng t0 wnnt tuoy suouiu uo, only tuey must do something, and that something must accord i tvilli llm iilntis nf the selinol. Onn Is dissent. I lug a fish, nnothcr n bird, nnother n turtle. a" ... .. I In nnr lilnli . uave no rmul IU ituuw iuu uuuju uum vuu mu IS generally used. . m leasi laminar cuuugu aa .uu uujeut iu e- , -; - ..., , lf nt .!., .,. "' --- n-i . , ... . , i. .i.i. .1 i.i...- ....i. wiiitn oi me uriuaes ana muueis increased. crown of tho hill. I orribo it. . ... . . . . aii. ...Jf... m ..ii .-.'m.. nuv or nil sides o Heboid, then, the Anderson School at work. ,"' ".","--,"""'" ?u. "' ' j .7'." ,"" t.rnmt. j n ifAiia n-r itin nifA itrnn v. iiiuuilui va w w hvb.v .--. v tiuiun llero ono is uusy waicuing wio movements oil'l""l"ul"" .nicua win vuiy uiuuu euuauce mo UMir fljli- Oinrn nnnlhop lull Innmll.n IM. rUIllditV Of traUsit. M.JVI.J .t ...v.. ..w.v. .. .v.tw..vM .M.n . W0rld iu that strange othor one which tho mi- croscopo tmvclls. A botanical croup is gstbor- ,1 nv..r n ,IMi nf Ben.wi.nil. All ilnv v.il.nlnv , ,IU, til0 afty beloro was that samo group over that samo dish, for tho study and classification 0 tho nigra is no play. Thelougshclvosabovo I.. ... ..J. .. ... tho tables aro alroady loaded with specimens. dried in alcohol, which tho students nro to ' Tho liltlo blrdn vleld. perforce, tiielr nreeloiis unnmlH lint lilflnL- nl nil In lm Tjrnlnliiwl. lTnrn . ..,.-.-- .' A . ' TV " .. a student Is netting buttcrlllcs; thero another ' is hammering a boulder. Down In the shallow cavo two or threo nro wading about with dip nets. Each is busy about that which ho likes, for specialism is encouraged. Inler-Ocean. Steel Tires far Railway Wheels. ' the steol is caBt in tho form of truncated cones, , tne Kmallostend lo lorm tuo outsldo ot tlie tiro. Btcnm bummers. While still hot. it is introduced to the horizontal These consist ot a couple of ouormous masses of iron, each running on a lit tie track, nnd moved bnok nmliorth by means of Ulon nmi r0li nmi b- n iarca gteam cvliu .i..' i..i.i .i. n. ....... .ri. . ..T. . "i i.i. "i i .":.' ..." 1l. ""'..,... ' iv passinu throuoh two sots of theso ham. "J Vn?,ln8 l."r.0UP" lTO,S OI IUCSO UBm mers I it,lWes from .riil. kura an niiiuiiiir n-iiiiiiinr. i inn iniiiiniT nau n ... i ..n ...i.i. . iu..,i.... .r.; ll M r" ". "m",'. .""i ".' . ".I T'. ........ .. ' i" ... ... . j. .X:. ?,.. ,"" .UJ.r striking part is fomied to tlio slope of the rim j Xugo of the wheel ami m workmen SMe ouo ' tiou ufter another oMhormii to r,mJ..t , ,J ".".,. ti.J , i,! ,tL ,..,i J.1 S UXpauJl, t0 ,i,o requisite diameter, audi ready to be turned " on the inside and driven on to Its XlSru, uvunuu. , . , ' Ax eminent Fronch astronomer asserts that tuo ouly oo"0- theory of the jilanetary system iH ,h'lt ides tho plaueta Slercury, Venus, total mass is about equal to the mass of Mer run-. At the auimwlisLnncn. frnm tlm aim n. ti.. , - .-. -.- :.-,. -"-- y: - -,- " "-,- v..u ...t.u v..... u nwuuu iiu ui uBieroius, whose mass exceeds the tenth part of that of Hi., itdtlln ll.d Inlul .ii... A .I... .....II ..I . Uuated between Mars and Jupiter exceeds ...w vH.iui .uv lumi iu. ui .uu diubii uaueis ""u-iuiru ui iuu uiuas oi me eurm; ana tue '"asses of these last two groups are comple- "" to each other. Ten times the mass of " h'""!1 "'' ' , uw mrai iiuict mo ""', "" ul " suimi pmueis ueiween aiars ..nl .l..t... n.. n ...... ...... . I . ,1.. . . m..iv, .w,u. i. du.u njn., iu ma uini oi ,ue ''''- The last conclusion depends upoa he distance between the earth aud tho sun. as ascertained bv the transits nf Ynna tk,n ' measurement of the distance belnp c-Himrnlit. 'lilted by astronomers to be as accurate as "attainable. M. Ciur has recently made experiments i ", ut,,wuB wuuen wuicn uare nivj'j'wi kUIUUU IUV7 tmdt Heating. The createst difficulty lav in thn uiumaie removal 01 tne reiuse c nders. From hu bhort exfttieut.e in thu lUttctioUt he calcaa. late that i kilometres of cinders, sorted by baud, giving a beating effect equal to that obtained by 1 kilometre of coal. It has been argued that the mode of separation was of the greatest practical importance. The we. process waJ ot to bo recommended, on account of the extensive dryiug grounds required, and the fact that after all the pieces had to be used in a damp state. A current of air haa been sug- gtd as an agent for separating, or, as it were, winnowing the bit. Another authority on tbe subject states that tbe amount of incombustible matter iu the cinder amounts to 1.15 per cent. by volume, or 2t.7 per cent, by weight. ... v ' . .. . : . - . - I no steel is tuorouguiy worked tip, nnd .u "i'"i,v;; ' '""" tu.cm"wror Bul?'lr' it in the form of a thrck disk, flurried ' Vi .l? ..!i..of c?Fa' ctt!h?,? ot s.oUft. olivo theso.lt passes to nn upright hammer, . ft. wiYiin. f . ? 8,UU8"lu'IDB Reiattno lor n .),,. nVnlnni .,,! in n,n i..riMn .,.. he whites of eggs, and with less admxturoof ' iienetrntlm' , mo I'.ariu nnd Jlurs, tboro exists between tho weu jurown mioa state ot ... i...,.i .,.., Sun and Slercury a riuu of asteroids. whns. "ad they heard the rumor " -. i .1.. . mi . r . .... .- . . . 1 The Railway of the Future. Railroading has hitherto taken most of its lessons in improvement from England. Our necessities for transportation were so great that tho most wo could do for many years was to build a line with a single track and sidings. Terrible disasters and publio clamor at length combined to induce the leading companies to build double tracks, although a largo majority of the American lines still havo only single " O" tracijS ,1 ridings. Tho Invention and unlver , ,ntroductlon 0, lha magnetlo telegraph Jong rHwnys were of great use in facilitating operations, obviating collisions, and Increasing ,i. ,.! -j. firdnallv tho rail lm. bS j- D.n,-.i BneeA aB Renral. spteu !mP'0J''J IW'" OeeU improved by tho use of steel, the road beds I nave oeen oauasiea wim sione, locomotives Jnclinod ,nne8(md flonwy "'V "Pf01' c0 ,c"'nb"' IZ''1? baft' of iron, and arrangements made to enable i engineers iu umiup uu- u iuu bujjjijt ui waicr 'rom tnDk "inning nt full speed, without stopping at tho water itntlous. And now, American raiiroauing, prosperous, lanes leave oi mo European ma on a new pain. The ennsylvania is now build- separate its way busi- r s;!ffi like this in England, It is a step forward for ourselves, and our impression is that it will bo a great success. Lot tho reader think of a railway, carrying eight rails all the way through from Philadelphia to Pittsburgh, and he will havo nn idea of what tbo American railway of the fuluro is likelv to be. Not onlv will nil tho general roadway havo to be doubled, bat tho , with safety, nt which so many hnvo beon work. tag. ,! n all probability.-higher speed than nny Attainable oven in this way, will be do- I way, with an enormous rail and an engine I '.'"V&mS,''1 And if n'.n'1 if "J"; 'b' ?jr"jb"fc An?-. "W11 M? " """:" u """"',"' "",'"' "" """' "'" BUC means, mo cnpuni can oo uau 10 ouuu a road aud mako tho experiment. With such a line, wo could breakfast in Philadelphia and sup in Chicago on tiro samo day. And tbo journey from Philadelphia to Now York would not oc cupy an hour. Tho National railway promises to do it in two hours. All theso things aro among the necessities of our vast country, with its great distances aud diverse interests. And tho money snout in trying theso expert ments would not bo squandered, but applied to I very useful purpose. In tho meantime tho I ....... 1.....1. 1...I.. .tit . ......1. 1 .1. - Istkiinaiiosal Uwdok. Tho river plors for I f1,U lirl.lnn nnrnaj llin Vlnirnrn nl llnlT.ln I,... an uecu completed except ono. in preparing for this last pier it was found that tho riverbed was covered with somo 10 feot of gravel, which it was necessary to remove. Tho removal has been completed and work begun on tho founds Hon of the pier. It is expected that it will be finished iu about four weeks. The bridge across tho main river will bo 1,903 feet long. Beginning at tho Canada sboro, thero'wilt be three spans of 100 feet elenr, then threo spans of 240 feet, then tho draw spin, which will havo two clear openings of 1G0 feet each, theu another span of 100 feet will bring tho bridgo to Squaw Islaud. Across tho island the distance is about 1,200 feet, and then thoro is nnother bridgo across Black Rock Harbor 517 feet long. Iu this last bridgo thero is a draw spin with two clear openings of 90 foet each. Tho superstructure will bo tho Tratt truss and is being built nt tho Phionixville Bridgo Works. A novel plan is pursued iu placing tho iron spans upon tho Piers. Thev nro built ",?M, 1 h 0TC,' n?ml,r of, pontoons, .,,"" . . u uij uuu, uv JT. ' . ". . Ka,u"y "roppeii uciwpon mo '. nn 7&L I", JK!1 " X?,. 8. f .' . , . ,HV .. nun .a ni;i.ii:u lulu lia UAUt placo ou the piers. AltTinCUL MlLE. From tlm rnnnrls In nlr. culation it would sbem as if science were about ,to -""ko cows superfluous. Artificial milk has ln limunil l . W....I. .l..l.,.i .. .. ... . j " ' n appropriate temperature. llnln.i.i.. that verj good artificial milk can 1, T from bones rich in fat. bv nnrlfvtnn thi. ..k.. ,?eftJ1B .f weald steam nnd combining ho,,rtt ,hus obtftll"'l with gelatin. This ml k i". ho says almost like that of the cow; and w,Yln t ', I0'-"1'1"' flrst tuo or of sour uillk, then that of cheese. The gelatin in It rel,rMeu ,uo caselne; tho fat, the butter; tbo "K-Mhe sugar of milk. It sorves for tho preparation of coflee nnd chocolate, of souj.s nmj- crfamg o( excoutut flavort nni, ju c08t .Jg lmt trifliug. . ,A ??FLL,,TABa?8,'z oml nl1 tue St physic ,u ',ne ow world ond the new would have toverlsh excitement that Was nnrrnnt ... of streets this morning. Tho report was that a liumnn skull had hnnii fnnn.l n-Mi...i.in.i i. . un.u. n, ..,. .,-: ,-"j .: -",""" ---v " ...v.-uciiiug quanz in one oi tuo J'Omstock mines. Such u phenomenon would llAVA lliiaat nil Ik.. ........ 1.1. .. . - "- ,", " .uo uviTmeu meones and over- l"". J1 the well established facts demonstra " " "t "" eseurcues oi modern science, and hearing that the Bkull was in tho fine cabinet of Tinker & Shepard, we repaired thither to """"" "" . in me premises. Thoro wo , lound a large human skull, thickly coatod on - one aide with rich sulphurets of silver, and. , , ujwn inquiry, ascertoned that the curiosity , was found in an old drift of the Ophir mine .'SOIUa WIN nn l.n 41.. 1... T.. J Tvt . . . r -" '" uuiuau bkuii, tulckly coatod on nnMttIiln-p.il. I.l. ...I..1 . .. -v. ". some veara acn.br tlm ltn t...i rn... , The skull was founil nt n nnint .i.... .- TV;; Jiad cut through a rich vein of sulphurets and hence its coating. How it got there is still a Byrtenr and will perhaps remain so forever -I Myififa Chronicle. "' dus, upon a fire TtartedTand to the extent of one-half the fuel reouiW tint S !r.,nVT uminouscoal The tender is to & made in two parts for the two kinds of fuel: the fire ia to be made at first wholly wth the bltnmtn shosnioolm&irInea ti ?$ Bhows 100 pounds pressure in the boiler. The wfewU.S! lVh, ,brown '"tome furrlce other? -"'talmenu alternate with the me.lery1aron.l.lla Connecticut Elver Bail road there is exhibited a placard, which is changed on leaving every station rntilm, the name of the next fution, anHuu 'Tn-i l.l... ,1.-1 . it doe. not cause delay: """ 1'",ce' "
