i'i
ValleiY Motor Go.
s
'
t .
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-
The Subject as Treated by W. L. Powers, the Chief of
Soils at the Oregon Agricultural College Experiment
Station-Half a Million Acres in the Willamette Val-
J ley on Which Crops May Be Increased by Irrigation
from 50 to 75 Per Cent Growing Interest in the
'I
mi.i- Aa1r's tinmh!" nf Ka
pacific Homestead, the farm pa
per ' Issued from the. Statesman
building, contains a most Instruc
tive article on irrigation, giving
the research' work" and experi
ments that have been and are
being carried on at the Oregon
Agricultural college. The article
deserves the careful reading of
? and preservation by every i person
interested In the progress of this
. whole section. " The article is as
"follows: -.
Supplemental irrigation for in
tensive and late season crops is
proving profitable on some fire
to six thousand acres of Willam
ette valley, lands, according to in
vestigations ; conducted by W. h.
Powers, chief of soils at the state
agricultural ? college , experiment
of each crop are manured, so that
there is a dry-farmed plat of each
crop in the rotation, a second one
that is dry-farmed and manured,
a third that is irrigated and ro
tated, and the fourth quarter re
ceives the advantage of irrigation,
rotation, and manure.
At the beginning of this experi
ment, the beans yielded about 12
bushels an acre. During the first
pine years or three rotations the
yield dropped on the continuous
crop plat to about 6 bushels an
acre and it was increased -with
irrigation, rotation and manure
to about 22 bushels. The aver
age for continuous cropping has
I 9
trials, or duty of water trials, to been 9 bushels, and with irriga-
qetermine how much irrigation I tion, rotation and manure the
would pay best and to develop yield has been built up eo that
practices ior securing the highest the average for the period is 18
einciency and greatest net profit bushels a year. The water re
from the pumpel wafer employid. quirement or pounds of soil, rain
Water requirement studies were and irrigation water required per
added and also observations of pound of dry matter produced,
the effects of irrigation upon soil with continuous cropping has
and crops. The soil employed is been 2,909 pounds; with irriga-
representauve . Willamette 8ty tion, rotation, and manure it has
ahl am m a - m. .ft al V
ium, one oi tne leading son i been reduced to 1125 or about
types Jn the valley floor. It is one-half. The net profit from
rather heavier than some of the rotation and irrigation has aer
bottom lands and less free work- aged $14.90 more than with con
ing than would ba ideal or Irriga- tinuous cropping and with Irri
,,5C a,.Ci, vi gation, rotation and manure the
rrnno toot an v rn r a - i
v.vKO B, o. Duu. iuwuuu was gain In net prof it an acre has
watering, it should never become
waterlogged and sour.
Needed Every Summer
There has been perhaps no sum
mer since the white man came to
Oregon that a little water at the
needed time. In June or July,
would not have been helpful to
crops; there have been many
years when it would have made
the difference between prosperity
and ruin. . The crops on many
farms this' year have been abso
lute 5ruin: this was not much
more true in this Santiam section
than In Bomp others, but the great
difference is that the Santiam
district has the water within
reach, so easy to apply.
Gravelly Soil Ideal
The gravelly soil is ideal for
irrigation in that it "subs" or
sub-irrigates by capillarity, fof
considerable distances on either
side of any water supply. On the
Bowne farm, an eight-acre flefd
of potatoes that now looks like
200 sacks to the acre three or
four or ten times the probable
yield of many fields in the coun
ty water was run slowly down
Itha Hftn1-fiirrrvwB' th hfnd ditch
"U8a' employing crops mai been f23.02. fwas at the side of the field, the
rr.,:f" ::ri fur .32 feet
uTj j"uia:oiheT tvnes of f.miin it u w away, and the next furrow was
wnicn is usuauy umrngaiea, anai.. . V --
including the rotation of grain
IRRIGATION IS NEEDED
IN SALEM DISTRICT
(Continued from page 2) ,
In summer time, drainage isn't
going to help that condition. The
drainage season is when the water
is on and in the ground The
time for irrigation is in the sum
mer, when there is no water.
when the crops are burning up for
lack of moisture. A drain tile
ditch every foot wouldn't help
a single little plant to grow a sin
gle strengthening root, in a red-
hot July like the one just pass
ed. Irrigation would!
At Small Cost
There are thousands, perhaps
hundreds of thousands of acres
in the Willamette valley that
could be watered at small cost.
The price set upon the Stay ton
project is $50 an acre, for a per
petual water right; the annual
maintenance charge might run
to about $1 an acre, a year, for
the first few years, and almost
certainly less as the system got
thoroughly settled and organized
This is a low cost, both for the
initial installation and for the
maintenance; and the results
promise to pay an enormous inter
est on the Investment. There are
water courses up in the Cascades,
that will give a perpetual water
supply for every acre that look
ed profitable to irrigate in the
valley. Lands adjoining the Wil
lamette river, might be more
profitably watered by pumping,
where the water needs to be
raised only a few feet, and the
saving of land far canals would
all the' blood stains of the vic
tim's anatomy, even to the soiled
feathers; then turn the bird loose
among his fellows. The pungent
odor of the tar will turn them
away, and there need be no more
trouble. The tar is healing,
which is to the benefit of the in
jured bird, and at the same time
harmless to the uninjured.
TTs Ktataunofttf CW tn Aim
Mieved important to nractice a 95 feet away or 63 feet between
station. It Is further ascertained m.. Za v systematic rotation of croDs in- tn ,ast lw. irrigating mrrows. , . difference in the
- -v i vivici a iiu uuLauinn. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 w ni iit . . x. i
fronCHhese investigations thaU manurJn(, and crocmne to rnrn eluding the use of legumes, with Ye ttie 8011 naa taken tms water CQst operation between a gravity
there are approximately a half 1 Against this rotation alfalfa has tne application of barnyard ma- ana maae tne wnoie iiewi oi a-and a iOCal pumping system.
That Roof
Should Have
Attention at
Once
We can supply you with
Cedar Shingles or MaJ
thoid Roofing in three
weights.
When you build that new
house be sure and get our
prices.
Everything in building
material
SPAULDING
LOGGING CO.
i.
t .
1 .
( i
1
- 4.
r 't
million acres 20 per cent 'of the
entire area ot th valley exclusive
of forests of free-working soils
of the valley in which irrigation
may be made to increase crop
yield from 50 tK75 per cent. On
some sandy river bottom, lands of
the valley the increase amounts to
100 per cent or more.
" , A meeting of valley farmers fn-
terested in irrigation development
was held at the college Saturday,
1 Uo I . .. " ! . 1 CT. onili
. : . . . I n 11 TO Irtr tha nurnm. nT K,,ITP(n . I IIIUKl NJUiU ill UC auiuc ou'u
ween grown , continuously since uu.,uu6 . , . .
ink One-tenth acre of each UD an up the water ca- need watering ey few .J
plant has been: dry farmed or crop- Dacy and; available fertility of n inkAes; this SaAbamv soil
l.i . .... th on ti, does not. It reduces the irnga-
pea unaer tne. natural rainiau i "w iiu o icuiu-i- , - , th t
1, ... I tA nnH i!T- orv,, r ..m I tion labor to a merely nominal
r"irln and of course reduces the land when it is needed; supplying
and 'use to the land.
The Important Fact
This, however. Is a mere detail
of expediency. The central face
getting water to the
been given light, medium
heavy irrigations. t . I As a result of this practice the
The amount that has given the supply of organic matter in these
maximum net profit a. year as a Plats has been Increased byone
1 2-year average, . with, meadows half to 1 per cent. By practicing
ranges from S to 13 incnes,- an av these methods. It appears practi-
September 9, to study the present 1 erage of about S inches an acre! cable to save one-third to one-
.A . - 1 M. X- . an- . . I I. 1 1L. M, .
Status and OUUOOk tor irrigation, I ior iue seasoa. i ne cuitivatea i uu me irrigation water otner
cost of watering to almost noth
ing
Some Doubters left
There are men in the Santiam
country wiio, looking out over
their barren fields, still say "irri
gation won't pay? Don't we get
enough water here? I'll tell you
the efficiency during the growing
season, from the mountain waters
that fall 'during the non-usable
part of the year. It is a cala
mity that these two local projects,
that could have been of such ines-
timable value during this past
disastrous season, were In litiga
tion, and that they watered only
a score of acres where they should
have watered 25,000. Some of
the Santiam
i Unit, as it is known, is not held.
Eyesight Specialists
MORRIS OPTICAL CO.
301-5 Oregon Bldg.
alem, Oregon
A call today may save
needless pain and suffer-
ing in the future.
I r
.
r i
..'.mna is .f.iAn irHniinn IcroDa have rannlrari from a n G I wise needed. nniJ tri-oativ nioa I what's the matter " and they
AUU OMlUlUlf W I ' w w i u,aii Qi-f fa
nlAt. snrl ivafam a! farmtnv miiflA mClieS &11 ftCre A neAKOn. tlrODS I tUQ Tlelda And net nrnfita ThU "l ittiuuttuo, u. mMav
iaM mrsA wiia Kv I of DotatoeR haye done hAnt -where lift erwviallv imnnrtjint in thA wAol foreign competition, or enxnen i
iv iuuvuv nuuk ivttM i ------- ' , i.v. ijitJ uuutjr urujeci.
experimental application ot water. I LU1 is aypuea .m iwo urigauons i rigauon oi ratner Heavy soils in uueD ;7
A number of these farmers are h jWhu.hi ua vauey. irngauon nas given """"f , r"7,T:r " fa the courts, though it is unfor-
now practicing irrigaUon with sue- oJ Is calculated at 41 : an aere higher efficiency where, applied sand kinds and their own fields tunat,y Unked witfe tbQ b,gger
cess or planning to install irriga- ww iu oisui-ummw just at tne right moisture point; u"" - v; " project in a financial kinship
tion iystem as' shpu, as possible. W'??ei or when the soil has dried to the fck JhelJJ; ' that has held it back. But it has
Some of thentjikflr skare taking Li! eonditlonjnee.it, as in- Ston '"JXZ'Z recently passed Into the control
oat individual wate rights frof f v aicaaoy sou mowtur tests. ""v "v7; "",7 Zi of J. T. Sullivan, a pioneer Ore-
irrigaaon.-- .W: -.l" t?'? bought point for clwer ha. fn-but if they would only Qr wh; haJ done 80me
Increased Interest in irrigation mL"" 1 !!" L" l0.be.more for LL wTw bter -did development work in the
uogue Kiver. country, ana whose
knowledge and standing on irri
gation matters promises to bring
the matter through. Mr. Sullivan
is now offering water to the land
owners of this upper Santiam
unit of 6940 acres, at $50 an
acre and expects to have the con
tracts completed and water deliv
ered for the season of 1323.
If every acre of the 6,940 acres
under this project were to produce
like the Bowne logans, a little
more than J300 an acre, it would
mean $2,000,000 worth of crops
a year in that one little spot!
This is too mucn to expect, per-
260 North High Street
Phcsel995
Boost This Community by Adver
tising on the Pep and Progress
x x Pages ). I ! '
Statesman
Classified
:Ads.
Cost Little
But
Pay Big
HOTELMARION
SALEM, OREGON
Tke Largest and Most
Complete Hostelry In Ore
gon Out of Portland
GJt Fnrmaoe for
I your honte
U Boy the Ore
SJ gon Made.
W. W. ROSEBRAUGH
CO.
Foundry and Machine Shop
17th and Oak Sts., Salem. Or.
Phone 881
Dodge Brothers
sedaii -
Bonesteele
lloiorCo:
1148 3. Coml St, Phone 48S
Big crowds will gather round about
To see flames take your noma.
But when your loss Is figured oat
You stand It all alone.
The Journal of Commerce statistics
show the following fire losses In Am
erica for July mt. $10,189.1001 for
July. 120. 9Zs.1ss.bZK.
Build of Hollow Tils and help pre
vent this waste.
SALEM BRICK & TILE CO.
Brick building tile, drawn tfls ,
Phono 917 Salem, bra.
increasea iptwwja .rngaou an acre more beans.i-A summary poutoes in the course of these chi dren would
has beea shown In the valley due of these' studies is elven in the p T; . -0tt' : ! rinthP and have
to the tiidfld Att weather this . i , v, B1Ten p me experiments. The best retutns clothes and nave
Lii:! fojlowlng table., v ? ; ,f p have'heeni secured where water books and have
' V e w
-. . TLZ M -i -m M
o n a
0 y) is u ! 0) t- w o
a t: n H h
N
... - k
Q T w m ei o o
to
season, . with l the result that . the
foramtlou of irrigation ) districts
in two or three counties la being
' contemplated and the namber of
water filings by flttdvlduala . has
' ' beeu Inereaaedl'il.il f ?!'" i
, big agrtcuUuraYufiding where
W. U Powers, thief in soils, ex
i plained the work of his depart-
meut and showed the men through
the soils laboratories where soil
analysis work is done for the
farmers of the 4staev-; Professor
Powers told of the model pump-
r Ing plant and ' demonstrated how
the water is applied to the experi-
mental Ileld. ; f! ,
" The four-Inch centrifugal pump
ts of the' general type advocated
for use by valley Janners If it is
necessary to, lift the water. This
type of pump is supposed to pump
r a cubic foot of water a second,
wukh will cover an acre ot
' ground one Inch deep in an h6ur.
, . Irrigation in the valley should
'be simply a1 supplemental propo-
tiou ' Professor Powers brought
ouf." Water must be used care
' .fully In order to obtain the most
profit. Application of manure
and practice of crop rotation I i-omon. nf th
y make it possible to get along with M most nH m district; R. B.
' 60 si s r 0 t& 9 ty w
' o o o o oo 0 CO CO
-O J5 v-
rH
. O
Q
I
to
o u
o o
a, u u n s W
more and better
homes of com-
was applied when ths soa reached fort, and the fanners themselves
the drought point and In. suffic- woia 800n De wpd
icnt amount to raise the moisture haPPy instead of as now. Pros-
rnnf Ant . fn lha Afpnua rtrklnt an1 I perity is good morals; poverty, at
.. Jw ki. j I ipast lenorant. willful Doverty, is
wj Buyi usauit; iuuui,ire uunui, -
?riiir:iai- immoral in the highest degree
ways sufficient moisture in -the 1 Marion county might be the most
i n v. , j. I moral county in the world With
BUU3U11 Ul liivoQ uviLi J 2cbUU4, ' ,
but the surface soil becomes dry Irrigation!
in late summer and capillarity is Tom of Beans
intorrimtftH an niant fonri an. When the Salem King's Prod
parently goes out of solution in company contracted last
i r..vAr a little mnniamatt. I snrinsr for 300 acres of string
tjii irriaHon rfi-estahiiahM canii. beans, here is what happened
i rvomonf r.mrto mnf.tnro DianT of the beans never had a
for bacterial a'ctivitv and libera- UroP of rain frbm the day of haps; and yet many a crop would
Hon f nlant fond, and affords planting until the rain came m beat this record to death. It
sclution and conveyance into the August. The yield has been so would take 20, or 50, crops like
niant. Trovidinp- thia tuoisture Hght that sonii fields hafe not those on much of this ground
rtnrit,. tho. w crrnwfn weather been picked. But a two-acre this year, to make as much moiu
has made it possible to produce eW of Kentucky Wonder feeans ey, or even as much total yield,
Hrr matter at a lower reauire- Uly a stone's throw from the as the Bowne irrigation lands.
ment per pound than has been
realized with the dry-farmed
plats.
Some valley farmers who have
made successful use of Irrigation
for 10 years or more and still
continue it are the following:
Zlna Wood, Judge George Bagley
and Hutlmen brothers, intensive
dairy farmers of the Hillsboro
OREGON PULR '& PAPER CO.
SALEM, OREGON
Manufacturera of ""''-" -
High Grade Wrapping Papers aai
Paper Specialties
A. C. Bohrnstedt
Realtor
Life, Fire, Health Acci
dent, Anto and Indemnity
Insurance. Bonds and
Mortgages, City Building
Loans
40T Masonic Bldg.. Salem. Or.
FAIRMOUNT
DAIRY
Perfectly Pasteurized
MILK AND CREAM
Phone 725
"Where The
Crowds Always
1 - ... -!..,. i "
Shop"
I i
if1- -
i i , t
THE
PEOPLE'S
CASH STORE
SALEII, OREGON
less water. A farmer should irri
gate according to the water ca-
an acre, as an average or ail sea
sons, has been 5 1-3 Inches per
r 9 paclty of the soil, this specialist toQ alfalfa and 3 incnea 100
Chase & Son,
greenhouse and outdoor vegetable
crowing. Eugene; Frank Huson,
intensive trucking, North Albany;
p-otnted out. The plant food buahelg potatoea ThIa repres6nU Cummings ranch, trucking, Can
tion should be kept up. If there
is a well balanced plant food solu- water
the crop producing power of
by.
tion, lf cuts down on the amount
of : water needed.
Rotation - of crops - costs little
and la very profitable on all the
soils of the valley! the visitors
Some particularly promising
In the early years ot this ex- districts for immediate irrigation contractors; it may indeed pa
Stayton cannery,. belonging to
A. Newmeyer, under the Wil
lamette Valley Irrigation com
pany ditch, has already, produced
and sold 8360 pounds of irrigated
beans, and the crop wasn't half
finished when these figures were
given. That would be at the rate
of more than four tons to tne
acre. And the irrigation was not
well done; the fields were fiooa-
V.ir a f lanA n rrpnt that 81-
cu " . II.. 1 I- I r- .
most tore up the plants by the mas 10 rUmiSn hOOd
roots, instead of gently soaks Nearly Three Other Fami-
ruT.f;TUaacreIwm lies Besides His Own
probably pay as much profit as
any other 25 acres of the King's
or the Newmeyer beans-
Let's irrigate!
THE FllfS JOB
IS A GROWING 01
OUR TREES
Carefully Grown
Carefully Selected
Carefully Packed
tWill Give Satisfaction to the
j - Planter .
SALEM NURSERY i
COMPANY
428 Oregon Building
I Phone 176S ;
Aaaiuonai salesmen wameu
.HARDWARE
I ANDrimwnjRE ca
SS20 N. Commercial Street
Phone 1050 1
"SIBLOCO" .
Pipeless Furnaces
$79.60
And Up :
Send Tor circular , v
SILVERTON BLOW
pipeco;
BILVERTON, OREGON
H. B. SEAGROE, 198 S.
v 12th St, locral agrent.
All work fully guaranteed
periment Irrigrated legume sod
land was plowed up and cropped
to potatoes. And there was a sur-
Drisine increase in yield. With
were told. It permits increasing , rf Uon ther0 naa Deea more
root growth as well as top growth
and. this resulted in better condi
tions of available moisture and
the humus and nitrogen supply
by the turning - under of clover
sod and other crop residues. As
fc a seven-year average, rotation on
the Oregon Agricultural College
Experiment station farm has giv-
9 en'an average net profit of $8.32
with rainfall farming and $14.09
with Irrigation farming above the
profit from ' continuous cropping.
In 1907 the federal office of Ir- tQ become consoiidated.
. rigauoq investigations Began
some iirigation testi at
and other po!nt3, to determine the
value of irrigation water
plement to . the limited summer
rainfall and of irrigating as a
means oit; increasing production
and profits particularly with
more intensive agriculture that
was beginning to take the place of
grain growing. Inareases In yields
of corn, potatoes, mangels and
clover with gTalru ranging from
27 to 186 per cent were secured,
development are listed by Profes-
j.w Powers as follows:
Several thousand acres of nice
free working soil in the first and
second bottoms along the Wil
lamette north of Eugene can be
more
Kecent statistics sent out by
! the census authorities show that
actual profit than tneir
whole planting, for many acres tne rarm population of the United
hive been a dead loss. Irriga- States Is only 31,614.269, a little
tion naid G. A. Newmeyer! ; I less than 30 per cent of the total
19 Easy to Learn This includes farm operators and
Hundreds of acres of ground farm laborers and their families,
Irritated, and will be suitable for in the valley have been watered whH live in the country, and
small fruit, truck and very in- this, year by pumping. Most of J shows an average of about five
fertility for each succeeding le- tensive forms of agriculture when the fields received the water too persons to each farm. About half
gume crop. It has also been no- reclaimed and improved. There iate; the crops were stunted be- the people in the nation are
ticed that with a rank feeding are also other acres of free land fore the pumps were bought and classified as rural that is, they
crop like kale or corn, there is ner the Santiam river in Marion started. The results ot the live in the, country or in towns
a tendency for the soil to be de-J county and along Dairy creek injpumping have not been uniform-J having fewer than 25.000 inhabi
pleted of its organic material and j Washington county; also some hy successful, from a monetary tants, but only 61 per cent of the
for Irrigation water to cause land lands of less sandy texture but standpoint: mostly,; however, be-
suttable for intensive crops with I cause the pumping was not start
rtn ainnnt nf thnao things, a I .... 1 1 I rr ! tra t i nn Perhans I a A 4n tlma fnr n fair trial. In
.... , , . , I WM w w ' u . . . . . . ' I
some aingauon iesi ai ITa"lb Uecondarjr experiment was plan-1 the largest field for development Ume cases the Irrigation was
ana otner points, to ceiermme me ied ln 1914 to te8t the value of here Is in connection with the done on the theory that If a lit-
, : ll .; i rotation, irrigation and manure as nge 0f 8mall individual pumping tie water is good, a lot is better;
affecting the water requirement, Iniants.. and it is possible by prop- and the plants were fairly drown
vicAA ati1 nrnfit TTnnrtPPn nlatj? I i..lmllnn tn rlnnhlA thft Vleld I aA Inatoail nf 1nt watered. A
of gray-brown clay loam soil were 0f about onersixth of the soils in fair knowledge of plant habits
employed In this experiment, one- the valley, being the naturally and of the duty of water is as
half of which has been irrigated drained free working soil areas essential for the farmer as know
each Beason, the other half being that are not too heavy on the ing how to harness a horse or
dry-farmed'. Two plats were used cne hand or too sieve-like on the milk'a cow or come in for lunch,
for beans grown continuously, one other. The enterprise is delayed But it would be so easy to learn,
without and the other with irriga- partly due to lack of knowledge if one would but try!
- indicating -that supplementary non' ana 01 ine lW81ve remaining 0f the walue or irrigation or skhi 'Drainage ana irrigawin f
Irrigation,-wisely used with most Plats, four each season are in n jts use. However, there are Some land owners have said,
. late season crops, would prove four In white beans, and here opportunities for irrigation ""If you'd talk drainage, we'd be
profitable on the naturally dfaln- four In clover. The clover fol- farming in a region where there for it." Drainage is indeed im-
ed free working soils of the valley Iowa the grain in , the rotation fs a onr growing season with portant, and in some of the low,
s accessible to water. andr the beans have the favored pood transportation facilities at sluggish parts of the Willamette
In 1910 the experiments were Place on the clover sod land. One- fMnat and a healthful settled - valley It might be the first con-v-
extended to Include soil moisture half of each crop is irrigated and tion free from hardships of plo- sideration. But where the ground
investigations and water variation one side or two of the four plats nearinr in a raw. arid section. dries up Into a glaring desert
tor i Peerless Bakery
Makers of
Peerless Bread
jTry Our Donghnuts
jj T0 North Commercial St,
USE
BUTTERCUP
BUTTER
Capital City
Cooperative Creamery
137 S. Coml St. Phone 299
Our Idea: Our Method:
The Best Only Co-operation
'rurals" are actually engaged in
farming. Thus 39 per cent of the
rural population and the entire
c-ty population most be fed by
the men engaged in agriculture.
It gives the farmer a big job.
Only a few years ago each far
mer had to provision his own fam
ily and one other family now
he must furnish food for nearly
three other families besides his !
own. Hi occupation should not
fail. Farm L4fe.
TE CANNIBAL CHICK
Every once in awhile we hear j
of chicks picking a wounded spec
imen to death, which soon finds
expression in picking the toes of
each other; all of which is bad.
A remedy said to be efficacious
is to purchase a bottle of pine tar
at the drug store and apply it to
Webb & Clough
Co.
Leading Funeral
Directors
Expert Embalmer
Cor, Court and High 8ta
Phone 120
DRAGER FRUIT CO.
Dried Fruit Packers
221 S. High St Salem, Or,
Always in the marketfor
dried fruits of all lands
THE
BOY SCOUTS
deserve the support of
everyone who wishes
to inculcate high prin
elples of manhood into
the youth of our land,
This space paid for hy
Thielsen & Rahn '
THE CAPITAL
BARGAIN HOUSE
Buys and Sells Anything
Associated with
CAPITAL JUNK
COMPANY
111 Center 81
Phorolls
W. T. Rigdon &
Son
Progressive
Funeral Directors
SALEM
"1
Silverton
Foundry Co.
Iron , and Brass Castings
SawmlH and "Logging Re
pairs, nop and Fruit
Stoves, Castings of all
kinds
SILVERTON. OREGON
Paoue Qrees 111 -
. ... . ... .... .
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