I" CLUES TO THE GREAT MAN'S HUMAN SIDE
Einstein Provoked by 'Sense of Justice'
By FRANCES LEWINE
Of The Associated Press
PRINCETON, N. J. Wl Albert
Einstein said he was compelled by
"a passionate sense of social jus
tice and social responsibility" to
take stands on issues far removed
from the problems of theoretical
physics and mathematics.
Einstein, who died .Monday,
made political statements that
were widely disputed, and many
were misunderstood. But they all
provided further clues to the
human side of this great man.
It took courage at times for
Einstein to continue his comments
in the face of personal attacks by
those who opposed him.
a He spoke out against Nazis and
' Fascists, espoused the cause of
J Zionism and world government,
.-, rebelled against stacks on civil
I; -liberties and urged commutation
of the death sentence for atomic
J spies Ethel and Julius Rosenberg.
BORN IN GERMANY
Einstein, born in Germany, had
! been a citizen of three countries.
t ' In his youth, he let his German
J citizenship lapse while he lived in
; Italy with Jiis family. As a uni-
versity student, he acquired Swiss
J citizenship and later, he became a
I raturalized citizen of the United
Mates.
Germany conferred honorary
citizenship on its famous son
when Einstein was appointed a
professor at the Prussian Acad
emy of Science in Berlin in 1914.
But, with his usual concern over
politics, Einstein waited until
Germany became a republic in
1919 before he accepted this
honor.
When the Nazis came to power,
Einstein stood up against the per
secution of his fellow Jews and
later renounced his German citi
zenship. He said he would not set
foot in Germany while Hitlerism
prevailed.
For his outspoken attacks on
the Nazis, Einstein was declared
"an enemy of the state." He be
came a voluntary exile from Ger
many, which only a few years
earlier had declared a national
holiday to celebrate his 50th
birthday in 1929. ,
On Oct. 9, 1933, Einstein sailed
in secrecy from London because
of threats on his life by the
Nazis.
CAME TO PRINCETON
He came to the Institute for
Advanced Study at Princeton,
which was just being opened ofi-l
cially as a center where scientists,
scholars and their pupils .might
I -States' Spending Averaged
1 $119 Per Capita in 1954
, WASHINGTON U-Spending by
the states rose an average of 11.2
per cent during fiscal 1954 and
their revenues increased an aver
age of 9 per cent, the Commerce
Department reports.
General expenditures of the
states during the fiscal years
' which ended in 1954 averaged
', $119 for each man, woman and
child in the nation. -"
' The department said that dur-
. ing the yeat the states spent $19,'
I 183,726,000, including outlays for
', debt redemption. Revenues the
states took in, including borrow-
. ing, totaled $21,072,711,000.
SMALL SURPLUS
; Excluding $497,346,000 in debt
redemptions by the states last
year, and $2,239,182,000 in bor
rowing the states had a small sur-
, plus. Revenues totaled S18.834,
000,000 compared to $18,686,000,
000 in spending.
The report by the department's
Census Bureau said nearly all
categories of state spending last
! year increased over the previous
year.
1 The indebtedness of states rose
to a new record high of $9,600,
000,000.
General revenue increased last
year in 43 states, while general
spending increased in 40 states
and debt outstanding was up in
32 states.
The states collected in taxes
last year some $11,089,000,000,
an increase of 5.1 per cent from
the previous year. . s
The overall per capita level of
state taxation during the fiscal
years which ended some time in
1954 was $70.42.
HEALTH OUTLAYS
In state outlays for health and
hospitals the state of Washing-I
ton was highest with a per capita
average of $15.80, barely nosing
out Connecticut's $15.79. Pennsyl
vania's 9.02 came closest to the
per capita average for all states
of $8.90.
Here are the per capita aver
ages of all the states for various
categories of taxation, revenue
and spending:
General revenue $97.16; taxa-i
tion $70.42, general spending
$100.26, public welfare $16.20,
education $29.57, highways $26.20,
work to push beyond the present
limits of human knowledge.
Twelve years before, in 1921,
Einstein had given a series of
lectures at Princeton. This time,
he was given a lifetime post as
head of the institute's school of
mathematics. At the age of 65
he became professor emeritus at
the institute, but continued work
as usual despite the honorary title
that usually denotes retirement.
Einstein said he found "ideal
working and living conditions" in
America. When he became a nat
uralized citizen In 1940, he said
he felt in America "the most valu
able thing in life is possible the
development of the individual and
his creative powers."
In the United States, he added,
human dignity has been devel
oped to such a point that it would
be impossible for people to en
dure life under a system in which
the individual is only a slave
ot the state."
Einstein cast his first ballot at
Princeton's Borough Hall Nov. 6,
1940. He joined the New Jersey
League of Independent Voters for
Roosevelt in 1944 and endorsed
FDR for a fourth term, saying
it would be very dangerous to
change leadership now." -
Until lhe rise of the Nazis, Ein
stein had been an ardent pacifist.
CHANGED VIEW
But in 1939, he issued a state
ment declaring that as an "active
pacifist" he now believed war
justifiable against "war-making
brigands."
Einstein was wholeheartedly
behind this country's war effort.
In 1944 he donated the prized
manuscript of his theory of rel
ativity and an unpublished work
to spur the sale of bonds for the
fourth war bond drive.
Einstein was one of those In
strumental in getting President
Roosevelt to go ahead with the
Manhattan District Project for the
development of the atom bomb
Although it was Einstein's the
ories that paved the way for the
release of atomic energy, Einstein
did not work on me actual ae
velopment of the A-bomb and in
sisted later:
"I do not consider myself the
father of the release of atomic
energy."
He said he did not foresee that
it would be released in his timet
"I believed only that it was the
oretically possible."
Einstein, along with many other
atomic scientists, felt a keen re
sponsibility to society for the cre
ation of the atom bomb. He was
sorely troubled by the fact that
atomic energy had first been used
for destructive purposes.
But he was sure "the discovery
of nuclear chain reactions need
not bring about the destruction of
mankind any more than the dis
covery of matches." -
WARNS OF H-BOMB
Einstein also looked at con
struction of the hydrogen bomb
with misgivings. He said it would
bring within range of technical
possibility "radioactive poisoning
ot the atmosphere and hence an
nihilation of any life on earth."
Einstein got into the middle of
a major controversy in 1953 over
the methods employed by congres
sional committees investigating
communism in the United States.
He advised "every intellectual"
called before such a committee
to refuse to testify. He said he
would do the same if called.
He took this stand just a few
months after receiving the $1,000
annual Lord and Taylor Depart-1
ment store award in New York
City for "intellectual adventur
ing." At that time, he had com
mented facetiously that a congres
sional committee might well
check into the dangers of con
formist thinking and the uncri
tical mind.
By far his greatest honor was
the Nobel Prize in physics, award
ed in 1921.
A $10 million Albert Einstein
College of Medicine was started
in 1953 as a part of Yeshiva
college in New York.
' 22.7 per cent during fiscal 1954 total public debt $60.96.
Plan Approved
HILLSBORO Wl Hillsboro
residents this week approved
plan to invite the Navy to build
a 12 million dollar naval reserve
training station here. The vote in
an advisory election was 1,348 to
538.
The results will be forwarded
to Navy officials who have ex
pressed Interest in the city air
port jitc.
together ! ttt'HtnTSL
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Shelter Canopy Acts As Carrying Case
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Uia It ,;ql a, a.lt f.t Uettfctr fat taamy. ab!a flttpi-f
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Dixie Beat
Irks Red
Newspaper
BERLIN W Now it's the
Dixieland beat in old Heidelberg.
That's the complaint of the
East Berlin newspaper Berliner
Zeitung. An article in the Com
munist paper decried American
influence in the famous old uni
versity town, which the U.S. Ar
my has made its European bead
quarters.
"At the gate of the Heidelberg
castle one's eyes are assaulted by
a sign," says the paper. "It an
nounces that the 'Spree City
Stompers' will give a concert
next Sunday in the king's hall of
the castle." '
The paper explained that Dixie
land concerts are a regular fea
ture of the castle. This may sur
prise the visitor, it said, but the
real surprise is yet to come.
"Everywhere on the street one
meets almost as many Americans
as Germans and sorry to say-
even here the dividing line often
disappears.
The paper said many students
try to look exactly like the Amer
icans same haircuts, same
clothes and even the same way
of talking. Even worse, it added
the famous student taverns have
been "occupied" by hordes of sol
dicrs.
Heidelberg's cultural life has
suffered considerable damage un
der this assault by an overseas
way of life," Zeitung said.
Meeting Set
Reglster-Gsard, Eugene, Ore.Thur., Apr. 21, 1955 . 3 A
PORTLAND Wl The seventh
annual meeting of the Oregon
Alumni Institute will be held
here Sunday. Gov. Paul Patterson
and a panel of five University of
Oregon faculty members will
speak. Dr. O. Meredith Wilson,
president of the university, will
lead the panel.
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