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Thurs. sunset Gtl
Fri Eunnso 6:17.
(Weather on Paje 5
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- (CfflM ( 0 ) r I II II -P9)) Vl m vPv) I SI l) '
t One Of the casualties of the
war was the large-scale celebra
tion of 1943 as a centennial year
In Oregon history. The year 1843
" was memorable as the year when
provisional government for the
Oregon country was established,
and when the first wagon train
crossed the plains to Oregon. The
-1941 legislature created a ' com
mission to publicize this centen
nial year and to encourage cele
brations along the route.
It had been planned to have a
eries of local "celebrations, start
ing at the Idaho border, and cul
minating in a great cavalcade to
be held somewhere in the vicin
ity of Portland of Oregon City.
Baker, La Grande, The -Dalles,
Pendleton with its round-up, all
cities along the route of the old
Trail would have recognized the
100th anniversary, as well as oth
er communities along the. way. A
caravan crossing . from' Indepen
dence, "Missouri to Oregon ! City
;was talked of,
. Then came Pearl Harbor,' and
- bans on easy transportation, and
concentration on winning the
- war. So the centennial celebra
tions were reduced to minuscule
. proportions. :, A small booklet
r Wagons West" by Phil Parrish,
editor of the Oregonian, has been
published; material has . been sup
plied by the commission to schools
and study groups. And this week
the American . Pioneer .Trails as
sociation, which is really the out
growth of the old Oregon Trail
association, which Ezra Meeker
founded, holds its annual con
' vention in Portland, with sessions
at the Portland hotel. -The meet
ing concludes Sunday with a vis
it to the old home of Ezra Meek
er in Puyaliup, Washington.
Recognition of the centennial
In Salem is confined to the his
toric displays in several of the
- store windows downtown. Ladies
of Chemeketa chapter of the DAR
' gathered these - relics , and arran-
- ged -f or their, display.?' -Furniture,
dishes, books, . linens, samplers
1 ; products of the crafts of former
days help to acquaint the present
generation with the way the pio-
- neers - lived. 't;-'-"' ?
Too bad the planj for.thelOre
: font ntennial ..-twere Interfered
with by.the warf In another cen
tury the names of Jesse Apple-
gate and James W. Nesmith, of
Joe Meek 'and George Abernethy
will have less significance. But
Oregonians of today have more
serious ."business in hand than
honoring these pioneers of a cen
tury ago. That business is to pre
serve what they obtained for us.
The best 1943 - celebration of the
great events of 1843 is to prove
by our deeds that this generation
Is just as willing to risk and just
-as ready to sacrifice' as were those
who pushed across the plains, on
foot, on horseback, or in emigrant
wagons to establish : homes and
government in the beautiful and
fertile lands of the Oregon coun
try. - -
Buses to Call.
For Volunteer
Bean Workers
-i For the convenience of Salem's
Volunteer bean harvesters who are
turning out in increasing numbers,
the emergency farm labor service
has arranged for buses to call for
these workers at four points in the
city each morning while the emer
gency continues. ; vT .
Pickers may report at 8:30 a. m.
either at the Hollywood theatre,
at 18th and State streets, at Les
lie junior high or at the employ
. ment office, Cottage and Ferry
Streets. .
-There was demand Wednesday
morning for 350 or 400 more pick
ers than were available, though
this shortage was reduced some
what by groups who provided
their own transportation. The un
filled demand, centered principal
ly in the Stayton district. . .
Plans for operating a bus about
8:30 each morning for the conven
ience of housewives who wish to
pick beans ;. but cannot leave r at
6:30, were in the making Wednes
day - but arrangements had not
been completed.
Liferaft Adrift;
Army Asks Return
; The bathtub-shaped blue - and
yellow rubber life raft which
drifted to earth about 4:30 pjn.
Wednesday ; approximately ten
miles northeast of Toledo is be
ing sought by i officers and men
: of the Salem army air base, Lt,
Al Fowler has announced. ! i
1 The airplane release for the life
j a ft was accidentally set on cur-
Ing a ; cruise, Inflating the- raft
and allowing it to drop. Not only
is the raft an expensive piece of
troDertr. but it is a life-saving
piece. Fowler pointed out In urg
ing anyone sighting the escaped
equipment;; to call him collect at
tLe Salem amy air base.
kxksty tzchd tear
Eay
ton,
Officers
w
Admitting Sried
v Statements
Argued at Trial
i DALLAS, August 18 -(Special)-
Richard Harry Lay ton
was on the witness . stand late
today in the Polk county cir
cuit court, where he is on trial
charged with ; the first degree
murder of Ruth Hildebrand of
Dallas. At issue at the time was
the admissibility as evidence of
of Layton's admissions, given to
Capt. Vayne , Gurdane and other
state police officers; and the jury
was not present, having been dis
missed pending argument over de
fense objections to introduction pf
this evidence. Judge Arlie Walker
indicated that he would rule on
the - admissibility of the so-called
confessions Thursday-- morning.
Layton, ; questioned by Harry
Hoy of defense counsel, said he had
been taken from Hillsboro, where
he was in jail for assault to Mil
waukee, and there interrogated by
state police officers; that the ex
amination began about, half an
hour after arrival,' at 2:30 p. ml,
and continued until early the next
morning. He said one of the officers-transferring
him, Lt. R. G.
Howard, had told him in great de
tail about the lethal gas chamber
at ' the state prison, of which he
had no previous knowledge.
' I Prior to Layton's appearance
an the stand. Attorneys Roy R.
Hewitt and Hoy for the defense
had questioned at some length
Capt. Gurdane and Srt Walter
Hadfleld as to the treatment
' Layton . received ' while being
questioned.
' The officers' testified that Lay-
(Turn to Page i2 Story A)
--. , ' w . ' "'--' ,..
Fire Destroys
Residence
.V: : , J
j Hydrant Valve Outlet
Hard to Find," "
j Delay Results
i -' - -
Fire which broke out Wednes
day night about 9 .o'clock leveled
the residence of Mrs. Bernice
Strong at 552 North 17th street
A few of the family's effects were
saved with the help lot, neighbors.
The blaze started in an upstairs
bedroom.
'Firemen responded to a call but
were delayed in getting water
onto the blaze by inability to find
the : underground valve control
ling the flow, its outlet being
hidden in tall grass at the corner
of Center and 17 th streets.
; Unable, to start the f flow of
water from the Center street hy
drant, firemen., hooked a second
line to a hydrant on A street and
got water into the fire. Witnesses
estimated that a delay of at least
ten minutes had occurred. They
also agreed that the fire-fighting
equipment was under-manned.
f Virginia i Strong, daughter of
Mrs. Strong, reported . that her
girl friends first saw the blaze at
9 o'clock and that at that time
flames had already spread over
most "of the roof..
f According to Miss Strong, the
furniture was not insured, and
only a davenport and three kitch
en chairs were saved. Whether the
house, owned by Clarence B. Wil
son, was insured, was not re
ported Wednesday night.
Channel Shift
Danger Real
f Danger that the North Santiam
river may quit its present chan
nel above Stayton' and course
down what appears to be an old
channel . to the south," thus miss
ing the Marion-Linn county
bridge at Stayton by about a mile,
definitely exists, members of the
two county courts learned" on a
Joint inspection trip - Wednesday.
: vThe ; river ; J is cutting into .Jts
south bank and in the next high
water period some of the Cow will
be diverted, ' court members "and
the engineers 'of the two counties
agreed. -y?,.. :y 'H':; t '';i'L
Howete r, feasibility of the
remedy proposed by residents of
the district, the dredging of a
channel . on the Marion county
side, was left ' for determination
by the ; engineers. Roy J. Rice,
Marion county commissioner, said
the possibility of obtaining fed
eral flood control aid would be
investigated, as the project even if
feasible might be too large for the
two counties to undertaka, :
10 PAGES
Norway Blight
Jonas Lie, minister of Norway's
civilian police, has set all Nor
way ander tension by warning
police . that they . will be shot If
they , refuse to sign a loyalty
. pledge , to enforce nasi orders.
" Gnnnar Ellifsen, chief of police,
was executed by a firing squad.
Russians Make
Decisive Gains
Near Kharkov
3200 Germans Said
Killed on 2 Fronts
In Ukraine Sector
By EDWARD D. BALL
LONDON, Thursday,' Aug. 19
(A-Russian troops striking across
the Donets river below Kharkov
Wednesday captured Zmyev, 20
miles south of the city, to "a
decisive assault that killed 1200
Germans 'and threatened :to cut
one of the last railways : feeding
the besieged Ukraine ' base, Mos
cow disclosed early today.
C Red army smashes northwest
and' west of Kharkov also result
ed in overall gains of seven miles,
the killing of 2000 more Germans,
and the capture of more than 50
villages in the steady semi-encirclement
of the big enemy bas
tion, the daily ; communique an
nounced. Soviet shock troops have
been fighting reinforced German
units in the northeastern suburbs
for aweek.'
Scores of mortar : batteries,
maehinegmis and tanks were
, captured or destroyed 1 in the
wheeling movement belew
Kharkov that reached Zmyev,
said the communique, recorded
- by the Seviet ; Monitor. Zmyev
is ettly 1 miles from the Khar-kov-Loxovaya
railway, s main,
enemy escape ronte should the
Germans elect to flee , as they
did last winter. ; . : ;'
The Kharkov" - Krasnograd
branch a few miles beyond Is an
other line that must be cut be
fore the Russians can trap the
thousands of Germans still resist
ing fiercely1 Inside the city. The
line running west to Poltava al
ready had been cut early In the
campaign.
On the Bryansk front, ' the '
communique , said, . converging
Russian armies attacking the ap
proaches to that city from three
sides had killed 1309 Germans
during the day, A supplement
also announced ' the capture ef
an "advantageens paint", an the
Spas Demensk frent farther
north. One thousand : Germans
were, slain there, it said.
Gains of four to six miles were
reported on the Bryansk front
where 40 villages were" seized,- in
cluding the rail ; stations of Ber
yoznovka, 21 miles northeast of
Bryansk, and Malinka, 20 miles
to; the east. Front dispatches had
said earlier the Russians were on
ly 25 miles from Bryansk.
Hastily-massed German reserves
hurled into the attack had delayed
the ' Russian offensives, especially
around Kharkov, but the com
munique said these had been over
come once more In the effort to
force the Germans to fall back
to the Dnieper river. -
The " Seviet army newspaper -Bed
Star," however, bluntly
called asrsla for an allied second
front in Europe, one that wenld
divert 59 r 99 German divisions i
from Russia. Red Star declared:
.. "Only such an operation can cut
down the length of the war to any
extent The alUed command" car
ried out a well-prepared landing
operation in , Sicily. , The strusgle
in Sicily, however fafled to di
vert a single German division from
the Soviet-German f ront,'- -
The Soviet communique did not
mention any further gains on the
Spas Demensk front where Soviet
troops last were reported 80 miles
southeast of Smolensk, fighting ex
tensive minefields as well as Ger
man counterattacks ; ": .
Salem, Oregon.
mm
u
Invaders i
,-C:v ''x'' x crj-'i.,.
Poised .
In Sicily
Eisenliower Tells
Axis Casualties; f
Hints New Thrust
By RELMAN MORIN
ALLIED HEADQUARTERS
IN NORTH AFRICA, August 18
(JP)-Two superb armies In T Si
cily the American Seventh
and British Eighth are "rea
dy to go at any minute' in bold
new offensives, Gen. Dwight : D.
Eisenhower declared today, re
porting that the axis lost more
than ' 167,000 men killed, wounded
and captured on the Island up to
August 10.
As the allied commander-in-chief
disclosed the magnitude of
axis casualties, artillery duels
thundered over Messina strait and
allied warplanes hounded enemy
remnants retreating by sea and
over broken roads up the Italian
mainland.
Allied casualties from begin-'
Bins to end la Sicily were X5.
909 men, Eisenhower said, while
the axis toll of aver 167,000
f whom at least 22,009 were
dead or Injured did not Include "
their losses ia the final week of ,
of battle.
The axis also lost 260 tanks and
502 guns up to Aug. 10, and 1,691
planes from July 1 to Aug. 17
more than a six-to-one ratio over
allied, planes losses f 374.
Eisenhower h i n t e d at hew
thrusts to ' come soon. He ' de
clared the battle-tired US Sev
enth army now is A worthy
partner of the Eighth army"; and
would, give Ground Commander
Gen. Sir Harold Alexander a
mighty onetwo punch. 1 j t
"Both armies are ready to ge
at any minvte. We can coant
on them with complete confi
dence." he said.
With the battle of Sicily fin
ished "head of schedule" in 38
days by occupation of Messina
yesterday, allied ground troops
today continued rounding up iso
lated enemy units in the hills, and
allied artillery hammered shells
onto the Italian mainland to har
ry the German retreat.
Fleets of airplanes took up the
pursuit of the axis rearguard with
bomb and, gunfire attacks on
roads and . beeches and - rail lines
to southern Italy . yesterday, and
sank eight boats and barges along
the Italian coast carrying troops
seeking safety to the north by
sea.-.
The weightiest attacks were
made apon freight yards at
Baitipatila santh of Naples,
highways at Castrevillare senth
f Naples, and s bridge at Ang
Itola. Flying Fortresses that smashed
at airfields 25 miles northwest of
Marseille, France, yesterday, laid
two big showers of heavy bombs
among 150 grounded German air
planes, causing "heavy damage,
today's allied communique said.
(Turn to Page 2 Story F)
Eden Arrives
A Hied War
By DOUGLAS B. CORNELL
QUEBEC, Aug. 18(P) The ar
rival of British-Foreign Secretary
Anthony Eden from London ! and
an announcement that President
Roosevelt would visit Ottawa,
capital of Canada, next week pro
vided two political undertones to
night at the allied war. conference
beret -v:V.t;: ?-;7v". vV!
' His- j a w d e r - blue1 pin-stripe
trousers wet-, to the - knees from
an. accidental encounter with the
St. Lawrence river at a landing
float, Eden came to by plane to
mid-afternoon, - accompanied by
Sir Alevander Cadogan, per
manent under secretary of . state
for foreign affairs, and Brenden
Bracken,- minister .of Information.
V Cordell Hull, US secretary of
state, may join the , deliberations
here shortly: .Then the conference
would be -set .to consider .-what
ever facets of niternational poli
tics may be on Its agenda.
-President Roosevelt and Prime
Minister CfcurchUVwill study
some of those facets- despite the
obvious . emphasis on military
matters.
Thursday Morning. 'Aucjust 19.
9Kn
Senator Vieics Front Line
V,
- i -
Sen. Henry Cabot Lodge (R-Mass)
. battle front, talks with LL Gen.
commander. He is now la Calra.
from signal corps.) '
Over 200 Jap Planes
Destroyed at
Sea Victory
- By C-VATES McDANIEL- v--- - i-v- I : ' :
.ALLIED HEADQUARTERS IN THE SOUTHWEST PACIFIC,
Thursday, August HMr-Japan's airforce tragedy at Wewak,
New Guinea, was made more complete Wednesday by returning
allied fliers which shel down 28 out of 30 interceptors, then swept
low to finish off all but 10 of the 225 planes the enemy- had in the
area. . .7.,,
' Today's communique reported the new devastation along with a
Hardy Found
Unconscious
After Injury
William G. Hardy, Salem real
tor prominent in civic affairs, was
taken to the Salem General hos
pital late Wednesday night after
having been discovered lying un
consciousat the Intersection of
Wallace road - and Glenn -- Creek
road to Polk county, possibly the
victim of a hit-and-run driver.
He had suffered head lacera
tions and contusions. , A definite
report on the ' seriousness of his
injuries w u not Immediately
available. The Salem first aid car
crew took him to the hospital. -i
Hardy was president last year
of the Salem Realty board, and is
chairman of the Salem chamber
of commerce housing . committee.
He, is associated with the firm of
Hawkins and Roberts. His home
is on Glen Creek road and it was
assumed that he was - walking
home when the accident occur
red. .,; , :
for
Conference
At the moment, however, there
is no evidence that sufficient
staffs are available .from the state
department and foreign office to
arrive at any, momentous deci
sions on international politics.
The president and prime minis
ter, on the basis of past perform
ances, almost certainly will con
vey to Premier Joseph Stalin of
Russia t h e results attained at
Quebec, particularly since they
are likely to be of such import
as to equal or surpass those of
any of their previous meetings.
Eden might be . the courier to
Whom they would entrust, the task
of informing Stalin of the secret
events now viJiapin lip - to - the
allied conference, There : have
been reports,-never officially de
nied, that the foreign secretary
md perhaps Sumner' Welles,
A m e r i c an- under-secretary r cf
state, would go to Moscow.; - ' r -Canadians
watching ; the war
council saw a domestic political
angle to Mr. Roosevelt's forth
coming trip to Ottawa. It stems
from the fact that the dominion's
(Turn to Tars 3 Ctory E)
Quebec
1S43
LI . ....,-
n -v n
(right) en a visit to the Sicily
Omar Bradley, US army corps
(Associated Press photo by radio
Wewak;
new naval victory to the Solomons
and a third pounding within a
week of oil refineries and ships
on southeastern Borneo. .
On Tuesday, American and
Australian fliers trapped planes,
massed wing tip to wing tip, on
four Wewak area airdromes, de
stroyed 120, severely damaged 50
others and shot down three out
of seven Interceptors. That left
only 52 ships undamaged. r
' Wednesday, four-engined and
two-engined bombers went back
to Wewak, escorted by fighters,
bagged 23 of those 52 ships in . the
air, - then for hours droned over
the base, churning up piles of
ashes and torn plane parts with
their bombs. - - . ,. . :
Then they spread. fire and ex
plosion through . the , town and
harbor area, setting three cargo
ships afire. : : : : -. .
-: This : second raid mud p
the heaviest Mow yet to fall
the Japanese air ferea to the
Padfie war, an which virtual
ly wiped ovt a fleet , ef ships
the enemy had assembled, prob
ably in svpport ef Its beleag
nered garrison at Salamana, 259
- miles down the coast from We
wak. , ''-y-l ':-y;r
The communique also reported
a sea victory on the Veil gulf be
low American-occupied Vella La
vella island to the Solomons. Our
warships hit three enemy destroy
ers and probably sank one. The
Vella gulf also . was the scene of
an earlier naval victory to which
a Japanese -cruiser and at least
two destroyers were sunk.- :
: For the third time . within a
week, allied heavy bombers made
a 2600 mile round trip from Aus
tralia, to ! Balikpapan, enemy oil
port, . on the southeast coast of
Borneo, today's communique said.
In the latest raid,, four large ves
sels,' probably tankers, were .set
on fire. In the two previous raids,
Japan's oil refineries and storage
tanks were wrecked. ;
: In addition to the new destruc
tion wrought at Wewak, the com
munique disclosed t h a t In the
continuing: aerial war to that area
against ' supply I barges -17 more
have been destroyed "off nearby
New Britain. i :.; , i
Of the latest Wewak raid, the
communique' reported:-, ?,
"The enemy, mounted 20 fight-1
ers .to meet the onslauihL Twenty
eiht were shot down. The fields
were -then combed ;to ; practical
annlhilaticnT Only 19 planes of
225 escaped. '., ':. '
We then struck the town and
harbor area, setting fire to three
(Turn to Tess 2 Ctcry D)
Reported
n
EiA Commsumd.
S
ends. Mesgagc
To Ceia.q"
Invasion Time and Place
Not Given, but Metropolitan
France Specially Mentioned
; .' ! . !. .L : By JAMES M. LONG
. i LONDON,- "AUgtist. lMr-The allied-controlled United Na-N
tions radio at Algiers told the people of occupied Europe Wed
nesday night to perfect their preparations f or the day you will
head the call of the allied high command" oh the eve of the in
vasion of the continent.
I The broadcast, recorded by the Associated Press, said that
although "we are obviously not going to reveal where the next
blow will fall," the people of "the occupied country which is to
be the first, to welcome the armies of liberation will be notified
at the last minute.? It said thatl
time might be near at hand and
added that now after the conquest
of Sicily "the new phase, the lib
eration of occupied countries, has
begun. '.'-;-.;.-
"You must prepare yourself by
day and by week for the role you
will have to play at a future date
which might be near to the libera
tion of your country,", the broad
cast said.. It added that "the peo
ple of the occupied country which
is to be the first to welcome the
armies of liberation will be noti
fied at the last minute. , : ; fi --
Although- the broadcast espec
ially mentioned me tropoll tan
France, to effect all those await
ing freedom from Greece to Nor
way were; told, to ; make" their
preparations for "the new phase,
the liberation of occupied coun
tries," which it said had already
begun. , ". . . :
The announcer concluded the ;
: broadcast by saying the message
was from the allied high com
mand. Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower
broadcast the first warning to
occupied countries to prepare for
the battle of Europe on July 10,
when the invasion of Sicily began.
(Turn to Page 2 Story C)
Nazi Soldiers
Said Losing
Faith in Hitler
STOCKHOLM, Thursday, Aug.
19 -JPy-- German residents of
Hamburg want peace, ' and , many
nazi soldiers fighting on the Rus
sian "front no longer believe Hit
ler can lead them to victory, a
20-year-old Swede just returned
through Hamburg from the east
era front said Wednesday night.
Sigfried Forsberg, who got out
of the German ' army 'when : his
mother discovered that by a pre
vious marriage her son was still
a Swedish citizen, was caught to
the record allied bombings of
Hamburg. ' '
- He gave the newspaper Dagens
Nyheter the following picture of
conditions to Hamburg and on the
eastern front: : ; ;
- "I lived to Hamburg for 10
years,' and as I bicycled , around
the city following the raids I was
told that 10 per cent of the town
was undamaged, but it looked to
me like everything was destroyed.
: "You - couldn't recognize the
town. ' . .
"Even before the last attacks,
the people wanted peace, and af
ter that everyone was saying: The
only thing one , now wants is
peace., : 4 V.-C
r It is a common sight now to
see Hitler's picture thrown into
the street. ", . - -
.- "Air attacks against Germany
have changed the attitude of the
soldiers fighting on the eastern
front. Their morale is still good,
but they are worrying about what
is: happening back home. They
still respect Hitler, hat they dont
believe he can lead them. to vic
tory v.? rY-.-v
Forsberg. said : that .17 and 18
year old boyf were-fighting with
him southwest of Leningrad, in
dicating the .strain placed cn Hit
ler's, critical-manpower supply, i
He said that as he was return
ing from Russia through Poland
he found the Poles still flhfrs
the .Germans, even .hurling hand
grenades at them on the. streets
cf Warsaw
ITo. 121
o.ereu.
RAF Bombers
Demolish
Nazi Air Plants
Yank and British
Planes Make 3000
; Sorties 3n 24 Uurs
l "kr RICE -YAHNEn '
LONDON, Aug. 18.-(ff)-ln
smashing climax to nearly 300Q
American and British warplane
sorties to 24 hours, the RAF'f
big bombers switched with smooth!
and tremendous power from the
Italian to the German theater
Tuesday night and crushed orte
of the hazis' vital war plants so
thoroughly that officials estima
ted it could hardly be reestab
lished within a year.
. The target for this precision at
tack the sort of attack that the
Americans threw to against
Schweinfurt and Regensburg in
southeast Germany was Peen
muende, the nazi center for the
development of aircraft radio-location
devices and armament
(The nasl-eontrelled Paris ra
dio went off the air tonight, the
federal communications torn
mission reported. Indicating
that allied bombers might be
. ever France .acam.)
Without disclosing c on p 1 e t e
figures a US army air forre
spokesman said today that the
raids to the . European theater
during' the last 38 hours was
record for the Americans in the
number of sorties, the number ot
targets attacked, and the geogra
phical scope. '
During the same period, it was
estimated, the RAF made 1.500
sorties not a record, but adding
weight to the American smashing
power. .'-""-'". . ' i
United States army headquart
ers announced that the 38 Flying
Fortresses lost Tuesday over Ger
many was the highest number of
American bombers yet downed in
fa single day in the European thea
tre. The previous high was 28.
- The headqnarters announced
also that more than 18 9 enemy
fighters were shot down by the
Fortresses and their escorting
Thunderbolts Tuesday In the
raid on Schweinfurt.
This toll of axis fighters prob
ably will be increased when the
crews that assaulted Regensburg
(Turn to Page 2 Story D)
British Disclose
New Gun Details
, NEW YORK, Aug. 18-The
British radio -disclosed Wednes
day night details of two new
medium guns -used by British
artillery units against the nazis
in North Africa and Sicily.
v.They are the 4.5. and 5.5-inch,
and each of them has surpassed
the comparable German weapon,
EI2C said in the broadcast, re
corded here by CHS. .
"The 55 lb. shell cf the 4.5 gun
Is, highly effective e t ranges up
to about 11 miles," the announce
ment continued. "The 5.5 can
throw a 1C3 lb. projectile with ce
vastating - effect at a max ; - urn
ranje of more .than' efht r .Acs,
exceeding lis German counters: -rt
fcy almost a mile." 'l