THE OKEGON STATESMAN, SALEM, OREGON l Issued Dailr Except Monday by THE STATESMAN PUBLISHING COMPANY 215 8. CommercUl St., Salem, Oregon jj (Portland Office. 27 Board of Trad Buudlaf. Phow Automatic , . . .. 511-13 j MEMBER OF THE ASSOCIATED PRESS ' The Associated Press la exclusively entitled to the use for publi eatloa of all news diapatchea credited to It or not otherwise credited la this paper and also the local news pubUshed herein. It. J. Hendricks Stephen A. Stone . . . Ralph Glorer ...... frank Jaskoskl . . . . ...i Manager ; . . . .Managing Editor ....Casnier .Manager Job Dept. , .... ... . ' TELEPHONES: , Business Office, 111 Circulation Department, 51 1 - Job' Department. 681 I Society Editor, 101 Catered at the Postofflce in Salem, Oregon, as second class matter THE POULTRY INDUSTRY OR SALEM DISTRICT There is a lot of information carried in the Pep and Pro gress pages of The Statesman of this moping that is calcu lated to stimulate the long over due poultry boom here. ; r This district has many poultry raisers, and some of them are carrying on with quite extensive and ambitious plans; but there are not enough of them;!not enough large poultry - plan te, and not enough poultry raised on the farms and fruit ranches and around the suburban homes ' Not enough, considering the advantages offered here. "" You will find EL O. Newport, proprietor of the Pacific Hatchery at Tangent, saying in his Illuminating article that ihe government stitistics show that the! Oregon farm hen averages 180 eggs a year; the Eastern hen 120 eggs five dozen3 a year in favor of the Oregon hen. x It is well known among well informed poultry men that Salem district ten pen hens have twice taken the world's rec ord in bying contests, and that the .same kind of a pen is headed for the ?5000 first prize now in the London Diily Mail world contest in England; the Oregon pen leading all the rest, from all over the wide world;., ! " " You will find Mr. Newport giving the figures of $246 clear profit from the sales of eggs from 180 pullets belong ing to him, in October, November and December of last year. - You will find that Harry Miller of Newberg started in eight years ago in debt $100 at the bank,! on a $50 a month 'salary a3 a grocery clerk, when he was 21 years old, and that he has built up the Miller Poultry Farm in that time till he is doing a business of $100,000 this year, land that he has cleared $35,000 in the eight years, and has one of the moslf complete and up .to date plants in the entire Northwest. , , Is that not enough to give any ambitious man the "chick en fever?- ' ,;, - , ' i , "Of course, the, poultry business . does, not abrogate any of the laws of nature; it does' not reward indolence, neglect, or stupidity; any more than any other businesses da!', says Mr. Newport in his letter, but he adds that "it pays profits Jn proportion to the , punch' of j practicality you put into it." He says no one wins at it unless he puts the "try" in poul try; and he-advises that you put out a try " this fall, and he tellj you how. :, V , . - ' ' ' , There is no reason why. Salem should hot become the -Petaluma of Oregorii. There is every reasbm whyifr shonjd. i We have natural -advantages that would inake the nah- 4t a saw ' s " V"? '1' t '"- T . !' s. i - '- - . THURSDAY MORNING. JULY27.To22 I M" MeMeaMaMSeMaMaejaejaMaMaeMejeMeMWilMsM,1W11 " ' . . . t ; , I THE MILK GOAT ? INDUSTRY A COMER . "They are selling goatsf milk at a quarter a drink over the temperance bars in sozne of the eastern citie3. There must be an idea that a butt can take the place of a kick." Los Angeles Times. Joking aside, there is a real reason for the favor all over the country in which goat milk is coming to be held. It is no joke on the baby deprived of its mother's milk and with a stomach that cannot stand cow's milk that is acid in it3 re action For that baby is condemned to die It will 3urely die, unless it is furnished with goat milk, that is alkaline in its reaction, like mother's milk. It is only a recent discovery that a fixed percentage of babies born into this world have stomachs like that. They-will live if they can have mother's milk, or if they can have goat mUk. They will die without the one or the other. So the milk goat boom that' is coming all over the United States is no fad. It is an industry. The lives of several Sa lem babies have been saved with goat milk. The Statesman of two week3 ago today had a lot of in formation concerning the milk goat industry, and it is noth ing short of wonderful, the interest that has been awakened in this section. The Pep and Progress editor pointed out that Salem -might become the ; Roquefort of Oregon; that the making of Roquefort cheese here from the milk of goats might be carried forward on an enormous scale, with great profit keeping millions of dollars at home eventually dol lars that go annually now to foreign countries. Already, there are several people, and groups of people, in both Mar ion and Polk counties, casting about to confirm the facts set forth by The Statesman. They will find that they are true that Roquefort cheese may be made here at less cost than ordinary cream cheese, and that it may be sold at three times the price of the" ordinary cheese. So you need not be sur prised at the developing of a great milk goat boom here, and the setting on foot of an immense and enormously profitable new industry. The farmers of Canada have sent out a call for 60,000 harvesters to help handle the largest grain crop in the past seven years. r The United States census, 1920, gives 19,767,161 horses on farms of the country, and 5,432,391 mules. How does this compare with the 1910 census? It shows an increase in horees of 546,823, and in mules of 1,331,879. I BITS FOR BREAKFAST i the5 same energy men who-started & r: If some man or combination would "put 'behind the poultry industry: here2 that the the prune industry here put behind that, Salem would soon be far along the way towards becoming the Petaluma of Ore gon, with all : the .tremendous - benefits such 'a distinction wrould confer. ' , - This district,, -with its growing fruit arid nut industries .and its wonderful dairy and other industries, 1 is ripe and ready for a poultry boom. V j In whatever way The Statesman can help in this, the help ..will be freely given, with the conviction that wonderful ad vantages would thus be gained for all of our people. Now is the time for men of vision to get into the poultry, industry there, with large and modem plantsand also in a small way. Promote the poultry industry. There is no greater need In the Salem district than a great de velopment of the poultry industry. t Poultry should go with ',. four story, farming here; with tree fruits and nuts, bush fruits and honey bees. And it should go with dairying and live stock rais ing, and general farming, ; And it will go alone, with large com mercial poultry plants. V V Loganberries will be coming to the Salem market part if not all of next .week. It fs wonderful how the berries are holding out In the dry season. Trune prpspects continue Ifjoodi The drop not ag"great as" ex pected.lso "far. ' , The poultry industry is going to be well protected nnder the new tariff act. Senator Capper of Kansas, head of the farm bloc in that branch of congress, will look out for that. The house rate on eggs in the shell was 6 cents a dozen; the senate has raised this to, 8 cents. Frozen or prepared eggs, house rate 4 cents a pound; senate raised this to, 6 cents. Dried eggs,, house rate 15 cents; senate raised It to 18 cents, h is a pity Kansas does not raise cherries and prunes. Senator Capper would look out for our growers while protecting his own W In a letter to a Salem friend Bax Wagner. United States Sena tor Charles L. McNary says the farmers around Washington are complaining of too much rain They are having a very wet sea son. On the day the letter was written, July 18, Senator McNary said' Washington was visited by a .tremendous thunder shower He knows it is dry in the Salem district, for he is interested in farming and fruit and nut grow. ing operations here. ' Henry Clews, the Wall street authority, in his current weekly financial letter, aysrmonrbftaer hKfSf&ftune to ! receive things; "Despite the- rallroaoi and mining troubles, generafbujj taess continues to maintain iu stability in an annsaal degree. General business indications for the past week have been 'gener ally very favorable. Notable in this connection has been the Im provement in the leather situa tion and the good absorptive pow er of the copper market, notwith standing a production which is now In excess of any since the opening of 1919. In other branch es of business conditions continue goed. certainly so: far as strike obstacles permit. 1 Coupled with the reduction of unemployment to the vanishing point, tnis ac tivity of manufacturing naturally means steady and well sustained demand for goods, at retail and wholesale, as is demonstrated by current indexes on that subject." The same authority reports some issues of Liberty bonds selling at 101 to 102. That is $1 to J2 above par. INCOME TAX IS OPPOSED Burden of People Would Be Much Increased Is Negative Agrument STAYTON NEWS r FUTURE DATES July 27, Tharsday Atfwriraa Legion eonrentioa begins at Th Dmlles. July 2 and 29. Friday and Saturday -aIlas Round-ap. July 29, Satorday Ifarioa eovaty Sunday school picnie at fair grounds. August 1 to 18 Boy Scouta' Summer camp on the Santiam riTer. ' September 2, 3 and 4 i Lakeriew Round-ap, Lakeview, Or. . September 18, Wednesday Oregon Methodist conference meets in Salem September 21, 22 and"? a Pendleton round-up. September 25 to SO Utclusiva Oregon Stato .fair. NoTember 7, Tueaday General election. SOTOOl TODY Kroxxi TOcom FLAT WOUC Copyright, 1922, Associated Editors The Biggest Little Paper In the World Edited by John H. Millar i YARNS OF THE BIG WOODS BY , ART CHILDS tl jwirv't'i'j V it- 9 The Cainnk, or FJutefBill (Up uv, the treat lonesome troods of -the north the "old guides lia-re lnrtnted .many yarns to ex plain to the tender! eet from the Titles the strange ' tracks,., the keird noises, and all , the other new experiences of the great out floors. ' Mr. Chllds was formerly A pa me varden In Ue' woods of Northern Wisconsin. ...Tbe stories rblch he- tells here are etof.es he, collected from the old guides Ihemselves. Twelve will be. pub Bhed. .The'one below "Is the sec- ' find.) , . r ";r,". greenhorn"" to .lis feet with a startled cry., ( f It is then.' as they sit about the campfire, that the old guides Hke to spring the'" yarns " that halve been handed down by generations of their predecessors. ; "What is I that." explains a tenderfoot hoarsely, las pne 5of the many stratige bounds of the night strikes his ear. ' "It sounds like some one vhistling. Away 6ft In the'distanceiM- 1 Why; lhat.r explain the twlnk Hng-eyed old timer, "must be the gaznnk. or flute-bill bird. When t When night steals over the Bis I the gaiunk wag a young bird, he went" to sleep In tree; and 1 a woodpeckerJ by mistake, drilled some; holes j In his long bill. " Of course it made him sore. i,Jt' al most tickled him to death. . So now. lie goes prpupd playing lite TTnivIl (k. orr f m nntwllnr klrit f cunds like a ghostly wail, "and the cracking of a small twig re cembles sharp report of a revol ; Ver. " The brush of " a fluttering iVsf across la cbeek, brings the that all night. Listen! Just strain your ears a bit. Yep, sure enough, that's the gazunk." THE SHORT STORY, JR. IN HER MORNING GLORY "Alma, I. wish you wouldn't go around in- the house in the morn ing looking like that," complained Mrs. Willis. "It wouldn't be much bother for you to dress neatly before coming down to breakfast" ' "She's a morning glory," snickered Alma's brother, Johnny. Alma glared at him and went on calmly eating her breakfast in her torn and dirty apron, worn slippers, and hair in paper curl ers. She didn t see any use in cleaning up in the morning. She could help with the housework that way. Then she would get cleaned up about noon and be fresh and nice for the afternoon. After breakfast Johnny and his father went down - town. Mrs. Willis went over to i neighbor's to get a recipe for a new kind of preserve, leaving, -Alma top wash the dishes. " - y -, i : She had just finished when she heard ' the -front door bell trlng There was no one else to go to he door, She slipped Jnto the ffont room and peeked out onto the porch. It was no one but the mailman, who always rang when he brought the mail. She waited until he was out of sight, then went out on the porch for the mail. As she turned to go back Into the house, a cold chill ran down her spine. She had close the door behind her and the nlrht lock had clicked shut. -She hur ried around to the back door, but the screen door was fastened on the inside. In despair, she tried all the windows, but the screens were in tight. At last she was relieved to find a screen in one of the cellar windows which seemed loose. She shoved up at it until It came out. Then she got down, to crawl through. "Can I be of any help?" asked some one, and Alma looked up. There stood one of her brother's chums and another boy, a, strang er. They looked at Alma and Alma stared back at them speech less in all her "morning glory Picture Puzzle STA1TOX. Or. July 20. Charles E. Brown and family jtft Tues.'..y for their annual outing at th 5 sea shorn s Mr Brown has a neat cottage on Nye creek where they expect to stay for a couple of weeks, j Jack Richards a.M wife left Monday for Cascadit where they are io spend a n c-.Ur's outing in camp. They werii accompanied by a nephew of M s. Richards and hip wife from Salem. C. A. Beauchaiuj and Mrs. Beaucbamp are envying- a week's outing at the .Ciaadia mineral springs. Paul Qlikely uf Vlos Angeles is assistinj at the store during their abeenco. W. F. Klecker, one of Stay ton's leading mcrch-iiK.t left this moraine for the; Rreitenbush hot springs where h;e will rusticate for a few weeksj Bert Harrington, superintend ent of the Santiam Woolen nvlls. drove to Portland and returned Tuesday on a brjef business trip. Alva Smith and family . weut to Pacific City.; Friday where they are camped for the sen son. Mrs. Charles ;Clow and son Frank of Orentio, Or., visited friends here for 'several days this week. They left for Milly City on ticlay's stages. E. D. Phillip! and family, H. J. M.irkins, wife and children and Mrs. C. F.i Loose spent the week-end at Cascadia. The woolen mill force was laid of Friday by this stripping of the cgij 'tn the water wheel which keeps the machinery in motion. Repairs were speedily made and work was resumed Saturday morning. j J;; While at work in one of the loggiAg camps iu the Santiam dls trlct, Stanley IPerser had the a badly sprained antie and is . going about on cratches as a 'result.? George Walter met with painful accident at the woolen mill Saturday fwhen his right arm was caught in the cogs of one of the machines, lacerating the forearm quite badly. He wiill be laid off duty some time. John Diedrich, wife and daugh ter, Margaret, -left last Sunday for their home in St. Paul. Minn after a six weeks' visit at the Peter Diedrich home. Peter Diedrich and family accompanied them as far as Portland, taking the visitors out over the scenic Colucihia Rivet highway Joha A. Smith, a prominent land owner Qf the Aumsville fanning community was a Stay- ton visitor one; day last week Fire completely destroyed the cheese factory i of Matt Mueller three miles east of Scip Monday morning. Mr. "Mueller is a Stay ton man and has been oper(1tir.n the tactory but a few n.onths The loss to Mr. Mueller "will be great as he had $100 -joith of cheese on hand besidei. other stock. A god suit of clothed and SiOu in cash was burned. - He carried, jsome insurance. Frank Kaylor of Sa'cm, a form er resident of this ne-ghborhood was r business vis'to? here Tuesday. J. M. Ringo,r wife and baby were here Tuesday from Lebanon where Mr. Ringo is associated with the Lebanon bank. Ei Blakely, with hi 3 v.ite and Utile ton, left Saturday .'or the;r home in Cottag-e Gro v st.er week's visit at the home cl his father, Frank Blakely. Mrs. Edna Sloper . at home zaaSvi after a two weeks' viit in salem. Mir. Lena Batty. V:ilady in t'n Sjlem Variety st n was in Stayton Tuesday for a short vis it. f Lester Smith and 'J"' iy are here lieitfng at! the home of his Darents. Mr. and Mrs. lenry :raiiu. The wind blew patt of " these letters away . Put ihem vri place and TnaVe a word square B<. E t 1 1 r T Awn VwMji5octn, Fnu I NEW CORPORATIONS A ; Artirlp of incorporation were nird yesterday i by the Pacific Coast Timber associates of Port land, capitalize dat 1100,000. The incorporators are A. E. Johnson w . C. Taw and E. M. Bell. Other articles filed wene: Comstock Luhiber company Portland; incorporators. Mat Putio. J. H. Middleton. M. H Clark; capitalization. $10,000. Puritan Health Food company Portland! inrorDorators. A. W. Willamette. Jones. C D phristensen; capitalization, 11 Classified: Ads. in The Statesman Pnng hcsuiis The graduated Income tax bill initiated by the State Grange would create a ta. in Oregon greater than of any other state, declares an argument that has been filed against the bill by a group of Portland organizations. These organizations are: The Portland Press club, Portland As sociation of Credit e.Mn, Portland Chamber 6f Commerce, Associat ed Retail Credit Men of Portland, Progressive Business Men's club. Kiwanis club, Oregon Technical council, and the East Side Bus! ness Men's club. Called Class Legislation The measure is unsound class legislation which would place the burden of taxes on business en terprises," says the argument. Pay rolls would be driven from the state if it were adopt ed. "It would deprive Oregon of new capital new industry and new energy. . "The normal growth of the state would be retarded, it not permanently stopped. Would Not Meet Hard Times "It would provide a means of raising a needlessly largo amount of tax money when times are good and fail to raise a sufficient amount when times are bad. "It would create lobs for hun dreds of state employes. Its en forcement would be tremendous. "It would make public record of private income and expendi tures of every citizen. "It would drive capital into tax free bonds. System Already Tried 'It would establish, even more drastically, the very system which the federal government has found onerous and impractical. It demands payment of taxes arbitrarily assessed without re course until after the tax is paid. 'A mild .sensible income tax would not be objectionable, but one which goes to the extreme of this measure defeats Its own pur pose by striking a blow at indus try. "No other state in the union has a tax as great as this would impose. Development Endangered 'The development of our na tural resources has been slower in Oregon than in our sister states and it would be unwise t J put 'iucb? air ansurmountable ob stacle as this measure in the path of our natural progress. "This measure is entirely too extreme "to receive serious consid eration as a part of our taxing system. "We recommend a careful read ing of this drastic measure by ev ery voter so that its deleterious effects on the welfare of our state may be comprehended." Rate Bill Opposed The same group of organiza tions has filed a negative urgu tnent on the so-called interest rate amendment which would reduce the legal rate of interest to 6 per cent, declaring that it would cause the farmer and the home owner particularly to suffer. "This measure would inhibit loans on many classes of secur ity," this argument avers. "Thousands of mortgages on homes would be foreclosed at ma turity because of property own ers inability to procure new loans at the legal rate allowed. Money Sensitive Commodity "The law of supply and demand controls the value of money the same as of other commodities, with this difference; that money is the most sensitive commodity with which the business world has to deal. "Imagine the effect of legisla tion which established a low max- imum price on clothing, potatoes or automobiles. These article w-ould disappear from our mark ets and be sold in other states. The same effect in regard to money would follow the adoption of this amendment. It would drive money from the state. Farmers Would Suffer "The home owner and the farm er would- particularly suffers In stead of helping the class of peo ple who need help most, ft irould simply r make It impossible for them to borrow money J It would especially militate against the cattle, sheep, wool and grain men. Loans on tne ciass oi security they have to offer are ad vanced by refinancing Institu tions which cannot operate on less thana 2 per cent margin. These companies resell these loans on the open market at rates which fluctuate according to prevailing rates on other classes of loans. astrra Conditions CHcd -"With a 7 per cent limit to tbe borrower, these cattle and sbeep loan companies could only loan when the eastern rates were as low as 5 per cent, which Is sel dom the case. With this amend ment in force, no funds would be available for financing the great er portion of our large crop movements or for the cattle or sheep men. " ) "The measure would not ef feet the banker, at whom it is aimed, because bankers could and would purchase high class Invest ments elsewhere than in Oregon, on which Interest returns to them would be the same as now; Capital Much Needed "We certainly cannot afford 'to stifle our basicx industries by the adoption of the interest limitation amendment. "We are in great need ; at all times of capital from outside. sources. We would be unable to procure millions of dollars of such capital if we adopt the interest limitation amendment." T SILVERTON NEWS SILVERTON, Or., July; 26. (Special to The Statesman. Miss Clara Holman is lllwitn 'toa solitls. ' ' ' ' Mr. and Mrs. Simon Benson of Portland spent the weekend at Silverton as guests of Mr. Ben son's nephew and niece, Carl Benson, of the Benson Pheasant farm, and Miss Nettie Benson. Mr. and Mrs. S. Benson were on their way to California. j Mrs. Walter Larson entertain ed a few friends at her home east of Silverton Wednesday after noon. t . Miss Sylvia Larson was sur- trised by a 'number of . smati friends Tuesday evening, the oc- a ' A. lllV M m. . caston oemg ner diuuusj. s Lawrence Rashlem is Ylsitmg his sister. Mrs. George senter, at Roseburg. : V;; f ; . - : : '' J 1L T. Albers of Denrer. Colo.. , is visiting his sister, Mrs. William k Jones. ' - v - ' i ' Oscar Crowder has rented : the , Sclwin Miller ranch, south of Sil- verton.. -r-v'r1-''."''..- Paving Is progressing on ths ? Waldo Hills road. At present the crew working between Paradise road and the city limits. . Miss Hilda Olsen and Miss Hervona Olsen are vacationing at Breitenbush springs. - : ' j Ira Sanders has returned to hU , old home at Decatur, 111.-- " . Kale planting is the chief pas. time ot many StlvertOn farmers this week. -Also rnany are sett- ing out Vabbige-'pianti ' for-win- ter. '-"-5-..v V -:'"! ' " ' ;'- 'ThrWBJn!VWstiea' ire':- begTn,-"" nlng to' bi heard. It Js thought that hy 'the middle of next week , threshins will be In toll swing. Mr. "and Mrs. ' Rnssell Sayre hare moved to Salem. The Women's Specialty shop ; leaspd tha -new store room of the Coolidge A McClaine bank building and will tnoTe In as soon as it is vacated by ? the banking firm. The latter Is occupying It, ' prior, to the completion of Ihe' new bank proper. 1 The harvesting of seeds has be con on the M. J. Madsen seed farm on Paradise road. Hall's Reply Not Filed ; , as Expected Yesterday Senator Chaf les i Hall, - who is it contesting the nomination of Gov-: , ernor Olcott as the Republican candidate for governor did not tile t a reply yesterday to the governor's J answer and counter-complaint in the case as had. been expected. , Information from Portland was to the effect tha the reply might not be filed, for several days. , UlrvrAl Guan Legal Guaraateo Givcnj ftm nmd KMfm rvn pin contioas work. ilk te see Gle-o-nls rila TreaUneot BED CX08S rEABMAOT IS BEST , TO CLEAR UP UGLY." BROKEN OUT SKIN Any breaking out of skin Irri tation on face, neck or body is overcome quickly by applying Mentho-Sulphur. says a noted skin specialist. Because of its germ destroying properties, nothing has ever been found to take Hie place of this sulphur preparation that instantly brings eate from the Itching, burning and irritation. Mentho-Sulphur heals eczema right up. leaving the skin clear and smooth. It seldom fails to relieve the torment pr disfigure ment. A little jar of ItowleJ Mentho-Sulphur may be obtained at any drug styre. It is used like cold cream. Ady. Travel For Less .icvy to Cfotma Round Trip Excursion Fares ' ?j - Salem to - San Francisco $4025 ;Berkeley., ::T:....;v-r.;.;;,S39.75 nitrlinl " tin ftfi SALES DATES : rr July 24th to Alameda.... ................ SI 0.50 . Sept. 30 Santa Barbara... .S 61.50 oSZ- Los Angeles $62 J0 overs Anywhere" San DicgO.: i ...$70.73 Proportionately low fares from, all stationa In Oregon . 4 Trains Each Way Each Day Via "The Scenic Shasta Route" 7 Daily Trains San Francisco to Los Angeles Include in your trip three National Parks, Crater Lake, Yosemite, Sequoia, and California's charming seashore resorts - For further -particulars, or beautiful folders, ask agents , Southern Pacific Xines v . -a" JOHN M. SCOTT, , .! 'General Passenger Agent ' " - 1' I . 'si.- i -" , - - : ?srs ;it.- -.sr-----:i Ml ' - ill mm SummerTourist Fares To Canadian Pacific Rockies ifH; - mm its PL 4. f ,T - . 1 On -sale until Sepiemb0th.1922. Return limit October'Slsf, 1922. ; RfWltvt-trif ri4rr.TW.iJ.,-!!-"-'JM5 ' BANFF. CALGARY BACK EAST" KCCISION FAXES on saltnitfl August 31M: return limit. October st, 1922 Tsronte ....$11X75 Ottawa ...... 127JS St John .... 160.39 WiBnlpef . 7100 sl Louis .... sua Cleveland ... 108.60 Hem Ywk U . . 147.40 Montreal Quebec . . , . i JO , . Halifax . r. 168.93 : Chkaf . . . . M.00 ' Washiagton .141.60 Buffal . . . ;.. 120.6$ ; , Beaton'-. . . iss as " HlBBcapolia anal SL Paul t i . $7150 f i '--si ..... . - .- - -"' . -rSAKS-CAWADA- LIMTTED Irim tslt ji,. n M P- arrives la HminsI la S2 Saw. Tsronte to B7 kaars Sews asalaesa imy nth war. Cannrlinn Parlfir- TfaiUm.1 : . V 55 Third St POKTlAND - Breedwai 0090 ii - K . A, ' .... - ., . . L ' ' r: ' ' ' :; . . t . i