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Canning Industrs Foundor
Born 200 Yoars Ago Today
, By LITLIE L. MADS EN
Farm Editor, Th Stateunaa
Two hundred years ago today,
Nicholas Appert was born in
Faris. Today, Salem alone has a
food-processing industry valued at
close to $30,000,000 in 10 freezing
and canning plants. i
v - The connection between the
" two? Appert invented canning, mm
first means of food preservation.
V . ' . And so this autumn, - canners
throughout the world art observ
ing this anniversary of the birth
day of the one-time v; obscure
, baker, candy-maker, brewer and
. ' distiller, r upon whom the illus-
trious Napoleon Bonaparte, in the
- year 1796, bestowed an award
of 12,000 francs. '
France first Place ''.
Through-its-T 200-year - history,
wars nave had a quite, a bit to
do with the advancement of food
preservation. A war - brought
about the first invention. France
was at war with the greater part
of Europe at th time. Scurvy
nd' malnutrition were ' making
inroads upon bbth the armed
forces and the civilian popula
tion. So Napoleon, in order to give
his armies, an improved food ra
tion, offered the 12,000 francs for
an invention whereby food could ,
be kept over an indefinite period
; of time. Fifteen years later, Ap-
' pert collected.
Robert C. Paulus, Paulus
Brothers Cannery, Salem, in
speaking before the Pacific
, Northwest T r a d e Association
meeting recently at Yakima,,
Wash., said that Appert'a theory
that fresh food would keep if it
were sealed in an air-tight con
tainer and followed by the ap-
plicavion of enough heat to eook
the food thoroughly, is still the
basic principal by which food is.
preserved. Years later," the ex
periments of Louis Pi.ituir
brought about the present knowl
edge that heat adequate to kill
the bacteria which causes the
fermentation and ecay,.ia the
. secret of the well-kept food can.
Air Chief Food Spoiler f
; Before the award wai offered'
by Napoleon, Appert had thought
up the idea that air was th
chief food spoiler. Heat, he be
lieved would drive out the air,
but the only thing he had as a :
, food container in which to cook
, the food, was a glass bottle with :
a small mouth. His first step in
the food preservation experiment
was to design a bottle with a
wide mouth. T v '
. , He filled his wide-mouthed
v V r bottles with raw foods, wired on ;
tops of ' cork tod set them -in :
boiling water. He cooked them at
different temperatures and dif
ferent lengths of time. Then he
set them aside. After i quite
pell,; he opened them, tasted,
and finding the taste good,
canned again."1-This time he sent
some of the bottles of food
around the world in ships to set
, Bright-Eyed Bees
Newest Scientific
Idea to Aid Study
Bees ,witiv bright-colored eyes
may look odd to other beeS, but
they are helping Entomologist Har
ry H. Laidlaw, University of Cali
. fornia College of Agriculture study
.. inheritance patterns in these in
sects. "-.. --'-.vM, ,.: il I-:.- '
Honey bees normally have black
eyes. But mutations sometimes
occur in bees to produce such eye
colors as red, chartruese, brown
and ivory. -
Laidlaw is using these colored
eyes as markers to see if the
known laws of genetics for other
animals also bold true for bees.
From thi study of , inheritance,
Laidlaw can set up certain genetic
; rules aimed at breeding gentler
bees that produce more honey. Fol
lowing this eye color inheritance
through generations is much like
putting color in a river to see
where Alts waters flow, Laidlaw
. points out. . ' 1
Prune Crop Below
First Expectations
Oregon. Washington and Idaho
produced approximately 86,900 tons
of prunes (fresh basis) in 1952, ac
- cording to the U. S. crop report
lag service in this area. .This is
somewhat under both the 95,400
tons produced in these three
rtates in , 1951, and the average
production of 115,560 tons during
the past 10-year period.
, i In western . Oregon and western
v Washington, where he crop is for
th most part processed, produc
tion totaled 38,300 tons, or. 33 per
cnt under last year and 38 per
i V
what affect different climates
would have on the product.
For 15 years ha kept up bis
experiments, and ' following his
award on Jan. 10, 1810, he used
his 12,000 francs to set up a food
canning business at Massy,
France. The original cannery is
Still going at that location.
U. 8. Canning- Starts 1818
Knowledge of canning was
brougth to America from Eng
land in 1818, And about the same
time, William 1 Underwood, an
Englisman, established a can
nery in Boston.!
However, development of the
machinery of (the modern can
nery was slow. Practically all
equipment up to 1870 was crude,
cumbersome and' inefficient The
first important improvement was
the heavy closed retort of auto
clave, which made possible the
higher temperatures-needed for
sterilization. This device was the
invention of Appert's son.
. First attempts to can con
densed milk were made by Gail
Borden at Torrington, Conn.; in
1856. It was the Civil War which
gave the necessary,, impetus to
establish the condensed milk in
dustry. " ,
- From Appert'a original discov
, ery. Paulus pointed out in his
talk, there has developed an in-
dustry comprising more than
; 3.500 canneries in the United
; States alone. More than 400 dif-
; ferent food items are now being
canned, utilizing annually more
than 20 billion cans and jars and
adding up to approximately 600
million cases valued at more than
two and a -half billion dollars,
Make 400 Cans a Minnte
In the beginning, Paulus tells,
containers were made by a can
maker working with tin shears
and soldering iron. A good work
man'could average about 60 cans
a day. Any can company can now
make as many as 400 cans per
minute, or roughly a half mil
lion cans in a three shift day on
a single can-making machine.
In the Pacific Northwest, the
canned fruit and vegetable in
dustry started in, a very-humble
way about 50 years ago, and has
srown until now it numbers
about 75 firms operating approxi
mately 100 canneries. The; com
bined output of members of the
trade organization known as The
Northwest. Canners Association,
whose members pack 90 per cent
of all canned vegetables and
fruit in the area, reports 19,077,-
Wl cases of (Vegetables and 8,'
740,757 cases of fruit and 532,204
cases of berries packed during the
past year, making a total of ap
proximately 679,000.000 cans of
food.
Paulus Brothers' own plant,
one of the. largest in the Pacific
Northwest, has S.7 acres under
one cover and here 1,800 people
are employed at peak seasons
under the plant supervision of
Loren Kitchen. - . ;.. .
cent under average. In western
Oregon, the prune crop was some
what below expectations and there
was some loss due to the prolonged
September warm spell.
First Western -
Oregon Feeder
Cattle Sale Set
The first feeder and stock cattle
sale to be held in western Oreeon.
sponsored by the Oregon Cattle
men's Association has been set for
Nov. 12 at CorvaHis. Flans ar for
400 to 500 head of steer and heifer
calves, yarlings and bred two-year-old
heifers to be offered in small
lotS. , , , ' : j -, '..-:..
Harry Lindgren,' Corvallis, as
sisting witn sales arrangements
reports that "soma of the bstt
the sale offerings will be topped
tor 4-H club members. These
calves, yearlinirs and bred
year-old heifers to be offered in
smau lots..
Aufo-Trncli-Firc
Has Tear Auto or Track Insur
ance gone UP? If so check with
ns for a Savings.
BUI end Geo. Gslxo b4
District Agtnla i TTur
14SS No. Capitol t
Between need A Shipping
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At left (above) Evelyn Johnson la shown letting peart on a peeler (at
19 a minute) at Paulus Bros, cannery; 28 minutes alter this first
step the pears are sealed in air-tight containers, ready for market.
In photo at right, Sylvia Eshleman (left) and Gay Fabry, both of
Salem, are canning "fancy" pears.
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Lyle Graves (right) and Dean
1 'f7??
shown supervising the steam flow, latest In can-closing equipment:
It puts syrup in cans, creates a
a minute. (Statesman Farm Photo.)
Expert Gives
Fruit and $ut
Tree Advice
Fruit and nut growers should
avoid those practices that might
result in winter injury, cautions
D.'L. Rasmussen, Marion County
agent He mentions fall pruning
and heavy applications of nitrogen
fertilizers as such practices. -;
The safest policy for all fruit
and nut tree growers is to prune
after the danger of low winter
temperatures has passed, Rasmus
sen says. To prune before cold
weather arrives Is to gamble with
freezing around pruning wounds.
Since, weather records show that
January has the lowest average
temperature in the Willamette
Valley, pruning during the fall
months is unwise.
The addition of moderate rates
of nitrogen fertilizers in the fall
will help orchard and caneberry
cover crops become established.
In the average year,' Rasmussen
sussested that not more tnan 30-
40 pounds of actual nitrogen per
acre be. applied in the fall. In view
of the drouth, growers should use
not more than 20-30 pounds actual
nitrogen per acre at this late date,
Whether this amount helps the
cover eron will deoend upon soil
moisture and temperature during
the next few weeks.
Prunine of small fruits should
be delayed until late in the win
ter. Even thoueh red raspberry
canes may be too long, they should
not be pruned back until late win
tr or early soring. Depending up
on the growers' preference, old
canes can still be removed from
trailinBberry fields. However, the
new canes on the ground should
not be pruned.
Strawberry growers will find
that plants infested with straw
berry crown borer are probably
wilting or dead in non-irrigated
fields. To reduce insect spread to
live plants, it would pay the grow
er to remove these weak or dead
'plants and destroy them. After the
rains, it will become more diffi
cult to see plants weakened by the
larvae of the strawberry crown
moth, Rasmussen concludes. '
Insurance
Phono 3-5C31
Sts. III way going Narth
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fir S.
Thompson, eookroom foremen, are
vacuum and seals cans at rate of 228
Farm Calendar
Oct 27-29 40th annual meeting
of . Oregon Reclamation Congress,
Medford.
Oct. 28 Oregon Milking Short
horn sale, Albany, 1 pjn. 1
Oct. 31 Nov 9 Grand National
Livestock Exposition, Cow Palace,
San Francisco,
Oct. 11 Oregon Baby Chick As
sociation, Mallory Hotel, Portland,
z pjn.
Nov. 8-8 Autumn exhibition of
Horticultural Society of New York,
Essex House, New York City.
Not. 6-8 Congress of American
Horticultural Council. John Bart'
ram Hotel, Philadelphia.
Nov. 10-18 31st agricultural
Co-operative Council of Oregon,
Multnomah Hotel, Portland,
Nov. 12 Feeder and stock cattle
sale, Corvallis, 500 head offered,
Sponsored by Western Oregon Cat
tlemen's Association.
Nov. 18-15 57th Oregon Wool
growers Association, Imperial Ho
tel, Portland.
Nov. 13 Oregon Swine Growers
annual , meet, Senator Hotel, Sa
lem, 10 ajn.
Nov. 15 Marion County Corn
show, Central Howell School, aft
ernoon and evening,
Nov. 18-21 Oregon Farm Bu
reau Federation, Baker.
Not. 20-21 67th annual Oregon
State Horticultural convention,
Memorial Union Building, OSC.
Nov. 22 Clackamas County
Corn Show, Canby
Nov. 28 Oregon Turkey Im
provement Association, Salem 7:30
pan,
Nov. 28-23 Oregon State Corn
Show, Albany High School.
Dee. 2-5 21th Pacific coas
Turkey Exhibit,- McMinnville Ar
mory,
Dec. I Marion County Dairy
Breeders Association, Silverton, 10
ajn.
Deo. 8 -r- Marion County Live
stock Association annual meeting,
Waldo Hills Community Hall,
pjn.
Dec 4-6 Oregon Wheat Grow
ers. League annual meeting, Mur
Departures
DaUy To
DOSEDURG
from Salem
J .. :: t
, ; A. A
j want' I
J. L. WELLS, Agent
45 N. Church Street
New Milk-Bin
Wins Suppor
t
Of Jersey Glub
Oregon Jersey Cattle Club offi-
dais, responsible for development
of the "All -Jersey" milk program,
have joined forcea with the Affi-
liated Milk Campaign committees
in urging adoption of number 332
in the NOV. 4 election. - , -
This bill would "bring about re-
brms in Oregon's milk . control
law, particularly in removing quo
ta restrictions on dairymen and
minimum retail prices . on milk.
The Affiliated Milk , Committee,
representing women's' organiza
tions throughout the state, con
tends that if the reform milk law
is adopted, it will be possible for
retail milk prices to come down
without in any way reducing
prices to dairy producers.
The spark which led the Jersey
producer group; to throw its sup
port to the proposed new law was
the refusal of the milk control ad
ministration to grant quotas to
Jersey shippers' whose production
is needed lor the growing "All Jer
sey" milk in Clackamas County.
The Jersey men stated further.
in a letter which went out this
week to all Jersey breeders in the
state, that their market had been
taken away by; "regulations that
have limited the fat control of bot
tle milk and popularized the, low-
test breeds by discriminatory pay-
ut methods that make it extreme
ly difficult for the All-Jersey pro
gram to progress in Oregon."
The letter was signed by mem
bers of the Jersey Club milk com
mittee including Marlin Fox, Mol-
alla, president of the- Oregon Jer
sey C a 1 1 1 e Club; Neil Miller,
Woodburn, nominee for the 1953
presidency; John Gale,-; Canby;
Harry Lane, Strafford; Charles
Finnegan, Oregon City and Ralph
Smith, Grants Pass. !
Forestry. Lab
Studies New.
Wood Uses :
Oregon's 1,250,000 acres of lodge-
pole pine,, containing ! some 800,
000,000 board feet of lumber, are
finding new uses. At the moment
this wood - has three major uses,
reports Karl Bollerslev, wood tech
nologist at th. Oregon Forest
P-oducts Laboratory.
These uses are:; lumber, pulp-
wbod, . and the j new use, that of
manufactunn-; hard boards and
veneers from the lodgepole. Since
lodgepole pine is a small tree, its
uses have been somewhat limited.
Preliminary studies, in the new
tests for hardboards, and veneer,
have produced t a lodgepole pine
hardboard that ' is at least equal
in, strength to Douglas-fir boards.
This line is noticeable light colored
in board form. Including bark in
the fiber hardly changes the hard
board color. Bollerslev reports.
.Laboratory research on making
lodegpole . pine hardboards has
been by the dry . process method.
The waterless method would be
more desirable in Eastern and
Central Oregon 'regions where the
water supply is limited, than it is
here in the f Willamette Valley
where the tests are being made.
In another exploratory study, the
laboratory has tested the peeling
characteristics of small log lodge
pole pine. Bollerslev found it pre
ferable to heat .the logs in boiling
water before peeling to satisfac
torily soften the hard knots.
A major obstacle in peeling lodge
pole pine - for veneer . is the me-
chanical difficulty - in feeding the
lathe with small logs. Lathe-peeled
lodgepole pine represents a veneer
with a straight-row ; knot pattern.
Either this can be used1 as a nat -
ural veneer design like knotty
pine, or the symmetrical-knot row
can be cupped, out 'for clear ve-
neers. - , .
wmie some tests in growing
loogepoiepine uv ine vauey are
tengrMte.ihesesrtthene
groups, ouiwat vcauj uc wj
aZ hit fit. ,nHam rnn
hemlock and several hardwood
species, including alder.
nomah Hotel, Portland.
Dec." 4-5 Oregon Nut Growers
Society, annual meeting, place not
yet. announced..' ; ,
Dec. 7-lft National Wool Grow
ers convention, Chicago.
Dec 8-1& Oregon Seed Grow
ers League, annual meeting, Mult
nomah HoteL Portland.
Dec. le-llThird annual Ore
gon Rural Health Conference, Sa
lem. ' . . .
. including 4
thru -expresses. One
way, $3.35. Bound
trip, $8.05, plus Ux.
Fhene 2-242S
Qusmmclbi nRainmlblliiimgs
In rambling around among an',
between the various farms in the
valley this week e saw some
sheep in excellent condition, and
some, which to our notion, were
rather poor. We queried some of
the sheepmen who, we knew, had
been taking, top prices and , top
prizes for their lambs and sheep
in recent years. - ; , :
Ewes. thv eairt. ithniilH fori in
eain 20 to 2s oounds durine the
pregnancy period. They will lose
that much at lambing time. This
does not mean excessive feeding,
but enough to keep them in good
thrifty condition. Often such gain
is possible on good pasture. If pas
tures are not good, they need to
be supplemented with hay and a
half pound or more of grain per
day. Almost any farm-grown grain
can " be used. Adequate ' winter
feeding will also insure fleeces
without weak spots in the staple.
- -
' While we are on this subject
of feeding, - we recall .that one
good farmer told us that it was
now V rood time to check on
, the feed situation In general,
as concentrate and hay prices
are lower now than they will
' be, probably, In mid-winter. '
: It is, said the farmer, a gen
eral practice of good stockmen
to store at least a ton of hay for
every beef animal, regardless of
age.. In addition, they will store
- a few extra tons in case the
feeding- season in looser than
anticipated, i
; Fifty pounds of silage per head'
per day will generaUy get beef
cattle through. Where aftermath
of seed cropa are to be used for .
wintering, a supplement of pro
tein and possibly some grain will
be needed to get satisfactory re-'
. suits.
Grass seed growers -planning to
use IPC this fall should be keep
ing one eye on the weather and
the other on the calendar, says
Hollis Ottaway, one of the numer
ous county agents in ihe valley.
"Holly" hangs out in Salem and
serves Marion County. He is ,a
native of the valley, growing up
in Clackamas County and later
graduating from OSC, so he knows
valley conditions,
He goes on to say that this new
grassy weed killer is the chemical
that largely eliminates annual
grasses from perennial grass seed
fields. An immediate rain will
change the tense situation and
fields can be sprayed. On the
other hand, a continuation of dry
weather may prevent the use of
IPC this falL . The deadline for
its use -has been set at Nov. .1,
after which the spray may effect
next year's yield - seriously.
" The Ranch Rambler was rather
interested in strawberry situations
this -fall. As we have mentioned
earlier, the I low price this past
year has not discouraged straw
berry growers in the valley. It has,
however, made them a bit more
thoughtful. Oregon, in recent years
has supplied about 11 per cent of
the strawberries produced in the
nation. California, with its varie
ties selected for high acre produc
tion, now supplies 23 per cent. '
We note also that Oregon's av
erage production is comparable to
Michigan's, higher' than that of
Arkansas, and lower than Wash-
ington's and California's. Prices to
farmers for 1952. show Oregon
farmers receiving less per pound
than ' growers in Michigan,' Ar
kansas and California. Labor and
material costs hit new highs in
1952. Oregon growers with yields
FISHER NAMED "CATTLEMAN"
Walter H. Fisher, Polled Here-
ford breeder, has been namea tne
Clackamas County nominee in the
1952 "Oregon Cattleman of the
Year" contest, reports Nat Etzel,
J Canby, president of the Clackamas
County Livestock Association.
Fisher's Hereford ranch is one of
the show places, Just south of Ure-
con City.
Meteorology has nothing to do
IJtgZLg but i, artudy of
I aniriVifnr in thn sir '
meaning anything in tne air.
Grade-A"dairy farmers are fighting to
UEEP OPOII'S PRESEIIT UU COIITROL LAW
... jSsy kesv It critccts yesrstesdy sspply cf vhtlestzs allh
WM DM
of around 1H tons per acre aver
aged production costs of about 18
cents per pound. Growers having
irrigation and using it carefully,
have increased their production
per, acre.
Interest among growers in the
Northwest variety has been gain
ing. Because it blooms later than
Marshalls, it is receiving consid
eration from growers facing the
frost problem.
FJwood Faist, Canby grower.
lost his crop of Marshalls to frost
this past season, but harvested an
excellent yield of Northwest plant
ed alongside of the Marshalls.
The Northwest produces well.
but is reported to be harder to
pick and is subject to red stele
root rot.
One beverage company ad
vertises that "It's the Water".
Now the dairy folk are think
ing of publicizing that "It's the
pasture". Whatever 4t is, Oregon
cows are certainly making pro
ductions: S. B. Hall, known to
all Willamette Valley dairymen,
has a registered Holstein-Frie-sian
cow which made 530 pounds
of butterf at, 12,089 pounds of 4.4
per cent milk in 365 days, two-
'times daUy milkings at the age.
of 4 VI years. But the Cherrys,
(Helen andHarold, Salem) have .
a cow that has beaten that record.
Her name is Miss Veeman
Homestead who -made 605
pounds of butterf at in 13,597
pounds of 4.5 per cent milk at
two years on twice-daily milk
ings. " .
We made a hurried trip to Yak
ima, Wash., Saturday night,, com
ing back Sunday, and were amazed
at the trees just loaded with ap
ples. The crop is excellent, and
the price seems to be good, too.
In fact, . there was some off-the-
record complaining about the as
sociation holding the price so high
thai apples , were piling up in
storage. We noted particularly
the Red Delicious, the Rome
Beautys and the Winesaps". Yaki
ma folk were keeping; a few
apples in the refrigerator for
daily eating.; After once you have
eaten these "chilled" apples, the
natives up " there told us," you'd
just never eat an ordinary apple
at room-run temperature. - We
managed to down . quite a few,
but we didn't take time out to
chill them while we were there,
We noted some apples in the
orchards, were selling at $3
bushel box, while the nicely as
sorted ones the-big Red Delicious
were bringing S4 a bushel box.
TalnuI
Growers
Blake Keizer
Dryer
Oregon'a Finest
How Drying
Walnnis
500 Lbs. Minimum ;
Delivery
VA Miles W. of Kelier
on Pavement.
Homos
HUDSOII HOUSE IIIC.
Wants Your Walnuts
Drying can be done at D. P. McCarthy
& Son's new bin dryer at
Independence. Or. For xnoro
Information
lidolph Hildebrand
Phono 3022 - Dallas, Ore. Rte. 1, Box 433
nMinrFff fill (rh trfj "
a a i s i r a . iiis ii ii mm m v
l&bu of
Top Egg Lay
Planned for ;
Summer-Fall
Most successful poultrymen art
now obtaining maximum egg pro
duction during the ju miner and f aU
months when egg prices, are high
est, says Noel Bennion, Oregon's
topmost poultry specialist c
Bennion points out that for sev- s.
eral years, egg prices have started
to go up in early June and have
gone down in December. This is
a reversal of the old trend of high
etog prices during the fall-winter
I period the poultry specialist said.
Bennion said the shift has sumu
later interest in fall-hatched chicks
mat hit their laying peak ii June.
Chicks hatched from -October 15 to
December 15 begin laying in April
or May and are in full production
with large eggs when, prices start .
up in June. . ,. . ., .,; ' -
These birds will lay well during
th- summer and-early fall months.
he, said, but will usually slump
during the late fall andarly win
ter when they go through a par-;
Hat molt. However, with good
stock and proper care, the molt
will be of short duration and
birds will soon be back in full
production, Bennion explained
He noted a growing tendency for
poultrymen to raSss three broods
ofi chicks. during winter, spring -and
fall months. TSuch a program
keeps the laying houses filled to
capacity and brings maximum pro
duction when prices are highest.
Annual fall meeting of the Ore
gon Baby Chick Association will
be held in Portland at the Mallory
Hotel iTiday, Oct. 31, Bennion re
ports. ' He serves as secretary-:
treasurer of this association, t
The meeting will start at 2 p, m..
business will, include a vote on
two proposed changes in the by
laws and ,, election. The . changes
provide a different name: Oregon
Poultry and Hatchery Federation, .
and arrange for associate producer
members. ..;.,-' ;
i Don W. Lyon, manager of the .
Poultry and Egg national . board", '
Chicago, will be the evening ban
quet speaker, v -
Telefun
by Warren Goodrich
"Bt sure to wait for Mr Flea
to answer. Ho loads a fast
Ufa . . . his dog is always chat-
Ing rabbits."... You'll com
plete more calls if you give
the other person time to
answer at least a minute
... Pacific Telephone, j
cafl-
t
Oregon's
OiEGON MILK MOOUCtSf
COMMITTEE,
StM CHurcK, SK ir-Mgr
12 Carbn 'o