Transistors Making Transition
From Lab to Commercial Use
- By WAYNE OLIVER
NEW YORK to A revolution
called the transistor is beginning
to move out of the laboratory into
commercial use, and soon may
appear in many of the electronic
products you buy.
First announced as a lab devel
opment nearly five years ago as
a device performing the functions
of a vacuum tube, the transistor
In the past few weeks' has been
incorporated in new lightweight
hearing aid that go for months
without battery changes. V '
The military services are tak
ing a large percentage of the lim
ited output of transistors for a
fled, that result in more compact,
more rugged, more reliable equip
ment, ' .
' Next civilian use probably will
be in portable radios that can be
made much smaller than present
models, and will operate many
times as long before needing a
change of batteries.. Wrist watch
and cigarette xck sets may be
come practical realities rather
than laboratory novelties. -
Later transistors will find their
way into regular home radio sets,
TV sets in which they can replace
all tubes except the picture tube
battery operated record players,
electronic" computers only a frac
tion the size of the present mon
sters, and perhaps new types of
devices that have not been prac
tical up to now. "
But the more cautious in
the industry . say that mass pro
duction of the transistor still has
not been licked and that until the
problem is solved, its use will re
main limited. The output, never
theless is many fold what it was
a year ago and is running into
thousands a day.
The transistor is a radical de
parture from the conventional tube
that amplifies through use of heat
ed filaments in a vacuum. The
transistor uses a microscopic speck
i of the rare metal 'germanium for
: amplification.
There are two basic types of
: transistors. One is the point con
tact type in which the pointed
i ends of two very thin wires press
againstt he speck of germanium.
, The other is the junction type
" consisting of a piece of germani
um treated so it forms an elec
trical sandwich of three layers
positive in the middle and nega
tive in top and bottom layers
with a' wire connected to; each
layer. " 1
Each has advantages and dis
advantages compared with the oth
er so they probably will find dif
ferent uses. !
While the transistor never is ex
pected to replace the vacuum
tube in all its uses, it can do many
ol the things a vacuum ' tube can
do, and some of ' them better.
Some of its advantages include:
It averages about one-fiftieth
the, size of the vacuum tube; it
uses only a tiny fraction as much
current; it will withstand much
greater shock; it lasts almost in
definitely." j
The transistor was .announced
in 1943 by Bell Telephone Labor
atories, research subsidiary of the
American Telephone and Tele
graph Co. Since then, 38 other
companies have been licensed to
make transistors under Bell pat
ents. ' -
Raytheon Manufacturing Co. re
cently reported it was supplying
transistors to 15 manufacturers of
hearing aids, and several hearing
aids that use transistors have been
put on the market
"Radio Corp. of America a few
weeks : ago gave a demonstration
oftransistors that included tube
less radio sets, a battery-operated
television set with no tubes ex
cept the picture tube, and a bat
tery operated phonograph record
player. -
Transistors have been put to use
in the Bell' system in equipment
at Englewood, NJ., that enables
the customer .to dial his own long
distance numbers. Both transis
tors and companion light-sensitive
devices called photo transistors
will be installed before summer in
equipment for automatically lo
cating available circuits on long
distance calls.
Military uses of transistors are
cloaked in security restrictions but
are known to be numerous.
Ultimately, transistors are ex
pected to be relatively cheap but
the limited quantities now on the
market cost four to five times
as much as vacuum tubes de
signed for similar purposes.
Although geranium, which
makes transitors work, costs more
than gold and only a little less than
platinum, that isn't what causes
the expense.
It's the difficulty in processing
the germanium to the required de
gree or purity and the tedious job
of making the transister. The
amount of germanium needed for
each one is so tiny that the cost
Is only a negligible part of that
of the transister.
The Stat rnrni. Salem, Oro Wednesday, March 11 IS 3 3
43
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