Accident Insurant
Ton cannot afford to be
without the Travel and Traf
fic Accident Insurance which
Is Issued to Statesman sub
scribers for only $ a Tear.
WEATHER
. Unsealed with rain today
and Friday, temperature un
changed; Max. Temp. Wed
needay 60, Mia. 43, river
&A feet, rain .15 inch.
-v. 1 .
FOUNDED 1051
No, 285
EIGHTY-SECOND YEAR . 0 . - . " . . f .,...
Salem, Oregon, Thursday Morning, Fcbraary 2Z, 1933
OUSE FAVORS
HIGHER TAX ON
INHERITDIIICE
15 per Cent top; Companion
Gift tax Measure Also
Is Given Approval
Only Small Loan Bill That
Passed is Postponed;
Declared Unfair
Hardworked members of the
state house of representatives
ground through a three-hour
night seslon yesterday, the prin
cipal item of legislation passed
being an Increased inheritance
tax bill sponsored by Represen
tative McAlear,
Principal objector to the bill
was Representative Hilton who
favored higher rates
House bill 375, also sponsored
br McAlear, to levy gift taxes
as a means of preventing avoid
ance of laheritance levies, also
was passed by the house. The
bill exempts gifts of less than
$1000 yearly but would levy a
4 per cent charge np-Uv $10,000;
9 per cent up tatttvOO:' prH
ctpsrItpIv JnrrpnalTir tn marl. I
mam limit of 25 per cent on $1,
000.000. Income Tax Return
Bill Re-Referred
House bill 432. written by the
taxation and revenue committee,
was referred again to the spon
soring committee for elarifica-
according to its 'reading would
r,nfri.rf .T.rv Orornn rL
have required every Oregon reel
dent and fiduciary to file an in
come tax return, suDiect to tne
regulation, of the state tax com-
mission. Objection was raised
that the measure might be eon-
a ,-. r. I
son, regardless of income wouia
be forced to make a statement
t tha 1st fasif r.we.
RepresentaUve Deich, included
among the objectors, pointed out
that a possibility existed that an
army of clerks might be hired
by the state tax commission to
make out needless returns.
Needless annoyanee imlght - also
result to Oregon residents. It was
suggested.
Small Loan Bill
it . ,1. me A - - 1 - I
noDia uiu to, luo vuijr uuo ui i
five small loan measures passed
by the house, was Indefinitely
postponed. Representative Dick
son, sponsor of the measures,
moved that the bill to limit
pawnbrokers loans DeJ I
ceai "".."
as a matter or w
mail 1te. wte. AfinvafAva war n A. VTT1 Iff I
small loans operators who would
bare been restricted by the law
while competitors in other lines
were not regulated.
The branch banking bill, sen
ate bill 57, was made a special
order of business for the house
at 11 o'clock this morning.
The timber yield or severance
measure, house bill 20, will come
as a special order of business at
2:30 today.
Senate bill 14S, relating to
workmen's compensation laws,
was passed by the house and
will go to the goxarnor.
Bill SS, sponsored bj Senator
Duncan, providing that county
warrants may be used for pay-
ment of taxes was re-referred
to the committee on taxation
and revenue. Objection was
raised that the measure would
beneflt only a small class of
persons now able to buy warrants
at large discounts,
Highest Rate on
Estates 15 Per Cent
vaie n in. new ioue io
tax bill are divided as in the
present law, between bequests to
lineal relatives and to brothers,
uncles and aunts and non-related
inheritors.
Rates to Lineal descendants un
der the new bill are: 210,000 to
125,000. one per cent;. Z5.000
to $50,000, one and one-half per
cent; $50,000 to $76,000, two
per cent; $75,000 to $100,000,
three per cent; $100,000 to
J300.000 five per cent; $300,000
to $500,000, seven per cent;
. r H AAA A- AAA AAA . A
auv,ouv lO si.vuv.uuv, iu per
cent; $1,000,000 to $1,500,000,
13 per cent; $1,500,000 and up,
15 per cent The old rates ran
from one to 10 per cent, the lat
ter scale being applied on inheri
tances of more than $1,000,000.
The new rates tor brothers,
sisters, uncles and aunts and non-
related Inheritors range from one
per cent np to $3000 to 20 per
cent on bequests ot more than
$100,000. The old rates ranged
from one to IB per cent, the lat
ter being applicable on bequests
of more than $50,000.
Chopping Cherry
Tree Fatal for
Modern (George9
CLEVELAND. Feb. 22. (AP)
r.hnnnfnr down a cherry tree
on Washington's birthday anni-
verssry brought ueatn toaay w
TAnfA It allay. 27. .
Companions ot Kelly said he
ran when the tree started to fall
in hla direction, hut stumbled in
to a ditch and was struck by a
branch when ? he attempted
Fish Wheel
Dead
r or mis Term
After Senate Debate
Christman Bill Tabled by 20 to 10 Vote With
Astoria Faction Again Winner; Eastern
Oregon Solons Claim "Politics"
THE state senate Wednesday afternoon killed the Chris
man fish wheel bill, orevionslv carried throuirh the
house, by the decisive vote of 20
wiuic ul vu a vuviueu cuiuuuiiee report, me min
ority favoring the bill's passage and the majority opposing
ix. me Din, ir it had become law,
I.C.
DIES; IK PIONEER
Willamette Grad was Last
Living Member of 47th
Congress, Claimed
PORTLAND, Ore., Feb. 22
(AP) Judge M. C. George.
84,
Portland attorney and understood
to be the last surviving member
?f th4 7tn 5?8re": dI.ed.at. hl3
r w "u uovu
111 for four years, for the last
two of which he had been eon
fined almost continuously to his
home.
Judge George came to Oregon
with his family by covered wa
gon when he was two years old.
They settled on a homestead near
the present site of Lebanon. He
V b"V"aNole
MaT 3. 1849. He attended San-
tiam academy and later Willam-
I At t A nnlvereltv of Silam Aftar
: . , , r X, 7. .
WM
admitted to the bar In 1875
A year later Judge George was
elected to the state senate and
ivui ;cais laici uo was kuubcu
as Oregon's one representative in
the 47th congress. He also serv-
"""I! laZ
clined to run to succeed himself
again
Returning to Portland, Judge
George resumed his law practice.
For five years he was on the
school board here. In 1897 he be
came a judge of the circuit .court,
continuing in that capacity for
10 years.
LCULCICU UIO ..UldCOfc 1.4-
,.
raising, spending a great deal of
his time on his small ore tiara
near The Dalles. He was promin
ent in the Oregon Pioneers' asso
ciation and in fraternal circles
T . .1 .. Oa.-. a,a, la aiivvtvAil tt
his widow, Mary E. GeorgeTand
three daughters. Miss Florence
George. Miss Edna George and
- w w o -
Mrs. Gwillyn
Portland.
G. Jones, all of
HITLER TO Fill
TOTAL DISARMING
Copyright, 138, The Associated
Press
BERLIN, Feb. 22 Chancellor
AAnlt TTHIai chum nntttlc&l OD-
Lnn.nf. - Mibre-rattllne
blg armle8 and navies,
j, hlm8elf unequivocally
to Uc of unlT6rsal and
comlete dlBarmament.
We ar6 wllllng to go to any
length8 to further the Ideal of dis-
...., . -hTn.iir told
the Associated Press
Then, raising his voice passion
ately and giving a punch to every
0p a Tjgorou, nod of Ws head, he
continued:
"But we insist that the same
standards shall apply for all. Do
away altogether with armies if
you please and Germany will glad
ly scrap hers also."
MABD3 UNDER KNIFB
new YORK. Feb. 22 (AP)
Marie Dressier, the comedl-
enne was "resting comfortably"
tonight after a minor operation,
her physician, Dr. J. Willis Amey,
A
i
a-U
v3 7
to
JUDGE (I
CORDELL HULL
State
ProaramMm
...
against the bill to 10 for it
would have opened the up-
oper Columbia river to fish wheels
wmcn nave been banned since ear-1
ly in 1827.
Senator Upton made both the I
opening and closing argument In Tous with the kidnapers of his
favor of the bill and against the son, Charles Boettcher, II, weal
majority report. He said the res- thy investment broker, Claude K.
toratlon of fish wheels would not
prove detrimental to the fisher-
men on the lower Columbia river I
nor would their operation de-1
crau uiwruuj me numoer OI
salmon in the stream.
r- . , i
uu iv uui kuiok 10 preserre
th?. c,II,!f. " T
fi v A. y
. km . . . I
through the proper operation of
the hatcheries and scientific prop
agation, unless the fishermen on
the lower Columbia river
can
' " W"e.1" WUi
(Turn to page 2, col. 5)
MORTGAGE BELIEF
Against Public Policy
to
Foreclose if Debtors
Make Real Effort
First tangible relief for mort-
gagors was passed In the legisla
tive session Wednesday when the
house gave unanimous approval
to its joint resolution 18 which
declares it is against public policy
ior courts to foreclose mortgages
where debtors are making every
effort to meet their obligations.
Several representatives said
they heartily favored the resolu
tion but declared additional and
more binding legislation should be
passed.
The resolution, In part, fol
lows:
"Be it resolved by the legisla
tive assembly of the state of Ore
gon, in session duly assembled.
that it is inimical to the public
Interest and contrary to sound
pubic policy that mortgages or
condtlonal contracts of sale of
real property be foreclosed dur
ing the present emergency where
the mortgagor or purchaser is
making honest, bona fide efforts
to meet the terms specified in
his mortgage or contract and is
unable to meet such terms.
"Be it further resolved that it
should be and hereby is recom
mended to courts of equity where
in foreclosures are sought, that
the maxim that a plaintiff seek-
ina- the aid of equity should be
required to do equity, be strictly
retarded, ana tnat "tne coon
(Turn to page 3, coi. )
War on Muskrat
Encouraged but
Whale Protected
Oregon's house of represents'
tives favors unmitigated and
wholesale warfare, "in any man-
ner whatsoever" on the muskrats
af Klamath county: but some
members at least would see to It
that whales could be hunted only
by permit of the governor. '
House bill 456 was passed last
night to declare the open warfare
on muskrats, one of the smallest
of mammals. A little later the
Delch-Wells sponsored measure to
regulate whale hunting was in
troduced to first reading.
Another development of the rep
resentatives' day Included prefer
ence to the judiciary committee of
house bill 479, to create mosquito
I control districts.
They'll Figure
WILLIAM H. WOODIN
n
VOTED
, i 1 " 4 I 5
? v 1 X
A-A. " " -
. ...: .0 . . S
- - -
, - -
:-:-:-'X:- - ,
aU
IIP
IULIUL
Father of Kidnaped man is
Trailed to Rendezvous,
Gives up Attempt
Attorney SaYS he Receives
Telephone Plea That he
Act as Intermediary
DENVER. Feb. 22. (AP)
Thwarted by police in his first
actual attempt to keep a rendes-
Boettcher. Colorado multi-million-
aire, moved more secretly tonight
to avoid Interference It he is again
summoned by the abductors.
Btrffa.t In hU rtAtarmtnallnn
to carry on negotiations lndepon-
.v v
. -ti,-i.. mniti.mi
uonalr. ab.ndon.d u .tt.mpt to
Colo., last night when two detec-
fcUW UV A WIVJl I
tives, J. S. Turner and M. D. Cor
ner, trailed him almost to the des
ignated spot. There Boettcher
A am akIaiI 4Va A a aa( K was 1
allow him to "handle this case
my own way," and then returned
home.
Boettcher's insistence that the
t dnapers name an "agent" to ne
gotiate with him in the payment
I of the $60,000 ransom bore fruit,
police believed, In the story of
I. E. Anderson, Colorado Springs
attorney, who said unidentified
persons had requested him to act
as an Intermediary.
Want Attorney to
Be Intermediary
Anderson s story, which flung I
the kidnaping investigating into
feverish activities, revealed he
had received numerous telephone
caH" from Der80n8 whom Police
believe were the actual kidnapers.
The last call came this morning,
Anderson said, and asked him to
reconsider his decision of refusing
to act as a go-between. The voice,
Anderson said, asked him to 'in
sert in a Denver newspaper his
decision. Anderson asked a Den
ver lawyer friend to Insert the ad:
'Sorry. I am unable to act.'
A new suspect was added to the
list of those held In connection
with the case today while the two
men and woman arrested yester
day and last night made efforts to
secure their release on bond.
P. A. Tyson, a Denver sales
man, was arrested at his office
this afternoon, but Chief Clark
refused to say what connection
they suspected him of having with
the case other than that he bore
a resemblance to one of the kid
napers. BALLOT THEFT CASE
MEDFORD. Ore., Feb. 22.-
(AP) Two men were being held
here today, police said, for ques
tioning In connection with the
theft and destruction of approxi
mately 10,000 ballots east by
voters In the November election.
The ballots were stolen sometime
Monday night.
Police expressed the Deilei tnai
the theft from the vault in the
I Jackson county courthouse here
was "an inside Job." County orri
clals said they were searching for
a third man whom they described
as a "persistent loiterer." At
latest reports they had been un
able to find him.
The ballots were stolen and
burned In the courthouse furnace
the night before they were to
have been recounted in an at
tempt to settle the controversy
over the election of the Jackson
county snenii. Former enenii
Ralph Jennings, on the grounds
that there had been errors in
counting, had contested Sheriff I
Schermerhorn's election, and a re
count was ordered.
1
RELEASE MOVE
EOR BQETTGHEB
M EE HELD IN
in New Administration as Cabinet Members
.-.,,'N. ,-:. -;h.;. .-VS-. : .v -
-A '
J
OEORQE , H. DERN
War
Cermak Said
Near Crisis;
Wound Heals
MIAMI, Tlx.. Feb. 23. ( AP)
Dr. Frank Jirka announced at
1:11 a. m. that Mayor Cermak's
temperature was 98 degrees, his
pulse rate 108 and bis respiration
20. The mayor was sleeping
lightly, Dr. Jlrka's bulletin said,
and his condition was unchanged.
MIAMI. Fla. Feb. 2 J. (Thurs
day) (AP) Dr. J. W. Snyder
stated at 2:15 a. m., the condition
of Mayor Cermak seemed improv
ed from that described in a re
port issued earlies. -
"He is resting comfortably and
seems generally improved," Dr,
Snyder said. "The wound is a
thing of the past." He gave no
temperature, pulse or respiration
readings.
Dr. Snyder elaborated upon his
statement that Cermak s wound is
a thing of the past by stating that
the colitis condition is paramount
and that it and not the wound
brought Cermak's condition to its
present point.
The mayor, who had been sleep
ing lightly through the early
morning, awoke in great pain at
2:40 a. m. Dr. Snyder entered the
room but returned and said Cer
mak's pain was eased.
"We cannot iit bow lona it
"
will be before the condition la al
tered," Dr. Snyder concluded
The mayor slept "rather well"
through the night, receiving
light sedative at one time, Snyder
said
E
nirai. claim
Almost Miraculous Events
Abetted Career, Doney
Says in Lecture
Depicting George Washington
M "trained from youth to be in
every peril In his country suffi
eient to his country's need." Dr
Carl Gregg Doney, president of
Willamette university, last night
proceeded in his pleasing, schol
arly manner of .address to outline
the many ways In which he be
lived the career of the nation's
first president was "ruled by a
providence."
The lecture, fourth of a series
sponsored by the university facul
ty, elicited high compliment
from the audience, which nearly
filled the Waller hair auditorium.
Preceding the address. Miss Lois
Plummer, guest organist, was
presented in recital, playing well
received classics and concluding
rith "America Triumphant" by
Dunn, In honor of George Wash
ington.
As evidence of providential In
tervention, Dr. Doney pointed to
six of the well-known cases In
which the lite of Washington was
miraculously spared, including re
covery from a severe case of
smallpox, safety throughout skir
mishes with the Indians, and ee-
(Turn to page 2, col. 1)
The Day in
Washington
By the Associated Press
Federal authorities sought
sender of explosive apparatus
found 1st mails addressed to
Franklin D. Rooeevelt.
Senate increased to $1,100,000
funds In independent offices sup-
ply bill for federal trade commis
sion.
House agriculture committee
reported senate approved Smith
bill for government cotton pool
with participating farmers cur
tailing production.
8enate foreign relations com
mittee approved St. Lawrence wa
terway treaty which leaders
ajreed could not be acted on this
session
House coinage committee ap
proved measure for treasury
purchase of $250,000,000 in
silver bullion.
- ! -
1 . .
THOMAS J." WALSH
Jostles
GUIDED
Mr 'A. I
CABINET NAMES
FOR ROOSEVELT
REGIME LISTED
Only two Official so far
But Others Certain ot
Appointment, Word
Norman H. Davis to Remain
As Head of Delegation
At Geneva, Stated
(Copyright, 1933, The Associated
Press.)
WASHINGTON, Feb. 22 (AP)
Heralding the imminence of a
new administration, it was au
thentically revealed today that
President-elect Roosevelt had just
completed a cabinet of national
pattern and turned to other ma
Jor appointments.
Barring an unexpected shift at
the last minute, three of those to
sit around the White House coun
cil table with the next chief ex
ecutlve will be from the east.
three from the south, two from
the mid-west and two from the
west.
Of -the ten, but one name had
remained a secret until now that
of Daniel C. Roper, ot South Car
olina, as secretary of commerce.
Homer Cummlngs, of Connect!
cut. Is understood to be slated for
governor-general of the Philip
pines, putting at rest reports that
Mr. Roosevelt Intended to leave
In that high post, for the time be
ing at least, his distant relative,
Theodore Roosevelt, Jr.
Norman Davis Will
Remain at Geneva
Norman H. Davis, by invitation
of the president-elect In New
York today, will remain as head
of the American delegation to the
Geneva arms conference, assuring
continuity of this country's pol
icy there.
Although only the first two of
the ten have been formally an
nounced, the cabinet set-up is ac
cepted in Washington to be:
State Cordell Hull of Tennes
see.
Treasury William H. Woodin
of Pennsylvania and New York.
War George H. Dern of Utah.
Justice Thomas J. Walsh of
Montana.
Postofflce James A. Farlev of
New York.
Navy Claude A. Swanson of
Virginia.
Interior Harold Ickea of Illi
nois.
(Turn to page 2, col. 1)
TOLL BRIDGE BILL
T
A ravorable report will be
made to the legislature, probably
louay, oy tne house committee on
counties and cities on senate bill
277, providing that an incorpor
ated city may construct a toll
bridge without any statutory lim
itation being placed on the
amount of bonds that may be
issued.
The bill introduced by Sena
tors Upton and Hazlett. is primar
ily Intended to make possible con
struction of a toll bridge over the
Columbia river at The Dalles.
Cost of the $500,000 bridge is
hoped to be financed from the
federal Reconstruction Finance
corporation funds through ssle
of The Dalles city bonds.
Although already passed by
the house, the addition of an
emergency clause by the house
committee will necessitate the
bill again going to the upper
chamber.
FORESTERS CONVENE
CORVALL1S, Ore., Feb. 22
(AP) Approximately 250 fores
try men from all parts of the state
gathered at Oregon State coUege
tonight for the sixth annual
"fernhoppers" banquet. XI Sigma
Pi, honor -forestry fraternity, utll
lxed the occasion to present nine
new pledges, including Robert
Aufderhside of Salem.
: v-s- .
JAMES A. FARLEY
Postofflce
IS GIVEN SllPPIlfi
:a- ' '
WORLD
THREATENED BY
J AP AN S
Tokyo Warning of Probable
In Peiping and Tientsin Opens up Grave Danger ot
International Complications in Which United States
Will Have Share; Jehol Only Territory Sought
Chinese Irregulars Announce Readiness to Accept Food
And Employment and Quit Fighting; First Casualty
On Japanese Side Reported; Chinchow-Peipao Road
Entirely in Nipponese Hands now
TOKYO, Feb. 22 (AP) A government spokesman said
today there was "real danger" that Japan would be com
pelled to take steps to protect Japanese nationals in Peiping
and Tientsin endangered by the impending military cam
paign to conquer the province of Jehol to the north.
The government intends soon to inform the ambassa
dors of the principal powers interested in China of the pol
icy it will pursue concerning the Peiping-Tientsin area. These
ambassadors (one of whom naturally would be the American
representative) will be told, the spokesman said, that the
army has no plan to carry the Jehol operations south of the
Great Wall of China.
"However, there Is real dan
11
E
F
Bill to Forbid Differential
Between Cities Passed
By Lower House
Days of the practice of gasoline
companies in selling fuel at cer
tain prices in Portland and at
different rates la Salem, discount
ing transportation costs, are num
bered If house bill 309, passed ty
representatives yesterday. Is also
favored by the senate.
The measure. Introduced by
Representatives Judd, Lang and
Johnson, would make It unlawful
for sellers of gasoline, including
wholesalers, to charge varying
rte for eaual rrades of fuel, ex-
ceptlng for cost differences cans-
cA . trannortatlon emenses. The
-
rentrictlon would SPDly to diner-
"J w
ent sections of communities as
well ss to differences between
cities. As well as touching Salem
the measure would have an ef
fect in Marshfleld, Astoria and
other sections of Oregon.
House bill 63. introduced by
Representative Frank Lonergan
was passed by the house follow-
(Turn to page 1, col. 2)
I. S. F.
FOR STATE ASKED
Tne State Of uregon can, nec-
essary, issue warrants io pay owa
a a a I 1 I
and stamp them "not paia ior
want of funds" under provisions
of a bill which passed the house
Wednesday. Representative Ab-
rams who sponsored the measure,
said it had been approved by the
governor Inasmuch as it author
t.ftd tha state hoard of control. In
stead of the state treasurer alone
a. in a former bill, to determine
rhue.numped warranu 'hou,d b6
Abrams said the bill was neces
sary to provide for emergencies If
the state ran out of money ana
could not borrow. Warrants ean
not be made to bear more than
five per cent interest, he declared.
414
V f
4
. 4,v J ' ',
7 '
t -r J I . "
HENRY A. WALLACE
AgTiesltsre
WARMS
3
FLAREUP
raucr
Need to Protect Nationals
ger, ne asserted, "tnat a Dace-
wash from Jehol campaign will
result In a Chinese attack on ouf
garrison at Tientsin or in a mas
sacre of Japanese at Pelplng, in
which event the army would h
compelled to move to protect
them. Barring such unfortunate
developments, the fighting will b
confined to Jehol."
(A Washington dispatch said
that International complications
I of grave nature were feared in taa
event the fighting spread south of
tne ureat Wall into the Peiping-
TJa'?. fea- The United State
is one of the several nations main
talnlng garrisons in that area as
a result of the boxer uprising of
30 years ago.)
MUKDEN. Manchuria, Feb. 2 J.
Thursday (AP) Oronpa
or irregular Chinese fighters an
nounced today they were ready to
ccept Japanese offers of food,
clothing and employment, and
wonia sunnm to me government.
L Mancnuxuo.
m g T- m . a
("7 assurances oi wora aso;
protection, the Japanese command
1 . a aj A
nor 10 inanc moei ox
the so-called Chinese guerillas to.
give up their sporadic attacks i
Jehol and become citizens ot th
Japanese - sponsored Manehnkuo
state, to which the Japanese bow
are poised to add the Chines
Jehol province.)
Meanwhile, the death of a Jap-
I snese soldier, the first in the cur-
rent assault on Jehol, was report
ed here.
Corporal Misngaml, a member.
of the Nishl command, was kill
ed Wednesday near Pelplao in f
conflict between Japanese soldiers
and Chinese irregulars.
Pelplao, the terminus of the
Chlnchow - Pelplao spur of the
Peiping-Mukden railroad and de
signated as the Jumping off place
In the major Japanese offense
which will noon start in Jthnl. waa
.d.ndaniw) h th PhlnMn fnra.
the Invaders arrived
The occupation of the town,
which la less than 200 miles from
j6h0l city, capitol of the province
jtre the Japanese virtual control
of the railroad line over which to
move troops.
Jpircf (hipf nf
x " VliiCl VI
State Training
School Called
PORTLAND. Ore., Feb. 22
(AP) Branston J. Miles, 84.
first superintendent of the Ore
gon reform school for boys, died
yesterdsy la Portland.
Born November 21, 1248, ia
Dsyton, O.. he was a playmate of
I President Hoover's father. Devot
ing most of his life to boy train
ing, he was for 20 years super
intendent ot the Iowa Industrial
school.
Twenty years sgo he was re
quested to come to Oregon to or
ganise a reform school system for
boys. He was also called to
Washington, D. C, on a similar
mission.
Butter Grading
System Opposed
CORVALLIS, Ore.. Feb. 22
(AP) The legislative committee
ot the Oregon Butter and Ice
Cream Makers' association, in
convention here last Bight, re
ported unfavorably on the pend
ing nnlform grading bill for farm
r rod nets, now before the legis
lature.
H. C. Raven, ehairman, said
there is "dynsmlie in the pro
posal to force all products under
A B and C rrsdes. ,
"S'-r" Treasury .yjr-1-'
riser His neck was broken.-