Agriculture Special articles of interest to farmers appear regularly la The Statesman, In addi tion to complete market re-' ports daily. Weather Cloudy with showers to day, Monday rain; Max. Trap. Saturday -66, .Min. 4S, rim 11.S feet, rain 1.23 Inch, S-SW wind. POUNDOD 1651 KIGllTY SEVENTH YEAR Salem, Oregon, Sunday Morning, November 21, 1937 Price 3c; Newsstands 5e No. 205 Cat of . i . ....- Flames fTI' to oin IJQIlffl" (flj ) WW IHn to'ftefil :rP) TlfiTfft W- w -5: go Willamette West Salem's - -i. ... i. - Industries Are To Be Rebuilt Copeland Yard Open for i Business on Saturday I . Despite big Blaze Cause of $130,000 Fire Unknown; Friesen to : Build new Factory A newbox. factory and a new lumber yard will rise 'from the ashes of -the disastrous fire which struck West Salem's . industrial row early yesterday morning, pro prietors of the J. W. Copeland yards and, the Salem Box and Manufacturing company announc ed- ' v ;;.: i I - Even as watch was still -being kept oTer the blazing, ruins. Ma nager R: A. "Dick" Meyer was carrying on business In what re mained of the Copeland yard end Owner John S. Friesen was dis cussing conversion of the Friesen millwork and .cabinet factory, which escaped the flames. Into a temporary box plant. ; t i : Re-estimates ot the fire loss yesterday sent the figure up to the $130,000 mark, aside from damage to power lines, railway ties and equipment,, and water and heat damage to the front of the Beutler-Quist&d lumber yard. cross Wallace road from the blaze.. '-.:....' . ''" After consulting with his book keeper, Mr.; Friesen announced the latest valuation of bis plant carried On his books. was $95,000. of which $20,000 was covered by insurance. Mr. Keye Bald the loss i the Copeland yard, was $15,000, fully insured. ! Investigations Into v j Cans Are Started I Source of the blaze remained entirely conjectural as state po lice, local officers and insurance adjusters probed the ruins. Chief of Police W. L. LaDue of West Salem discounted reports that three men were seen running way from the box factory short ly before the fire was discovered. "From the Information we have now .from our investigators' pre liminary reports there is nothing on which to base a belief the fire may have been incendiary," Cap tain Walter Lansing of the state police' announced late in the af ternoon. - ! J. W, Copeland of Portland in spected what remained of his West Salem lumber yard early yesterday and agreed with Manager Meyer on reconstruction as soon as the debris can be cleared away. The new plant will be equal to the old in size but probably more modern. The old yard office,- abandoned last summer when a new ultra modern ' office and materials dis nlay building was constructed. escaped the flames and was put back in use yesterday, ; . A survev of the Copeland yard site disclosed that $4000 worth of hardware, $1200 worth of paint Just received and all of the firm's finish materials, wall materials. romnosltion rooflnr. a new . car load of plaster, building! special ties, one old and two new trucks had been destroyed. Meyer was able to open for business at 8 a.m., however, with dimension and rough stock lumber intact and (Turn to page 2, col. 1) dd.it ice ,1 .in the Pi etc FINDLBY, O. Nev. 20 -iPf Drunken drivers will chop wood in public Instead ot sitting out sentences in jail if county com missioners approve a plan pro posed by Justice Of the-Peace J. C. Dunn. Ptos. Robert E. Fuller was In structed to Investigate legal as pects of the plan, which would place convicted motorists before the public gaze while they chopped fuel for the poor. BCCliRUS, C Xot; 2HP) A SCO-pound hog, missing since the threshing season ear ly in October at the J. C Corf man farm near here, was found by Its owner buried beneath a straw stack. Still alive. It weighed AO pounds. ' ST. PAUL. Nov. 2 0-(J)-A f ed erl district court jury today held a St Paul automobile company responsible for a traffic accident because It had sold a defective ear to the driver involved in the Damasres totaling $lt,800 for four Woodville. Wis., residents, whose truck collided June S neaf Baldwin, Wis., with lhe plain- Rutman claimed that when "he v purchased the truck the day be fore the accident it had aeiecuve Gains UTILITIES CHALLENGE PROGRAM OF TV A K 'Jt Does the Tennessee Valley Authority, federal power development in the south, have the right to enter into competition with privately financed utilities? That is the Question to be decided at a bearing? now in progress at Chattanooga, Tenn., at which the protesting utilities John p. Weadock, general counsel for the Commonwealth Southern ewer counsel for the 18 utilities monwealth Southern. In their petition, the power companies maintained that "navigation and flood control are incidental" to the project, and Uiat Ue TV A itself was George Dunsford Called by Death ' 'r - Superintendent of State Capitol and Grounds Over Long Period George Dunsford, 69, died ear ly Saturday night at a local hos pital following an operation he un derwent on Friday. A, resident . of Salem , for 48 years, Mr. Dunsford had been for 2 2g years superintendent, of the state ' capitol buildings and grounds the man . who kept the physical setting for Oregon's af fairs of state neat, orderly and in good working condition. A native . of Montreal, Canada, Mr. Dunsford came to Salem in his youth and was associated for a time in the plumbing and heat ing business of Bernard! & Duns ford, which' t had its shop where the YMCA building now stands. He was member of Masonic lodge No. 4 iu Salem, of Alcadea Shrine ; temple In Portland, and a charter member of the local East ern Star chapter and was also af filiated with, the Elks lodge here. Survivors- include his widow, Adeline Dunsford; a sister, Mrs. Matilda welsh of Portland; a niece; Mrs. Robt, E. Burton"Sf Portland, and a nephew, George R. Welsh of Portland. His ; home was at 1945 South High street Funeral services will be held Monday at 2 p. m. from the Clough-Barrick chapel, Rer. Guy L. Drill officiating. Interment will be in ! City View cemetery with Masonic lodge No. 4 participat ing.. Rutz Returns to. Aid Baker Unions BAKER, .Nov. iQ -VFt- Dave Rutz, Teamster's union organizer who was escorted from town last week,! declared yesterday at in stallation of an AFL central lab or council his union would er- gadlze Baker "whether some people like it or not." Ruts was removed during aa antiunion demonstration; . Ben T. Osborne, Oregon feder ationj of -labor execuuve ; secre tary, i termed- Baker "the i 1 a s t outpost of the American Federa tion of Labor- iOregon,". and said "every other - town large enough to support a central lab or council has one." J r Monmouth Officers9 Bullets En d Bickford V MONMOUTH, Nov. 20.-Arti-cles found In the automobile of ! Frank Russell Bickford, 25, of Sa-I lera, shot fatally here early this; morning . by . Marshal Verd Schrunk and Fire Marshal Glen Halllday, after he had pulled a gnn on Schrunk who had arrest ed him, were accepted as evidence that the shots had brought to a close ; an extensive career of petty crime. ''---: . " : ..-''. - pi Possibility that he may have had a woman companion was also deduced from the contents of a suitcase found in the ' car, al though this might also have been stolen. : The body was Identified this morning by Officer George Ed wards ot the Salem police as that ot Bickford, who according to Sa lem police records had twice been an inmate of the state training school. - tyurtti' Straight Title xV 1 4 carrying on the fight, and Wendell Two Are Injured In Road Atisliap; Driver Arrested Hugh Hanna of Independence was in the Polk county jail last night facing charges of being drunk on the highway, preferred by state police, after, his car was involved in an accident on the Salem-Dallas highway just a few yards from 'the spot where three persons wers killed In a crash October 25. 1 The car Involved In the collision with Hanna's was driven by Wal ter. Ivan Harris : of JTalls City. Two passengers, Ila Estelle of Falls City and Florence Spady of Portland, suffered . cuts and bruises, but were not in need of hospital treatment, state officers said. ' Knowlton Reiber, another passenger, was unhurt. - ear iriKe Appears Settled Labor Board Regional Man Says Work May Resume on Monday Morning AKRON, O., Nov. 21-(Sunday) -;P)-James P. Miller, regional di rector ot the national labor rela tions board at Cleveland, said to night following a conference with officials of the Goodyear Tire & Rubber company and Goodyear local ot the United Rubbers Work ers union, that "apparent agree ments" were reached toward set tlement of the sltdown strike which has tied ud operations of the company since Friday. Miller added that agreements, would be submitted to union members today Turn to page 2, coL. 4) Goin Is Indicted ; On Seven Counts TILLAMOOK. Nov. 20-apW B. Goin, former real estate and insurance , dealer and one-time county school superintendent, was indicted by a grand JuTy on six additional charges of larceny and One of obtaining money under false pretenses. " ; Goin, who left here about year and a half ago to accept California cemetery position, was Originally charged with 'larceny by baile last September. Criin e Career suiting in a verdict that, Bickford "came to his death by shots fired by City Marshal Verd Schrunk and Fire Marshal G. Halllday. They shot in self defense and as the duty of an officer. Three typewritten pages were required to list all of the articles found In the Ave suitcases. One ot them contained golf, trousers. coats, sweaters, dress shirts and shoes. Most of the articles were apparently pilfered from stores, but a pen marked as the property of the Capital Business -college in Salem was Included. . When apprehended by Marshal Schrunk, Bickford was in the act of loading a quantity of gasoline motor oil, a drum of brake linings and other articles into his car, taken from the Halllday garage. . Schrunk took him to the city halL While Mrs. Schrunk was call ing state police in Salem to come booay are represented by, left to rigTit, corporation; Newton D. Baker, Wilkie. president of the Com unconstitutional. Bergland Admits Role in Shooting Involved With two Others in Error Which Caused Car to Be Riddled H. O. Bergland of Silverton was the third man Involved in the shooting up of a parked auto mobile on the Elkhorn road Oc tober 4, it waa .disclosed when he was arraigned in Stayton jus tice Aourt .yesterday morning , on charge of injury to personal property. He pleaded guilty as had Ernest Neal and Clifford Keljy earlier last week. " Judge Walter H. Bell ordered Bergland to pay a $100 fine. $4.50 costs and one-third the cost of repairing the automobile. A 30-day jail sentence was to be suspended if the three payments were; made. . Brought to -the county jail at 11 a.m., Bergland obtained his release a short time later by pay ing the fine and costs. Deputy Sheriff Kenneth Randall said he had no authority to hold a prls-or-r for non-payment of civil damages such as cost of repairs to the car. The men were understood to have explained that they mistook the gleam of their automobile headlights on the lights of the parked car for a deer Prince of Hawaii if" - ; A(lmits His Guilt HONOLULU, No. 20-(JF)- Pleasure-loving Prince David Kalakaua Kawananakpa, 33, last male descendant of .Hawaiian kings, pleaded guilty today to manslaughter in the death of his half; white, half native mistress and was sentenced to 10 years in prison." j' A stretch of somewhere between two and 20 years in the Oahu pen itentiary lay ahead of Kawanana- koa because he recently was sen fenced to 10 years oh an old man slaughter charge resulting, from the death of a girl in an automo bile i accident five years ago. ; Judge H. E. Stafford specified that the two sentences run con secutively. However, the prison board may modify the terms to as little as one year each. I The prince decided to plead guilty after conferring with his mother. Princess Abigail Kawan anakoa, whom he was permitted to visit undef guard! Rogue River Fish Hatchery Denied ! PORTLAND.- Not. 20-(R-In stormy meeting today, the state game commission : rejected plans for a fish hatchery at Foster creeK on the Rogue river, 40 miles from Gold Beach. - Fish .planted In tributaries. It said, survive better than la lower waters. - - Lew Wallace's request for $12 500 to improve the Little Dandy river channel precipitated a clash with E. E. Wilson, Corvallls, who declared he was ''tired of having Multnomah and Clackamas eoun ties, shoved down my neck. - Wallace retored, I don't care at all about your displeasure. He had Intimated -board members sought game fund expenditures .for their own localities But Is Scored On: Wins 20-6 Over Whitman 23rd Conference Win J la Acnieved ; Missionary Puts up Good Fight Abbott Sfiines; Big Dick Scores Twice, Final Conference Game WHITMAN STADIUM. Walla Walla, Wash., Nov. 20 (Special) Willamette's victory bell sang a three-touchdown melody tonight, as Coach "Spec" Keene's big red shirts started homeward, with a 20- win orer their traditional ri val. Whitman college. The win, 2rd straight tor the Bearcats in conference competi tion; brought the Salem collegians their ' fourth consecutive Pacific Northwest conference champion ship. It was likewise the sixth win in a row over Whitman. ! One Bearcat record went by the boards, however, when the Mis sionaries punched over, their lone touchdown early in the third peri od. It was the first time Willam ette had been scored on in 12 con ference games. i Score Made Early,, . In Second Quarter It was a thrilling game tor the fans, who saw the Bearcats sud denly come to life with a 71-yard sustained drive that culminated in a touchdown on the fifth play of the second canto. Willamette's scoring thrust got under way Immediately after WhnfcSB attempted field goal went astray as a result of a bad pass from center. Taking the; ball on the 24, Beard and Weisgerber alternated in driving to the 31. Beard then crossed up the i Mis sionary secondary, with a pass to weaver that was good for a first down on the Whitman 26. I Two more aerials, to Stone and Weis gerber, carried the ball to the one- yard line, and Weisgerber scored on. the first plunge. His conver sion made it 7-0. ' Kahle's Interception of a Whit man pass ' ended a Missionary threat with 20 seconds left in the first half, as he carried it out of danger from the goal line to the Willamette 7. Bennett's fumble on the Bearcat 25 had given Whit man its opportunity. , Schneldmiller, who played i fine game for Whitman all after noon, featured a Whitman drive early In the third quarter with a 35-yard gallop through center, but Abbott blocked a Missionary punt on Willamette's 29, to halt that one. Come Right Back After One Reverse Nig Borleske's men were not to be denied,' hoWever, . and i came right back downfleld to score, aft er Schneldmiller returned Beard's punt to the Bearcat 44. Traveling on pure power plays, Morrell div ed over the goal line from the one-foot line. .- ; 1 J . Sparked into action, by the spir ited Whitman eleven, Willamette took the resulting kickof f and moved straight down the field, to its second touchdown-, covering 74 yards, on ten plays. . 4 Beard returned the klckott (Turn to page 2, col 4) Oregon Man Tries .Colorado's Rapids GRAND CANTON, - Ariz. (Via short wave, radio from Diamond Creek), Not. 20.-(J)-Buzs Hol- strom, lone coquiue, ore.," boat man, seeking to. add hlr name to the intrepid handful of men wha have successfully negotiated the turbulent. Colorado river, f over took: tne . Carnegie Institute-Call fornia Institute of Technology ex pedition- near Diamond Creek at dusk today. - . . Heavily bearded and his arms and shoulders a leathery tan. Hoi- strom was described by Dr. Ian Campbell, who heads the geologi cal party, as looking like "a man out ot the past." - - ? . Holstrom asked that a message be conveyed to his mother, Mrs. Frances Holstrom, Coqnllle," tell ing her "everything .going fine. - He came from Green : River, Wyo., since October 4. The trip he said, is being made "just for the adventure." :. Plummer Named Warden . ' . I FOLSOM . PRISON. Calif., Nov 20.-(fli-CIyde L Plummer, retired Los Angeles police captain, was named warden, of Folsom prison by a three-to-two Tote of the pris on directors at a meeting here to day. , . v Fear of Flood Is Reduced in South Oregon Applegate River Covers ! Roads ; Lane County' ? ' Has High Water - River Here Near 12 Feet After More Than Inch of Rain Overnight ' - (By the Associated Press) Rising rivers and blocked high ways followed rain.' -ana , snow storms which swept Oregon last night Flood danger In the Rogne river "valley was minimized,-de- Spite high waters,. when the sun brokethrough today. Torrential rains blocked sew ers and inundated,, residential streets at Medford. Irrigation ditches overflowed Into fields and pastures. At Grants Pass, unequaled No vember records, showed over nine inches of rain. Trout and steel head fishing was washed out when waters rose five and a half feet. . Th Applegate river, tributary to the Rogue, halted traffic at Missouri flat and covered roads In the Williams and Ferrydale dis tricts. I The Willamette river rose 7.S feet at Eugene and: continued up ward. The flood stage is 12 feet. but observers feared lowlands would be nnder water if rains continued. Road to Florence la Partly Blocked Klamath Falls reported 4.1 C inches of rain for the month, al- most, twice normal precipation, and mild temperatures. . At Portland. 1.32 Inches o rain: fell yesterday, boosting the month's; total t 1.47 : tncnea. De- low previous records. " The l: J unction City Florenee highway was open only to one way traffic J . . , In eastern Oregon, a loot 01 snow blanketed the Dooley moun tain section of the Baker-Unity highway. Crater J Lake recorded rood akilnc . with 38 Inches of snow. ;- '' La Grande rainfall was below normal, with .41 of an inch yes terday, although mountain areas reported snow flurries. Warm rain feU at both Gov ernment Camp and Timberline on Mount Hood. Rough waters at the Columbia M A . . 0.1 V ; 1UI U 10 PS? r a I . ! 1 . ; ReDublican Heads 0 County Confer Members of the republican county central committee met last night at the Marion hotel Llovd Smith, treasurer of the state committee, outlined a plan for raising funds for support of the party organization by $10 cnntrihntlons from 'members all over the state. The Marion coun tv Broun endorsed the plan which is designed to prdvlde funds from widely distributed sources -Tha ' committee dfsenssed the matter of selecting women mem bers of the precinct committee under the new law; but took no action- Officers expect to con sult with republican groups ' to encourage active republican wom en to fUe for this new onice. j Hoppe Retains Title NEW YORK, Nov.' 20j-(ff)- Challenger Jake Schaefer. save his best efforts of the match for the last day but . they .: weren't enough to win as Willie Hoppe aneressfullv defended his 18.1 balkline billiard crown tonight by outscoring the Chicago cue ar tist 3000 to Zop in meir wuv point, 12-block challenge matcn Trucks Says Won't "Union ' trucks are not going through picket lines!" That ultimatum ' was handed down here yesterday by A. N. "Al Banks, business agent 4 for the teamsters' union in the Marion- icuisjvva , ww , Polk-Linn county-district. i Banks declare that any effort to force truck operators to deliver beyond picket Ilheg would result in a sUtewide Ueup of trucking and would extend to railway freight ."; deliveries, too, ; If the Southern Pacific company were to attempt to - gite vt service past pickets. 'I - ' " ;"W were going to tie up the Southern Pacific If they didn't come In. Banks; added, "but they are making arrangements to come under the nnionj" . . , . - A- reporj current among busi ness circles that the teamsters In tended to "mak an example" ot Salem and completely unionise Japanese, Insurgent Vessels Seek to In tercept MiUion DoUar Consimiraent in Grave Peril; Was Previously on Wichita but Stopped by Roosevelt Order -j - Planes Able to Cruise Over Japan ;to Drop Bombs; Nipponese Continue Drive After Taking Sobchow NEW YORK; Nov. 20 death, a $1,000,000 "mystery fleet" of 1? American-made plants was aboard a ship steaming cautiously somewhere -across the Atlantic tonight. 1 i ' Teir mtimate destination sibly to bomb Japanese cities for the first time in retaliation for the aerial havoc; wrought by Nipponese airmen on Shanghai. Aviation experts said the range to hop the Yellow sea to Japan, each carrying half a ton bomb loads, and return to Chinese bases. They are faster than the swiftest Japanese war plane. .1 A spokesman for the Chinese consulate m New York admitted that the planes all Coquille Lumber Is. Being ; Loaded Sawmill Operators More Hopeful at Portland; Board Criticized , PORTLAND Ore., Not. 20 Despite criticism, of Mayor. Joseph K. Carson and GOT. Charles H. Martin, 'sawmill operators - and CIO forces believed -today a na tional labor relations board re survey would end the 99-day AFL CIO mill Ueup. . i As Charles W. Hope, NLRB re gional director.'prepared to leave Seattle with E. J. Eagen, board counsel. Governor Martin declar ed: - ; ' f -"If the national labor relations board would stay out of Oregon, we could regulate our own affairs perfectly. But they won't do it. The labor relations board left a mess and we have to clean it up. Now they have stirred "up another mess . . . . -(. . 'm..-H..-;-.. ' " The governor . refused to. com ment on a meeting with labor leaders yesterday. ; j , I , Carson, at New York; said he Opposed NLRB bargainiag desig nations "unless the board is con vinced it can punish anyone em ployer, employe or a third person -who would interfere . . . . He. urged the board to confer with state and city officials "in stead ot Ignoring both." i A crisis at Coquille was averted when CIO mill workers, anticipat ing board action, decided not to picket AFL lumber to be loaded on the freighter West Ira. f Meantime, E. P. Marsh, TJ. S. department; of labor counciliator, left Coos Bay for Seattle after at tempting to reopen the port, clos ed when longshoremen refused to pass CIO mm workers . picket lines. - At Astoria,' warring labor fac tions neared peace when the cen tral labor council accepted a CIQ labor unity league proposal for a conference.' , - j - -i . Both Duelist Die HENDERSON, Ky, Not. 20-6W -Byron Tinson, 5 0, . and Graham Raymond, 30, were shot to death tonight in what ! Police Sgt. Ed ward Brown said was a pistol duel In front of a pool hall operated by Tinson a short distance from po lice headquarters. . Pass Pickets Teamster- Agent Here the community was dubbed "a damned lie" by I Banks but the teamsters will, he said,, continue to give their moral support to the retail clerks union"" and the culi nary alliance In the latters ef fort to unionise the retail store and restaurant businesses.; ; " The rumor arose, Banks assert ed, from reports the Salem . Mer chants association was contemplat ing slapping - a boycott on the teamsters. 4 -;;';;'; i ' 4 H'y ''?y. r . . "Jf they i started a boycott on teamsters and shipped everything by rafl; we would get pickets and picket all 28 restaurants and, 40 groceries -that have hot come in with ns and we would also picket the Southern Pacific so they couldnt ; get anything," Banks threatened.: We would use all the local fellows we could get and (Turn to page 2, col. () Spahi sh (AP) Bound! on a mission of presumably was China--pos- Dlanes had a sufficient flvinir superspeed ships, manufactured by tne Beuanea Aircraft Cm., of Newcastle, Del., with a cruising range oi fouo mues wers par- chased by the Chinese govern ment. ' ' j ; But. a double peril faced the consignment.! i : ' Lying in wait, naval patrols - from both! Japan and '' Spain formed twin blockades against their safe arrival. Spanish. Inaur- ' gents reportedly; feared that , the , high-powered fighting craft, apa V ble of top speeds of 2S0 nu ka.. might be headejU foe, Barcelena," via France, there to be need by . government pilots. Chinese denied this. . -; I . j - Tr Wbatever their goal, the nlanes have had aj ' strange Odyssey ia their quest ifor j a haven in one or the other of the world's current 1 war zones. In all, they have trav eled more j than. 12.000 . miles. starting from New York on Au gust 23 forj China on the U. 8. maritime' commission freighter Witchita. f I While at sea, President Roose velt's ban i ion the1 shipment of. war materials was proclaimed, and the Wichita put in at Saa rearo, Calif., jfrhere the ptanes were tnloaded. j ; ' ; Amid the closest secrecy the 11,000.000 cargo was then trans shipped by rail to Philadelphia, Pa., where' the planes tii stowed aboard the British freighter MalanOra and set forth- ostensibly for , England en -November 9. SHANGHAI; Nov. 21-(SunJay ) -OPr-Japanese drove west to new conquests (today , following the sudden 'downfall of Soochow, key" point of China's- "Hindeaburg line." . , . j- - , . .- - . . 'f Chinese strove to form a strong, . new defense line to bar the invaders progres to Nan king, from iwhich the government' yesterday formally announced re moval of the capital to Chung-. king, ia Siechwan province. . Foreign j military observers,1 however, expressed doubt that, the Chines woUldmake a deter mined stand before Nanking aad some predicted the city would be given -up after feeble straggle.- In th& levent, they said, Chi nese" troops would , follow their government Jnto the hinterland. : The new Chinese line, along which 13Q.000 troops were re ported entrenched, stretched from Wnsth, 25 miles north of Soochow, to Kiangyin, a disUnce ot nearly 25 miles. 1 Japanese drove toward the line, northwest of Shanghai, from three points, i h Cochran on Commission ; LA GRANDE, Nov. JO-fiTH George T. Cochran, attorney, was appointed by Interior Secretary Harold L.( Ickes yesterday to a commission to investigate finan cial and economic condition ct United States and Indian recla mation projects. - . , . Mine Board Member Dies MEDFORD, Nor. 20-CP-Wl Ham H. Lydiard, 64. southern Ore-, gon state mining board member and grocery store owner, died yes terday following an operation two weeks ago, gauDE O) p, TODAV er r. a The Bearcats beat Whltmiaa six times ia a row, and won their fourth! championship ' Spec, you're our pal, but when conference 1 1 1 1 e s so common place grow, let's find "something tougher to whet our morale. - . ateerin ansatatua ! An inquest was held today, re? (Turn to page 2, col. 1) :