AN INDEPENMT NEWSPAPER
ALTON T. BAKER, Publisher, 1927-1961
ALTON F. BAKER JR.
Editor and Publisher
EDWIN M. BAKER
General Manager
RICHARD A. BAKER
Managing Editor
ROBERT B. FRAZIER
Associate Editor
A. H. CURREY
Associate Editor
The Register-Guard' policy is the complete and
impartial publication in its news pages of all
news and statements on news. On this page, the
editors of the Register-Guard offer their opinions
on events of the day and matters of importance
to the community, endeavoring to be candid but
fair and helpful in the development of construc
tive community policy. A newspaper is a
CITIZEN OF ITS COMMUNITY.
Published every evening nd Sunday morning
by the Guard Publishing Co.
8A
EUGENE, OREGON, MONDAY, JANUARY 21, 1963
Good Answer for an Easy Question
Ben Musa, president of the State Sen
ate, asks a good question, one that has
occurred to many as the Legislature be
gins looking at budgets. Why, he asks, in
a state which has increased in population
5 per cent, must the higher education
budget go up 20 per cent?
Like most good questions, this one
has a good answer. The higher educa
tion establishment serves directly not
the whole state but the people of the
state who are, roughly, in the 17 to 22
year old age bracket. In the next bien
nium these will be the people who were
born between about 1941 and 1948.
Next year's college freshman, at 17,
was born in 1946, the year daddy got
home from the war; or if daddy got home
early, he was born in 1945 and will be
18 when school opens next fall. His lit
tle brother or sister was born in 1947 or
1948 and will be showing up on the cam
pus before the 1963-1965 budget period
has expired.
There were a lot of those "war
babies." They are the ones for whom we
built grade schools, junior highs and
high schools in 'the '50s and early '60s.'
Now they are planning on college, and
in increasing percentages as they seek
to acquire the skills they will need for
tomorrow.
In 1957, public higher education in
Oregon was serving 19,494 students. By
1962, the campuses were getting the
baby crop of the early war years, and
were educating 29,993. In the next bi
ennium, the one for which this Legisla
ture is budgeting, enrollments will go
up to 34,671. It is likely that there will
be more students attending summer
school next summer than there were at
tending regular sessions on the cam
puses in 1954.
That accounts for part of the 20 per
cent that Senator Musa wonders about.
Also, the taxpayer and legislator are in
vited to recall the events of the past two
years. The 1961 Legislature adopted a
bare-bones higher education budget. Im
plicit in that budget was a certain level
of service that the Legislature intended
the institutions to maintain. It was esti
mated that enrollments in 1961 would
be 24,196, or an increase of 11.5 per
cent. The estimates were, as usual, con
servative. When 26,835 students showed
up, there just wasn't enough money to
provide education at the level the Legis
lature had directed. The service level
was reduced, as it had to be. Part of the
request that Senator Musa finds so baf
fling is accounted for by the fact that
this level of service, as fixed by the Leg
islature, ought to be restored.
Unfortunately, the Senate president
is given to the inept analogy. He told a
reporter, "I don't accuse them (the edu
cational establishment) of padding the
budget, but you can take a skinny man
when he dies and fry him and still get
fat out."
True, true. But the man is dead.
fr -fr -fr &
l-
Parking Profits
Safety Measures
Now Eugene's mayor has emphasized
the timely importance of solving our
downtown parking problem before it be
comes virtually insoluble. And certainly
the gravity of his suggestion is under
scored by the announcement that down
town Portland may have to spend $4.4
million to increase its parking facilities
just 16 per cent.
The Portland proposal would involve
the construction of two six-story garages
where 1,200 parking places would be
available at the rate of 20 cents an hour.
Quite possibly Portland can do no better
than this not now that it has waited so
long to attack a problem which has had
serious adverse effects on the city's core
area, and, not incidentally, upon the
city's tax revenues.
But Portland's experience need not
be repeated here. There are other mu
nicipal experiences which would be bet
ter examined and capitalized upon.
For example: Riverside, Calif., a city
of about 90,000 residents, formed a
downtown parking district in 1960 and
at the same time initiated a scries of
core-area traffic improvements. Since
then, more new construction has been
accomplished or begun in Riverside's
central business district than in all of the
previous 30 years.
Western City magazine reported last
fall that Riverside's plan was actively
backed by the owners of more than 80
per cent of its downtown property valua
tionand actively opposed by none. The
parking district formed to encompass 35
business blocks has utilized city-opcr-atcd
parking lots in the rear and in the
center of the blocks, and multi-deck
parking structures are now being
planned to increase the effectiveness of
some of these facilities. Two special
parking garages were built in 1961 and
were leased to a private operator. Park
ing charges are 15 cents for the first
hour, 10 cents per hour thereafter, on
the open lots or in the garages. And all
downtown stores offer validation of one
hour parking tabs to their patrons.
It cost $1,650,000 raised through
the sale of parking district bonds to
put the Riverside plan in operation.
Now, every day, in every way, the plan
is paying handsome dividends. Riverside
has already gained about 500 additional
downtown parking places, the parking
district still has funds available to fi
nance additional facilities, and regular
profits are adding to these funds.
The State Tra'ffic Safety Commission
has come up with a pair of recommenda
tions for highway lifesaving! One should
bring forth relatively little complaint.
The other may be tougher.
The commission thinks all new cars
sold in Oregon should be equipped with
seat belts. Fine enough. Factory in
stalled, they add no more to the cost of
a car than a small piece of chrome. And
they're much more useful. A number of
other states have cither enacted such
laws, or plan to.
More objection may be heard to the
recommendation that cars be safety
checked every six months. A witness
compared Oregon with Pennsylvania, a
state with eight times as many cars and
6 times as many people as Oregon. Yet,
it has only three times as many traffic
deaths. That state has compulsory in
spection; this one doesn't.
However, opponents will be heard
from, too. They will point to the high
cost of such programs. And they will
argue, quite correctly, that what we
really need to check semiannually is the
mental and emotional condition of the
drivers. The angry or aggressive driver
is more responsible for accidents than
is the absence of a horn or bright lights.
(Not that the latter two should be en
couraged.) The commission is a good one. It is
trying to cut Oregon's traffic toll. The
burden of proof at this point seems to
be with those who disagree with its
recommendations. It may be true that
personal factors are as important as me
chanical ones. But we can do something
about the mechanical factors. Unless we
have good reason not to, let's do it.
Honorary Citizen
Congress has been asked to confer
"honorary citizenship," whatever that is,
upon Winston Churchill. The only other
person to have been so honored was
Lafayette.
In practical terms the award wouldn't
mean a thing. But it would mean a lot
to Churchill, who has always been a
friend of this country, and who, indeed,
is "half American" himself. Also, it
would make a lot of Americans feel
good to so recognize this man. Probably
no other foreigner, and this includes
Lafayette, has been so widely admired
in this country.
Peter Edson
Joblessness
To Remain
Key Issue
WASHINGTON (NEA)
While President Kennedy in his
State of the Union message puts
tax reduction and reform as the
most important issue, unemploy
ment is still one of the most
serious problems for the Ken
nedy administration, the new
Congress, management, labor
and the national economy.
Preliminary figures of 1962
show that unemployment drop
ped only 274.000 to an esti
mated 3.8 million as of Dec. 31.
Employment increased by 1.1
million jobs during the year
while the civilian labor force
increased by 800.000. Actually,
non-farm employment increased
by 1.4 million jobs to a 67.5
million total. But farm employ
ment dropped by 300,000 to four
million total at year end. Solv
ing the slowly but steadily de
creasing agricultural employ
ment problem is one of the
hardcr-to-cure aspects of the sit
uation. Labor Secretary Willard Wirtz
admits it is really surprising
there are not more protests
from four million and more
Americans who have been un
employed in the past two years.
One reason given is that un
employment is not general but
concentrated in depressed in
dustry and area pockets. An
other reason there is not more
protest is that unemployment
insurance cushions the impact.
Also, most of the unemployed
are unskilled workers, the un
educated and young workers
without job training or experi
ence. Unemployment rates in
these groups are twice as high
as among skilled workers.
Government programs to re
duce unemployment so far have
been unable to do the whole
job alone. Area redevelopment
and manpower training pro
grams are just getting started.
Not enough contracts have
been let and construction started
on the accelerated public works
program to create many new
jobs.
Congress took no action on
the Kennedy administration
youth employment opportunities
proposal last year. It will be
presented again to the new ses
sion. It is aimed at creating
more jobs and reducing high
unemployment for workers un
der 20.
Business leaders talk in opti
mistic tones about the possibil
ity that a tax cut will stimulate
industry to create new jobs. The
same claim was made for the
tax credit on new investments
and the new depreciation allow
ance schedules put into ctCcct
Carmichael David Lawrence
il vP
I FlriAlLY REPLACED
TrlAf LEAK PIPP irj
THE PARENT
K Makes a Reassuring Admission
The big- that the Soviets, if they ever nowadays in trying to I set agree
in a long built up their strength to equal ment on a NATO formula lor
WASHINGTON
eSt DieCS Of nPW in a lnntf Hitilt tin thai tlrannth I
time and by far the most reas- ours, wouldn't start bulling and handling nunrP".
suring to the American people threatening again. It does mean It is worth whi e, tnereiore.
nas come in me Jorm ol a that America must maintain her 10 examine , ."". :'
;v.i, , n.i.. har it wording oi tne MnuuB
costs. It also means that serious
consideration should be given to
a revival of the so-called "Sky
bolt" program as a matter of
the greatest precaution involv
ing the nation's safety.
speech by Pre
m i e r Khrush
chev to the con
vention of the
Communist Par
ty in East Germany.
For if there
were any doubt
that the Cuban
maneuver was a
hoax and that a
major war, with
nuclear bombs or missiles, has
been and is farthest from the in
tentions of the Soviet Union,
this now can be removed by ex-
am.n.ng the words of the Soviet The quesUon arjses whether u
is safe for the United States to
A7
Question of Safety
For President Kennedy is put
ting his reliance on missiles
fired from this country and on
Lawrence
speech, an excerpt from which
follows:
In a Red Nutshell
"I will tell you a secret: Our
scientists have worked out a
100-megaton bomb. But accord
ing to our scientists' calcula
tion, a 100-megaton bomb must
not be used in Europe.
'Should our prooaDie enemy
premier. In that speech, Khrush
chev acknowledged for the first
time that the United States has
at least 40,000 nuclear bombs
and warheads, and that the So
viet Union would not risk the
unleashing of such power.
bombers that will be based on i.sh war. then where should
Western Europe. In addition, we drop jtover West Germany
he is counting on the Polaris or France? But the explosion of
missiles, which would be direct- suen a bomD over this territory
ed toward the Soviet Union would you anri several
from submarines under the seas. -- ni,iri Therefore, we
can use such a weapon only
outside the confines of Europe.
I am saying this in order that
there should be a more realistic
appreciation of what horrifying
means of destruction there
exist. .. .
"Comrades, to put it in a nuU'
shell, as I have already said dur
ing the session of the Supreme
Soviet of the USSR, it is not
advisable to be in a hurry for
the other world. Nobody ever
discard her intercontinental
bombers which can fire such mis
siles as the "Skybolt" from the
air at points 1,000 miles away
from the Soviet territory. In
deed, the overseas bases might
The American government be destroyed by Soviet missiles
has never revealed the figures or bombers, or might someday
officially, but the fact that be withdrawn from our use in
Khrushchev knows them is in Europe, where communism
itself significant of the way the could conceivably frustrate na-
world is veering toward an era tional policy, mis possibility is returned from there to report
of peace. Thi.i doesn't mean illustrated by the difficulties
S In the Editor's Mailbag
Prayer Issue
If
be a stick of timber cut served to destroy public conn-
EUGENE (To the Editor)
The Register-Guard is to be
commended for its editorial
comment on Governor Hat
field's nonsensical remarks con
cerning the United States Su
preme Court prayer ruling.
Surely the governor has had the
time to read excerpts from Su
preme Court Justice Hugo
Black's concurring majority
opinion. As your editorial ob
served, nowhere docs the ruling
state that prayers are to be dis
allowed in schools. Only prayers
that are prescribed by the state
or by the state's institutions
are prohibited, as they right
fully should be. Freedom of re
ligion has taken a step for
ward, not backward as the gov
ernor contends
above the 4,000-foot elevation
and in many cases, much lower,
depending on location, precipi
tation and related factors. We
are destroying our heritage and
creating more unsolved prob
lems with every day that goes
by. The small voices crying
aloud for the preservation of
our wilderness go unheeded.
They warn of disaster to come,
not realizing they are being
more realistic than prophetic.
The wheels of progress turn
only one way so long as natu-
dence in the military in gen
eral and the reserves in par
ticular and is degrading to the
men in uniform.
First of all I would like to
challenge the author of that
editorial to produce any, but
exceptional cases, of individuals
who have retired under circum
stances as indicated in that
editorial and confront the edi
tor with the present require
ments for promotion, prefer-
that one lives better there than
here. . .
"At present, according to th
estimates by foreign scientists
and military experts, the United
States has roughly 40,000 nu
clear bombs and warheads. Ev
eryone knows that the Soviet
Union, too, has more than
enough of this stuff.
'Simply Quoting Data
"What would happen if all
that nuclear armament were
dropped on human heads? As
the result of the first blow
alone, 700800 million people
would have perished. All the
big cities would be wiped out or.
destroyed, not only in the two
leading nuclear states the
United States and the Soviet
Union but also in France,
Britain, Germany, Italy, China,
ral resources supply the energy.
Eventually they must slow
down and come to a stop. Then
they begin to turn the other
way. This signals the downfall
and destruction of a nation, no
matter what kind of a political
government controls the people.
1 do not doubt that Governor Medical science is just begin-
ment and retirement which ex.
ist, and do not produce the 50- Japan and many other countries
year-oia colonels ana 3u-year-oia of the world. , .
retired armed forces personnel ."i am not saying these things
he implies. t0 frighten anyone. I am simply
Secondly, I challenge him to quoting data at the disposal of
maxc tne pumic aware ot tne science
Hatfield has received vast
amounts of mail abhoring the
"abolishment of religion in our
schools." But these are the let
ters of either the malinformed
or the demagogic partisans who
have contented themselves with
downgrading the Supreme
Court. As a leader, it should
to capitalize on them.
STUART C. SMITH
925 Horn Ln.
last year, but there hasn't been
effects on employment and un
employment, if any.
The other side of this coin is
that new investments may be
channeled into labor saving ma
chinery that will cut employ- Aarrcr-irU
ment instead of reducing un- Y aiciaweua
employment. Wirtz is of the
opinion that something will
have to be done soon to offset
unemployment caused by auto
mation. Organization labor leaders are
counting on a tax cut for low
income workers to stimuluatc
consumer spending enough to
ning to recognize the fact that
depletion of the organic or liv
ing content of our soil is as
vital to national health as all
their research, that pure uncon
taminated water which comes
directly from a high altitude,
unspoiled and untouched forest
is more important than its so
called recreational value.
Is it any wonder that people
are confused, disillusioned, sus
picious, and look with a jaun
diced eye at any political re
former who shouts his own
brand of cure to all who will
hundreds of thousands of re
serves who serve without pay,
in fact at considerable expense
to themselves and their families
and with very little advance
ment either in pay or rank.
Third, I would like to have
him compare PX prices at the
Fort Lewis Exchange with
prices prevailing at civilian es
tablishments adjoining the post
area. He is uninformed that the
post exchange has in most in
stances become more ot a con
venience rather than an
economy.
Fourth, cradle to grave se
curity doesn't exist in the armed
forces of today, nor is it a
refuge for incompetence as im-
Thc Soviet Union . . . knows
well the potentialities of these
arms. We have created them
for the defense of our country
and of other Socialist countries.
For that reason we have a re
sponsible attitude in the matter
of war and peace. We do not
want war. But we do not fear it.
If war is forced upon us, we
shall be able to give a resoluta
rebuff to the aggressors, and
the aggressors know it." '
So it's Khrushchev now who
relies on the deterrent power of
"massive retaliation." The world
at last has convincing testimony,
that a nuclear stalemate has
been achieved. This has come
about largely through the
listen. Our mountains are etcr- pijc(j positive policy of elim- growth of American military
nal. Their snowy peaks above jnation and selection operates Power. Certainly this hasn't all
timber line were not meant to
be conquered. It's the lower
elevations we had better start
worrying about. Time is run-
OAKRIDGE (To the Editor)
The controversy over how the
untouched areas nf our mntin.
tain forests shall be managed ? JOHN L. LUNDBERG
docs nothing to solve the ulti- p. o. Box 75
mate problem. There are certain
basic- facts to be considered.
juimius cuuugu to - -- ---7 -- . . Iff. 1
create more jobs. The other big J"cy are not wnemcr umocr is Iesentea HClltOriai
nitch in thn union's nrncram over-ripe, not whether areas
is to reduce the work week to should be used for recreation,
35 hours so as to spread avail- not whether it is necessary to
able jobs among more workers, matintain a certain cut of lum-
Industry leaders oppose this bcr each year,
as an effort to put over a dis- The one problem that over
guiscd pay raise less work shadows all others is the de
for the same money. Wirtz also struction of our watersheds,
says, "I do not think this is the They are vital to the .maintain
right answer." n6 of a pure and abundant
A factor that concerns him water supply which is not only
more is that about 7 per cent necessary to human life but to
of today s industrial production industry as well, mis ties in
EUGENE (To the Editor)
Such uninformed, vituperative
attacks on the armed forces, re
serves, and veteran organiza
tions as have appeared in edi
torials and other articles in the
Eugene Register-Guard indicate
a complex usually associated
with a frustrated private first
class or low-ranking officer who
has an overriding conviction
that the military goofed by not
before and after enlistment, and
on up through the ranks becom
ing more severe as the indi
vidual progresses.
Fifth, I challenge him to pub
lish these facts with the equal
prominence that he has given
the editorial and perform the
public service of accurately in
forming them of true conditions
as they exist and not brow
beating them with the past.
AL PARKER
1515 Sylvan Drive
(Editor's note: Even a casual
reading of the editorial in ques
tion will prove that there was
no mention, expressed or im
plied, of the reserves. We erred
in saying families of military
neoole net free dental care.
comes from overtime work. This directly with flood control and recognizing his general officer Beyond that, the advantages of
is slightly above unemployment soil depletion. Any so-called ex- qualifications. military service that were men-
..I.. f ....J a nM nnnt Hup. nnt-t Whn hoe m,Ha ctlirline that 111 emi.A incf.nnn. II.;. tlnnnrl In ,Ua .Wninl ...nn'tl.a
JUlua ui HIUIIIIU U v:in. umi- ...iw .-. ...uu u.uu..... .un. ... ..unit. iiiatiiii.t.a 1111a urn- nuuvi 111 im; cuuvitai vttiu .liv
ing the last two years. take all facets of a fast-growing cism reached the proportions
If the unemployed could be national problem into consider- where it served a useful pur
given this work, e v e ry t h i n g ation and who is not influenced pose in exposing weaknesses.
might be dandy. But it isn t that by politics or other factors, will however such articles as the
easy. Much of the overtime pro- tell you that there should nev- editorial of Jan. 8, 1963, only
duction is temporary like the
current drive on manufacture '
of new models in the auto in
dustry. Most of the unemployed
in chronically depressed areas
aren't located where the over
time work is available and, be
sides, don't have the skills to do
it.
Also, from the employer's
point of view, it has been esti
mated that it costs up to $1,500
the first year to add a new
worker to the payroll. ,
If a new worker has to be
laid off after a temporary work
rush is over, he gets unem
ployment insurance, lowering
the employer's rating. In some
industries the worker would
have to be paid supplementary
benefits.
These arc just a few of the
many practical problems that
have to be solved before unem
ployment can be reduced to the
manageable proportions of a 4
per cent rate or less.
MKMBKK (X
TUB AiiUClAlLU I'KLSS
Th Asoclatcd PrcM li entitled
txi-luklvelj' to the ue (or republi
cation of all the local neue printed
in this newspaper.
MEMBER OF THE AUDIT BUREAU
OF CIRCULATIONS
Services United Press International
WILLIAM WASMANN. Neva Editor
DONN L. BONHAM, city Editor
ROSS O. JOHNSON.
Advortlstnf Director
JARL FUGLE ClrculaUon Manaser
ROBERT K. BERTSCH PromoUon
W. B. JOHNSTON JR. Auditor
ARM STROMMER Production
same advantages so prominently
mentioned in magazine ads, tce
vec commercials and billboards
produced by the various re
cruiting services.)
happened during the two years
of the present administration;
but is the result of the build-up
of nuclear weapons in general
and of missiles in particular dur:
ing the Eisenhower administra-.
tion. "J
Copyright. 1063.
New York Herald Tribune ln. . ..
So They Say-
Exploring space is in some
ways like walking down, a
strange street we know 4h
street is there, and that it must
lead somewhere, but we never
know what.is around the corner.
Jamea t. Webb, head of National
.Aeronautics and Space Admin-
istration. . '
A director couldn't hope tc
direct a (Charles) Laughton pic
ture. The best he could hope
for was to referee.
Director Lewis MUcstone, on the
late actor.
Sylvia Porter
State Taxes Soaring Again to New Record
Porter
This year state taxes across
the land are heading up S1.5
billion, will take an all-time
high $22 billion from our pock
ets. This year, social security
taxes are head
ing up $2 bil
lion plus, will
take a record
$14.6 billion
from our in
comes. This
year, local taxes
in tens of thou
sands of com
m u n i t i e s arc
heading up by
hundreds of mil
lions, also will hit unparalleled
peaks.
This year, unless Congress
gives us the substantial across-the-board
reduction in our fed
eral income taxes which Presi
dent Kennedy is urging so
strongly, we'll be carrying an
even more crushing tax burden
than last year or the year before
that. This year, unless Congress
acts, our tax load which just
about everybody now admits is
obsolete and in Kennedy's word,
"too heavy a drag on private
purchasing power, profits and
employment" will be even more
obsolete, an even heavier drag
on your economy.
Congress simply must not
overlook what is joing on in
other areas of taxation in our
country as it debates the size,
form and timing ot federal in
come tax reduction.
Estimated 90,000 Bills
There is no hope for revers
ing the social security tax hike;
it went into effect Jan. 1. There
is no hope for avoiding in
creases in state and local taxes.
The states and cities are under
constant spending pressures and
they cave in constantly to the
pressures. Just since the start
of the 1950s, state tax collec
tions have more than doubled
gone from $8.9 billion in 1951
to $20 6 billion in 1962.
As for 1963. an estimated
90,000 bills will be introduced
in the state legislative sessions
being held in 47 states, accord
ing to the Commerce Clearing
House of Chicago. More than 25
per cent will involve taxes; of
these 2.500 will become law
and you can bet your bottom
dollar the overwhelming per
centage will involve tax hikes,
not cuts.
Monday, the Tax Foundation
of New York released the grim
results of a nationwide survey
of tax proposals in the states.
Over the years a pattern of
major tax legislation in every
fourth odd-numbered year has
developed. Previous years of
significant tax increases were
1951, 1955, 1959 meaning 1963
is "it" again. Last year being
an election year, the legislators
and governors laid low. Now
they're set to vote the tax hikes
to offset their skyrocketing
spending and mounting budget
deficits.
The most fashionable tax slat
ed for passage this year will be
the broad-based retail sales tax.
Proposals for adopting it as a
new tax or for increasing rates
or for broadening its base ac
count for $1.3 billion of the
S1.5billion tax increase the
Tax Foundation foresees.
Next Most Popular
In prospect in Colorado, Iowa,
Missouri, Nevada and Wyoming
is a sales tax hiked to 3 per
cent. Moves to 4 per cent are to
be considered by Connecticut,
Georgia. Maine, Ohio, Illinois.
A breakthrough to a 4'i per
cent rate is believed likely in
Pennsylvania. New broad-based
sales taxes are scheduled for
vote in eight slates. There also
will be extensive action on se
lective sales taxes with increas
es due on taxes imposed on Ras
oline, cigarettes, alcoholic bev
erages. The next most popular device
for raking in more state reve
nue is via personal and corpora-,
tion income taxes. Nebraska:
faces a possible new individual
income tax at 2i per cent. Ala
bama faces the likelihood of a
corporation income tax boost to
5 per cent and so docs New
Jersey. Ohio may enact a new
income tax. So this one goes.
No Relief at This Stage
The parade fans out far be
yond ihis. In the sphere of lev
ies on users of highways, in
creased truck license fees may
be imposed in Arkansas and
Ohio. Measures to change or
hike passenger car registration
fees arc in the offing in Ala
bama, California, Kansas, New
York, Ohio.
Yes, there are a few states
where there will be proposals
to lighten the load but these
will be rare.
Any hope for relief? Not at
this stage. Where do we get re
lief then? Only from Congress
at this point. And now surely
the time has come for a most
critical examination of spend
ing at every government level.
Just as even the strongest in
dividual can crumble under in
tolerable pressures, so can even
the strongest community, state
or nation. '.