Page 4Bnx EUGENE REGISTER-GUARD, Thurs., June 21, 1062
Qeologists Probe
Andy tends a complete, 20
volume set of the World Book
Encyclopedia to Rusty Mims,
age 13, of Nashville, Tenn.,
and Gwendolyn Hinson, age
13, of Cleveland, Ohio, for
their question:
What causes earthquakes?
Geologists are taking a deep
er look for the causes of earth
quakes and other upheavals. A
new theory suggests that the
crustal unrest which causes
earthquakes may be caused by
upsets from deeper within the
earth. Project Mohole, that bold
plan to drill down to the earth's
mantle, may help prove this
new theory right or wrong.
The restless upheaval of
growing mountains, accom
panied by volcanoes and earth
quakes, is called diastrophism.
And more than 80 per cent of
this activity occurs in the huge
rim of stresses and cracks in
the earth's crust around the Pa
cific Coast. Earthquakes are
caused by faults where two
layers of the earth's crust are
moving, at maybe a few inches
a year, in different directions.
At the fault, the two edges
of the crustal blocks cling to
gether by friction for days or
years. They bend under the
strain like coiled springs. At
last the springs uncoil with a
shuddering earthquake. The
two sides of the fault may slide
20 feet in different directions,
pop up or down to form a ridge
of cliffs and the huge crustal
blocks unbend all in a few mo
ments. A few earthquakes are
Mecca Pilgrimage Becoming
WASHINGTON Though a
pilgrimage to Mecca still tests
Moslem's faith and endurance,
it is gradually becoming less
rigorous.
Most of the devout Moslems
who attended the recent annual
rites at the sacred center of
Islam have now returned or
are on their way back to
homes ranging from north vest
Africa to Southeast Asia.
As they enjoy the satisfaction
of having fulfilled the Koran's
Injunction to visit the birth
place of the prophet Moham
med, they can also remember
such novel comforts there as
air conditioning and running ice
water.
Oil Buys Improvements
In the last decade the King
of Saudi Arabia has poured mil
lions of dollars from oil reve
nues into improvements for the
holy places under his official
protection, says the National
Geographic Society.
The 45-mile road to Mecca
from the Red Sea port of Jidda
has been paved. Trees are being
planted to shade travelers from
the sun's blistering rays.
Arriving in Jidda by sea or
air, pilgrims no longer are
forced to trudge or jog by cam
elback over rough desert rail.
They can go by bus or, if afflu
ent enough, hire a limousine.
A public light-and-power sys
tem was Installed at Mecca in
the early 1050s. The Great
Mosque has been vastly en
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Ask Andy
caused by volcanic eruptions
and minor tremors may be
caused by landslides, cave-ins,
deltas, or shifting glaciers.
In the past, geologists looked
no deeper than the earth's crust
to explain diastrophism. A deep
fault between layers moving in
different directions explains
earthquake activity and most
earthquakes are no deeper than
40 miles, which is within or
near the limits of the crustal
layer.
But a few earthquakes on
record were 200, 300, and 43S
miles deep, which is down in
the dense mantle layer below
the crust. Maybe the upheavals
of crustal diastrophism are
caused by activity in the dense,
hot mantle which reaches down
1,800 miles.
One theory suggests that con
vection cells, like gigantic pots
of boiling soup may occur
throughout the mantle. In such
a cell, hot, rising convection
currents could push up some
areas of the crust while other
.sat.
8
Andy awards each day a
(uli ut of the World Book
Encyclopedia for tha flt
question be selects to answer.
When a second question Is
answered a large world sloba
or aUaa la awarded. Questions
are accepted from teen - aae
or less-than-teen-age readers.
They should be addressed to
tha Register-Guard, 75 Hl(h
St., Eugene. Andy prefers
that questions be written on
postcards, rather than In let
ter form.
larged. Hundreds of thousands
of worshipers can stand togeth
er in its open court before the
holy of holies the cube-shaped
basalt Kaaba that Moslems be
lieve was built by Abraham at
the bidding of God.
To make room for the
mosque's expansion, the sur
rounding jumble of shops is
being torn down under a multimillion-dollar
building pro
gram. A huge air-conditioned
pilgrim shelter rises at the site.
Pipes carry cold water from
a refrigerating plant to the
nearby village of Mina to bring
relief to the thirsty crowds who
camp out there for the three
day ritual of animal sacrifice.
Even more important are the
modern health regulations. Epi
demics of cholera, smallpox, and
typhoid once traveled with the
pilgrims. Today, vaccination
controls contagious diseases.
Hospitals and mobile first-aid
units tend the sick; food chill
ing and sanitation help keep
others well.
Hardships Inevitable
Yet despite the ameliorations,
the great hadj, or pilgrimage,
is by its very nature an ordeal.
Many participants spend meager
life savings to get to Mecca,
leaving little for later needs.
Some are elderly and ailing.
All face overcrowding and lack
of facilities in a city whose
permanent populntinn of less
than 150,000 is suddenly multi
plied many times. In recent
Quakes
areas were sucked down by
cooler, descending currents, if
across the vast oceans of space,
this idea is correct, It could ex
plain the heaving crustal activ
ity and the overall patterns of
the earth's diastrophism. In any
case, several interlocking causes
play a part in these dramatic
events.
We can still say that most
earthquakes are caused by frac
tures and the crustal move
ments of diastrophism. But
these crustal upheavals may
well be caused by activity in the
mantle. We need to know of
the nature of this deep, dense
layer and maybe Project Mo
hole will supply the missing
clues.
Andy sends a Hammond's
International World Globe to
Stewart Moser, age 9, of Hou
ston, Texas, for his question:
Why do stars give off radio
waves?
The sun and the stars pour
out seething atomic energy in
all directions. We can see their
light and the sun is close
enough for us to feel its heat.
But these seething furnaces also
radiate other kinds of energy,
such as the ectromagnetic en
ergy we call radio waves.
The radio telescope is a giant
receiving set which traps the
invisible radio waves coming
from the starry nuclear fur
naces. It is a new invention for
probing the distant skies and
almost every day it reveals sur
prising new information from
Less Rigorous
years, when Islam's lunar cal
endar put the annual pilgrim
age in hot summer months,
hundreds of people died from
sunstroke and the infirmities
of the aged.
The required rituals held
under the blazing Arabian sun
are exacting and exhausting.
Worshipers must circle the Kaa
ba seven times on three sep
arate occasions, and run anoth
er seven laps between the
neighboring hills of Safa and
Marwa. They stand bareheaded
for hours, praying before the
Mount of Mercy. At Mina, they
stone a white pillar represent
ing the Devil, and slaughter
goats, sheep, and camels on the
Field of Sacrifice.
To strict Moslems, however,
the greater the hardship, the
more merit acquired. Returning
home, they welcome the pres
tige of being a hadjL Some hope
to die in the sacred city of Mec
ca, for they believe death there
will entitle them to a special
place of honor in heaven.
eggs in mixing their paints, perience, it takes the knack of j vS?' fe 1 eVJ3 5T i r$P2r Of r?ilv:ix' Sff "
Technicians restoring Renais- knowing one's limitations, to 'vTaSrai M0VIM EGalVMS tiiis.ii A VLoii HQ ' A "V'SF
sance paintings have found make the best use of nitrogly- co dbJuJ!l SrSfi CO. fwCaf It" THINK V -3 W$W Z
that a modern synthetic poly- cerine. J2rJr. Ts,Im ' eaJr-4-' ' W :iyl TUIMlf ijw
vinyl acetate mixed with dry But at that point the patient's O "''! ss - 1 lo 0 ILJcZLxZ.
pigments is likely to stand the knowledge adds immeasurably 3 jr53tKKa7T21 g IJSlI"!!'1' W f TTL-5rr-Xr--:n7liy
test of time far better than the to his own daily comfort. il5t!'OrT5vri SsL iLai '-y- VsT
traditional egg medium, the Na- No, nitroglycerine is not hab- v. FL&&3) w-f , aii ?. vkl lil v2T 2
tional Geographic Magazine it-forming, and it does not lose -LTXta. xLA (id
To Your Health
Angina Pain
A Signal
Of Trouble
By JOSEPH G. MOLNER
Dear Dr. Molner: Your recent
article on the heart has been a
blessing to me.
I have angina pectoris and
take nitroglycerine tablets quite
often for pain.
Prior to reading your article,
I had never known about taking
the pills before the pain starts.
I have been doing it now and it
helps me in making my bed, go
ing up and down stairs, running
the vacuum sweeper and many
other things that cause pain.
Thank you! MRS. I.L.M.
And thank you, and others
who have written.
The pain of angina pectoris
comes when the heart is sub
jected to more strain than it
can comfortably meet. The pain,
in a very real sense, is nature's
warning, so we cannot altogeth
er object to it It does us a serv
ice. ...
However, when a patient has
learned to know the amount of
effort which is going to cause an
attack, but still has that neces
sary activity to perform, a pill
in advance wards off the pain,
or at least makes it milder.
The nitroglycerine is not a
"pain killer." It relieves, or
avoids, the discomfort by per
mitting a temporary extra surge
of circulation in the heart mus
cle, and this removes, for the
moment, the condition which
causes nature to sound its
alarm.
It takes patients a bit of time
and experience to know how
much work their hearts can do
without this painful protest.
Once they realize the amount, it
is possible to take the pill in
advance.
This might lead (indeed it
has) to a question as to why
patients couldn't swallow the
pills all the time, and thus avoid
pain completely.
For one thing, it would be a
dreadful waste of money, be
cause the pills are effective
only at these moments of over
load. You can't "save up" their ef
fect, any more than you can
give up breathing right now
just because you breathed twice
as often 10 minutes ago.
Anyone who mistakenly sup
posed that taking twice as many
pills would let him overtax his
heart twice as much would, of
course, be sadly in error. Nitro
glycerine is a wonderfully help
ful drug, but It can do only so
much. Or to put it still another
way, two aspirins yesterday
don't help today's headache. But
one aspirin, just as the head
ache is starting, is better than
two later on.
That's the simple secret of
getting the most good from ni
troglycerine. It takes some ex
perience, it takes the knack of
knowing one's limitations, to
make the best use of nitrogly
cerine. But at that point the patient's
knowledge adds immeasurably
to his own daily comfort.
No, nitroglycerine is not habit-forming,
and it does not lose
its effect from repeated use.
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